Measuring masses of long-period planets around F, G, and K stars is necessary to characterize exoplanets and assess their habitability. Imaging stellar astrometry offers a unique opportunity to solve radial velocity system inclination ambiguity and determine exoplanet masses. The main limiting factor in sparse-field astrometry, besides photon noise, is the non-systematic dynamic distortions that arise from perturbations in the optical train. Even space optics suffer from dynamic distortions in the optical system at the sub-mu as level. To overcome this limitation we propose a diffractive pupil that uses an array of dots on the primary mirror creating polychromatic diffraction spikes in the focal plane, which are used to calibrate the distortions in the optical system. By combining this technology with a high-performance coronagraph, measurements of planetary systems orbits and masses can be obtained faster and more accurately than by applying traditional techniques separately. In this paper, we present the results of the combined astrometry and and high-contrast imaging experiments performed at NASA Ames Research Center as part of a Technology Development for Exoplanet Missions program. We demonstrated 2.38x10(-5) lambda/D astrometric accuracy per axis and 1.72x10(-7) raw contrast from 1.6 to 4.5 lambda/D. In addition, using a simple average subtraction post-processing we demonstrated no contamination of the coronagraph field down to 4.79x10(-9) raw contrast.

Orientadores: Edmilson José Tonelli Manganote, José Augusto Chinellato / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-31T19:37:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_AndreVieirada_M.pdf: 2116619 bytes, checksum: 5594853aef0531bf0dd2835de169710d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Resumo: Nesse trabalho, estudamos os processos difrativos nos eventos de interação hadrônica, observados pelos experimentos dos aceleradores HERA, TEVATRON e LHC. Analisamos uma categoria específica de eventos, os chamados eventos C-jatos, observados pela CBJ através exposição de detectores (Câmara de Emulsão Nuclear) à radiação cósmica, no Monte Chacaltaya. Nessa análise foram obtidas as distribuições de multiplicidade e energia em função do ângulo azimutal e a pseudorapidez, a partir dos dados de posição e energia dos eventos C-jatos. Essas distribuições são fundamentais na busca por uma compreensão dos processos de interação que deram origem aos eventos C-jatos. Os resultados da análise mostram as características de uma partícula líder nos eventos C-jatos, numa região frontal em alta pseudorapidez (6 ? ? ? 15) não observada pelos detectores dos aceleradores. Essas características experimentais podem ser indícios a respeito de física difrativa em eventos da radiação cósmica. Em particular, comparamos as distribuições dos eventos C-jatos com as distribuições geradas pelo simulador PYTHIA 8 para processos elásticos e difrativos, na busca por uma caracterização dos eventos C-jatos / Abstract: In this work, we study the diffractive processes in the hadronic interaction events observed by the HERA, TEVATRON and LHC accelerator experiments. We analyzed a specific category of events, the so-called C-jets events, observed by CBJ through exposure of detectors (Nuclear Emulsion Chamber) to cosmic radiation in Mount Chacaltaya. In this analysis the multiplicity and energy distributions were obtained as a function of the azimuth angle and the pseudorapidity, from the position and energy data of the C-jets events. These distributions are fundamental in the search for an understanding of the interaction processes that gave rise to the C-jets events. The results of the analysis show the characteristics of an leading particle in the C-jets events, in a front region in high pseudorapidity (6 ? ? ? 15) not observed by the accelerator detectors. These experimental features may be clues about diffractive physics in events of cosmic radiation. In particular, we compared the distributions of C-jets events with the distributions generated by the PYTHIA 8 simulator for elastic and diffractive processes, in the search for a characterization of C-jets events / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física / 165762/2014-4 / CNPQ

In this Thesis, influenced by Geert’s and van der Tuin’s (2016) diffractive reading of Beauvoir and Irigaray, I propose the methodology of  diffractive watching and watching diffractively as another tool for film analysis while engaging in an exploration of the potentials and limitations presented in the process. I find the concept of diffraction to be of significant merit within feminist new materialist research and to that end, I am interested in assessing the concept’s versatility and in verifying its methodological value.  Therefore, in my analysis,  I aspire to explore  diffractive watching  as a set intention and methodology and watching diffractively as an active process and the different implications that will result  if diffractive watching is  applied as a lens and/or employed as a tool. Moreover, I consider the mapping of the films’ cartographical account to be a constituent part of diffractive watching which in this case functioned as the starting point for the analysis.  To illustrate the becoming of this methodology, I take two films, i.e., Bladerunner (1982) and Bladerunner 2049 (2017) as my case study.

This thesis describes several techniques for the optimization of the manufacturing of relief diffractive structures used as optical elements by Electron beam lithograph BS600 in the Electron beam laboratory of the Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. The Electron beam lithograph BS600 was originally developed and constructed in the Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic for Tesla in 1983, but is still developing, which was published. The Electron been lithograph BS600 is specific in these days because of its accelerating potential and is unique in the world because of the possibility to shape the beam. The optimization of manufacturing of relief diffractive structures, used as optical elements, was mostly reached by analysis, bringing optimal solution for the required effect. Moreover, an algorithm was developed for driving the electron beam position, shape, size and the time of each elementary exposition. The analysis showed that is convenient to use mathematical description of separate lines of diffractive structures. A separate subject was carried out for the calibration of the exposition field of the Electron beam lithograph BS600.

There is an unprecedented need in neuroscience and medical research for the precise imaging of individual neurons and their interconnectivity in an effort to achieve a more complete understanding of neurological illness and cognitive growth. While several imaging architectures successfully detect active neural tissue, fluorescent imaging through head-mounted microscopes is becoming a standard method of imaging neural circuitry in freely behaving animals. At Boston University, the Gardner Group developed a miniaturized, open-source, single-photon ‘finch-scope’ to spur rapid prototyping in head-mounted miniscope technology. While experimentally convenient, the finch-scope and other miniscope platforms are limited by their native depth of field and may only detect a thin layer of active neurons in a neurological volume. In this Master’s Thesis Project, I will investigate utilizing optical phase masks integrated in the Fourier plane of the finch-scope to invoke a less-diffractive Bessel point spread function. Next, I will experimentally justify the extended depth of field nature of these phase masks by imaging the axial profile of a 10μm fluorescent pinhole object with a modified finch-scope.

Imaging systems have long been designed in separated steps: the experience-driven optical design followed by sophisticated image processing. Such a general-propose approach achieves success in the past but left the question open for specific tasks and the best compromise between optics and post-processing, as well as minimizing costs. Driven from this, a series of works are proposed to bring the imaging system design into end-to-end fashion step by step, from joint optics design, point spread function (PSF) optimization, phase map optimization to a general end-to-end complex lens camera. To demonstrate the joint optics application with image recovery, we applied it to flat lens imaging with a large field of view (LFOV). In applying a super-resolution single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) camera, the PSF encoded by diffractive op tical element (DOE) is optimized together with the post-processing, which brings the optics design into the end-to-end stage. Expanding to color imaging, optimizing PSF to achieve DOE fails to find the best compromise between different wavelengths. Snapshot HDR imaging is achieved by optimizing a phase map directly. All works are demonstrated with prototypes and experiments in the real world. To further compete for the blueprint of end-to-end camera design and break the limits of a simple wave optics model and a single lens surface. Finally, we propose a general end-to-end complex lens design framework enabled by a differentiable ray tracing image formation model. All works are demonstrated with prototypes and experiments in the real world. Our frameworks offer competitive alternatives for the design of modern imaging systems and several challenging imaging applications.

The research question that motivates this study is: how might I, together with a collective of dance artists, explore stability while embracing instability? Looking at the precarious lives of independent dance artists in the context of Europe, this research seeks ways to understand and cope with the various unstable aspects that come with this lifestyle and profession. I place this study in relation to current economic trends where the individual is increasingly in focus, with very few social security rights, and where the dancer is often faced with solitary living and working situations. Furthermore, today’s dancers are often no longer working for a single choreographer, nor solely working as a dancer – but are rather entering many different projects and roles, arguably contributing to a life constantly subject to change. In this research, together with a group of dance artists, I explore understandings of instability and stability, and furthermore investigate how collective action might reinforce senses of stability. I, as the researcher, have applied a performative, practice-led research methodology, along with support from post-humanist/feminist theories. The findings of this research demonstrate how instability can be viewed as a state of not knowing within the precarious life of a dance artist but also within creative processes, and that trust is important in order to cope with the unknown. The findings have further led me to discuss the complexity and entangling of stability and instability, unfolding in a joint phrasing of in/stability, where I discuss how the fluid practice of dance not only corresponds with the wider socio-political landscape but also to an ever-changing world.  Keywords: independent dance artist; precariat; collective; leadership; collaboration; diffractive analysis

Over a wide range of applications, optical systems have utilized conventional optics in order to provide the ability to engineer the properties of incident infra-red fields in terms of the transmitted field spectral, spatial, amplitude, phase, and polarization characteristics. These micro/nano-optical elements that provide specific optical functionality can be categorized into subcategories of refractive, diffractive, multi-layer thin film dichroics, 3-D photonic crystals, and polarization gratings. The feasibility of fabrication, functionality, and level of integration which these elements can be used in an optical system differentiate which elements are more compatible with certain systems than others. With enabling technologies emerging allowing for a wider range of options when it comes to lithographic nano/micro-patterning, dielectric growth, and transfer etching capabilities, optical elements that combine functionalities of conventional optical elements can be realized. Within this one class of optical elements, it is possible to design and fabricate components capable of tailoring the spectral, spatial, amplitude, phase, and polarization characteristics of desired fields at different locations within an optical system. Optical transmission filters, polarization converting elements, and spectrally selective reflecting components have been investigated over the course of this dissertation and have been coined  MOSSE,' which is an acronym for micro-optic-spectral-spatial-elements. Each component is developed and fabricated on a wafer scale where the thin film deposition, lithographic exposure, and transfer etching stages are decoupled from each other and performed in a sequential format. This facilitates the ability to spatially vary the optical characteristics of the different MOSSE structures across the surface of the wafer itself.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] La tesis doctoral se centra en el desarrollo de un hidrogel sensible a analitos, funcionalizado con sondas de ADN, con estructura difractiva como transductor óptico para aplicaciones de diagnóstico in vitro. El primer capítulo incluye una visión general de los diferentes conceptos relacionados con el biosensado, los desarrollos recientes en el mercado del diagnóstico in vitro y, en particular, los biosensores de ADN. Además, se presenta la síntesis y caracterización de hidrogeles, su papel como matriz de soporte en biosensado y las estrategias de inmovilización. Por último, se explican los conceptos básicos de la holografía como nueva estrategia de detección y el papel de las diferentes redes de difracción en la biosensación. A continuación, en el Capítulo 2, se discuten los objetivos de este proyecto. El objetivo de esta investigación es desarrollar hidrogeles que incorporen sondas de ADN y dotarlas de una estructura difractiva para que actúen como transductores ópticos sin etiquetas. Se consideran dos tipos de estructuras difractivas: redes holográficas de relieve superficial (SRG) y redes de transmisión de volumen (VTG). La fase inicial de este trabajo se centró en la optimización de hidrogeles, ajustando su composición para que actuaran como biosensores holográficos. Se seleccionaron acrilamida y bisacrilamida para la preparación del hidrogel mediante reacción de polimerización por radicales libres. Además, para introducir la respuesta del analito en la red de hidrogeles 3D, hubo que investigar y poner a punto diferentes estrategias de inmovilización de biorreceptores. En el capítulo 3, la estrategia optimizada consiste en incorporar directamente sondas de ADN modificadas con acridita mediante copolimerización con monómeros de acrilamida durante la formación del hidrogel. Los hidrogeles funcionalizados con ADN se caracterizaron mediante imágenes de fluorescencia y se exploró su versatilidad mediante la fabricación de microarrays. Por último, el hidrogel optimizado sensible a los analitos se utilizó como plataforma para la preparación de SRG. El capítulo 4 describe otro enfoque adoptado para la funcionalización del hidrogel con sondas de ADN. Se añadió un comonómero de acrilato de propargilo al hidrogel de acrilamida, con el fin de introducir la presencia de residuos alcínicos y facilitar una mayor incorporación de las sondas de ADN. Las sondas de ADN utilizadas tenían grupos terminales tiol y se incorporaron mediante química de clic tiol-eno/tiol-yo, debido a la presencia de enlaces C-C dobles y triples. Con esta estrategia, se demostraron dos enfoques de inmovilización de sondas de ADN: durante y después de la síntesis del hidrogel. Los resultados preliminares mostraron que los SRGs tienen potencial para detectar directamente la hibridación de oligonucleótidos en un formato libre de etiquetas. En el capítulo 5, se optimizó el proceso de grabación de VTGs no inclinados en capas de hidrogel para mejorar el rendimiento del transductor. Tras una cuidadosa evaluación de los parámetros de grabación holográfica, las composiciones de las soluciones de incubación y los tiempos de incubación, las estructuras VTG se grabaron con una buena reproducibilidad, logrando una excelente eficiencia de difracción. Además, se estudió su estabilidad en agua para bioensayos. Por último, se observó que los VTG, modificados con oligonucleótidos, respondían selectivamente hibridándose sólo con la diana complementaria, a la vez que conservaban sus propiedades de difracción. El trabajo de investigación demostró la viabilidad de utilizar redes difractivas en capas de hidrogel como biosensores libres de etiquetas, capaces de detectar sondas de ADN, complementarias a la secuencia inmovilizada, en un medio acuoso. Por último, en el capítulo 6, se analizan comparativamente el rendimiento y la aplicabilidad de los distintos enfoques estudiados y se discuten las perspectivas futuras de los hidrogeles de ácidos nucleicos para la detección holográfica. / [CA] La tesi doctoral se centra en el desenvolupament d'un hidrogel sensible a anàlits, funcionalitzat amb sondes d'ADN, amb estructura difractiva com a transductor òptic per a aplicacions de diagnòstic in vitro. El primer capítol inclou una visió general dels diferents conceptes relacionats amb el biosensado, els desenvolupaments recents en el mercat del diagnòstic in vitro i, en particular, els biosensores d'ADN. A més, es presenta la síntesi i caracterització d'hidrogels, el seu paper com a matriu de suport en biosensado i les estratègies d'immobilització. Finalment, s'expliquen els conceptes bàsics de l'holografia com a nova estratègia de detecció i el paper de les diferents xarxes de difracció en la biosensación. A continuació, en el Capítol 2, es discuteixen els objectius d'este projecte. L'objectiu d'esta investigació és desenvolupar hidrogels que incorporen sondes d'ADN i dotar-les d'una estructura difractiva perquè actuen com a transductors òptics sense etiquetes. Es consideren dos tipus d'estructures difractivas: xarxes hologràfiques de relleu superficial (SRG) i xarxes de transmissió de volum (VTG). La fase inicial d'este treball es va centrar en l'optimització d'hidrogels, ajustant la seua composició perquè actuaren com biosensores hologràfics. Es van seleccionar acrilamida I bisacrilamida per a la preparació de l'hidrogel mitjançant reacció de polimerització per radicals lliures. A més, per a introduir la resposta de l'anàlit en la xarxa d'hidrogels 3D, va caldre investigar i posar a punt diferents estratègies d'immobilització de biorreceptores. En el capítol 3, l'estratègia optimitzada consisteix a incorporar directament sondes d'ADN modificades amb acridita mitjançant copolimerización amb monòmers d'acrilamida durant la formació de l'hidrogel. Els hidrogels funcionalitzats amb ADN es van caracteritzar mitjançant imatges de fluorescència i es va explorar la seua versatilitat mitjançant la fabricació de bioxips. Finalment, l'hidrogel optimitzat sensible als anàlits es va utilitzar com a plataforma per a la preparació de SRG. El capítol 4 descriu un altre enfocament adoptat per a la funcionalització de l'hidrogel amb sondes d'ADN. Es va afegir un comonómero de acrilato de propargilo a l'hidrogel d'acrilamida, amb la finalitat d'introduir la presència de residus alcínicos i facilitar una major incorporació de les sondes d'ADN. Les sondes d'ADN utilitzades tenien grups terminals tiol i es van incorporar mitjançant química de clic tiol-eno/tiol-ino, a causa de la presència d'enllaços C-C dobles i triples. Amb esta estratègia, es van demostrar dos enfocaments d'immobilització de sondes d'ADN: durant i després de la síntesi de l'hidrogel. Els resultats preliminars van mostrar que els SRGs tenen potencial per a detectar directament la hibridació de oligonucleótidos en un format lliure d'etiquetes. En el capítol 5, es va optimitzar el procés de gravació de VTGs no inclinats en capes d'hidrogel per a millorar el rendiment del transductor. Després d'una acurada avaluació dels paràmetres de gravació hologràfica, les composicions de les solucions d'incubació i els temps d'incubació, les estructures VTG es van gravar amb una bona reproducibilidad, aconseguint una excel·lent eficiència de difracció. A més, es va estudiar la seua estabilitat en aigua per a bioensayos. Finalment, es va observar que els VTG, modificats amb oligonucleótidos, responien selectivament hibridant-se només amb la diana complementària, alhora que conservaven les seues propietats de difracció. El treball de recerca va demostrar la viabilitat d'utilitzar xarxes difractivas en capes d'hidrogel com biosensores lliures d'etiquetes, capaces de detectar sondes d'ADN, complementàries a la seqüència immobilitzada, en un medi aquós. Finalment, en el capítol 6, s'analitzen comparativament el rendiment i l'aplicabilitat dels diferents enfocaments estudiats i es discuteixen les perspectives futures dels hidrogels d'àcids nucleics per a la detecció hologràfica. / [EN] The PhD thesis focuses on the development of an analyte-sensitive hydrogel, functionalised with DNA probes, with a diffractive structure as an optical transducer for in vitro diagnostic applications. The first chapter includes an overview of the different concepts related to biosensing, recent developments in the in vitro diagnostics market and, in particular, DNA biosensors. Furthermore, the synthesis and characterisation of hydrogels, their role as a support matrix in biosensing and immobilisation strategies are presented. Finally, the basic concepts of holography as a new detection strategy and the role of different diffraction gratings in biosensing are explained. Then, in Chapter 2, the objectives of this project are discussed. The aim of this research is to develop hydrogels that incorporate DNA probes and provide them with a diffractive structure to act as label-free optical transducers. Two types of diffractive structures are considered: surface-relief holographic gratings (SRGs) and volume transmission gratings (VTGs). The initial phase of this work focused on the optimisation of hydrogels, adjusting their composition to act as holographic biosensors. Acrylamide and bisacrylamide were selected for hydrogel preparation by free radical polymerisation reaction. Furthermore, in order to introduce the analyte response into the 3D hydrogel network, different bioreceptor immobilisation strategies had to be investigated and fine-tuned. In chapter 3, the optimised strategy is to directly incorporate acridite-modified DNA probes by copolymerisation with acrylamide monomers during hydrogel formation. The DNA-functionalised hydrogels were characterised by fluorescence imaging and their versatility was explored by microarray fabrication. Finally, the optimised analyte-responsive hydrogel was used as a platform for SRG preparation. Chapter 4 describes another approach adopted for functionalisation of the hydrogel with DNA probes. A propargyl acrylate comonomer was added to the acrylamide hydrogel in order to introduce the presence of alkyl residues and facilitate further incorporation of the DNA probes. The DNA probes used had thiol end-groups and were incorporated by thiol-ene/thiol-yo click chemistry, due to the presence of double and triple C-C bonds. With this strategy, two approaches to DNA probe immobilisation were demonstrated: during and after hydrogel synthesis. Preliminary results showed that SRGs have the potential to directly detect oligonucleotide hybridisation in a label-free format. In chapter 5, the recording process of unslanted VTGs in hydrogel layers was optimised to improve transducer performance. After careful evaluation of holographic recording parameters, incubation solution compositions and incubation times, the VTG structures were recorded with good reproducibility, achieving excellent diffraction efficiency. In addition, their stability in water for bioassays was studied. Finally, oligonucleotide-modified VTGs were found to respond selectively by hybridising only to the complementary target, while retaining their diffraction properties. The research work demonstrated the feasibility of using diffractive networks in hydrogel layers as label-free biosensors, capable of detecting DNA probes, complementary to the immobilised sequence, in an aqueous medium. Finally, in chapter 6, the performance and applicability of the different approaches studied are comparatively analysed and future prospects of nucleic acid hydrogels for holographic detection are discussed. / I would like to acknowledge the government of Valencia to for the PhD fellowship “Santiago Grisolia” and the BEFPI/2022 grant for a 4-months doctoral stay and also the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness MINECO (ADBIHOL national project) for their financial support. / Zezza, P. (2023). Holographic biosensors made of DNA-functionalised hydrogels for in vitro diagnostic [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/202597 / Compendio

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