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Cette thèse explore les nombreux changements nés de la Révolution Numérique à travers l'esthétique. Elle aborde les questions essentielles en trois étapes: le discours, la création et la réception. La première partie rassemble les courants et les mots-clefs qui reflètent le discours principal dans son actualité et son historique. Une étude comparative analyse les approches esthétiques typiques. Que l'on étudie les nouveaux médias, l'art visuel, l'art numérique, le « computer art », l'art de l'information ou l'art du code: on cherche tous à définir les nouvelles qualités spécifiques du médium numérique. La deuxième partie se concentre sur les arts sonores et les drames audio en particulier, mais aborde également la musique assistée par ordinateur. L'attention portée au genre du Hörspiel permet de démontrer comment espace et temps évoluent dans le détail. La mise en place d'une hypothèse de travail portant sur les Sonarios - installations sonores spatiales à interactivité scénique - permet de comparer directement 1'« ancien» genre du Hörspiel au « nouveau» genre des Sonarios, en se fondant sur trois études de cas et un état des lieux de l'art. En outre, elle propose un modèle d'interactivité quantitatif et qualitatif. La troisième partie présente les courants prédominants en philosophie. Elle construit un modèle herméneutique à l'aide de l'ontologie, en commençant par la virtualisation et l'actualisation. Abordant philosophiquement des catégories esthétiques, elle affine ce modèle en y incorporant les découvertes de la deuxième partie. Un modèle graphique de signes algorithmiques, développé en sémiotique et en phénoménologie, est alors intégré au domaine de l'esthétique. / This dissertation explores the numerous changes arising from the Digital Revolution through aesthetics. It takes on the essential issues in three steps, tackling discourse, creation and reception. The first part assembles trends and keywords that reflect the main discourse, covering both the present and the past. A comparative study analyzes typical aesthetic approaches: whether considering new media art, virtual art, digital art, computer art, information art or code art, it becomes apparent that almost ail approaches seek the specific new qualities of the digital medium. The second part concentrates on sound arts and on audio dramas in particular, but also tackles computer music. The focus on the genre Hörspiel allows demonstration of how space and time change in detail. The setting up of a working hypothesis of Sonarios, defining interactive scenic spatial sound installations, allows the direct comparison of the 'old' genre Hörspiel and the 'new' genre Sonario on the basis of three case studies and a consideration of the state of the art. It, moreover, suggests a qualitative and quantitative model of interactivity. The third part introduces the prominent research sectors of philosophy. Step by step, it constructs a hermeneutic model with the aid of ontology, starting with the processes of virtualization and actualization. Selected philosophical approaches on important aesthetic categories are presented in order to refine and discuss the model, together with an analysis of findings from the second part. A graphical model of algorithmic signs, developed in the context of semiotics and phenomenology, allows the analysis to be embedded in the context of aesthetics.

Master of Visual Arts / This thesis is an exploration into the ether of the digital aesthetic. It attempts to capture a segment of the continually morphing space then deconstruct and analyse it through electronic and new media art. Herein you will find a questioning of technology and control within electronic and new media art as an investigation into better understanding the current media image and visual culture that so powerfully influences the modern social construct. By nature this argument has existed for some years but only now with advancements in technology and more affordable realisation of ideas by media artists, the topic of the digital aesethetic, technology and control has become relevant for popular debate. As war lingers in our minds, terrorism hits headlines, and experiements in cloning human DNA take place, the technology that society demands can only necessarily be seen as a major contributing factor to today's strange times. However, strange or not, the questions I wish to discuss; Does technology determine contemporary society or do we determine technology? Where does the control exist?

Master of Visual Arts / This thesis is an exploration into the ether of the digital aesthetic. It attempts to capture a segment of the continually morphing space then deconstruct and analyse it through electronic and new media art. Herein you will find a questioning of technology and control within electronic and new media art as an investigation into better understanding the current media image and visual culture that so powerfully influences the modern social construct. By nature this argument has existed for some years but only now with advancements in technology and more affordable realisation of ideas by media artists, the topic of the digital aesethetic, technology and control has become relevant for popular debate. As war lingers in our minds, terrorism hits headlines, and experiements in cloning human DNA take place, the technology that society demands can only necessarily be seen as a major contributing factor to today's strange times. However, strange or not, the questions I wish to discuss; Does technology determine contemporary society or do we determine technology? Where does the control exist?

A presente pesquisa pretende examinar a imagem digital decorrente da aproximação das artes visuais com as tecnologias CAD/CAM e os sistemas biológicos de criação. Essa imagem de base computacional e de característica emergente encontra na fabricação digital a oportunidade de se materializar tendo em vista a compatibilidade tanto no sentido da concretização da complexidade da forma quanto da possibilidade de sua singularização seriada. Mais especificamente, pretende-se abordar como os processos e as técnicas de produção digital, ao viabilizarem a geração e materialização da imagem complexa, têm interferido no modus operandi do artista visual, ampliando as formas de operar e representar no campo das Artes ao servirem como instrumento para o desenvolvimento e a representação de novas poéticas. Por meio da referência teórica, da leitura de obras e dos trabalhos práticos experimentais, pretende-se explorar de que forma o artista se apropria dos meios de produção digitais e dos processos generativos de criação, explorando-os como uma linguagem inovadora, que por sua vez amplia e potencializa, a níveis antes insuspeitáveis, as formas de expressão e execução de sua obra. Intenta-se avaliar de que maneira o processo de caráter numérico pode interferir no processo criativo e poético do artista visual de modo a promover novas possibilidades expressivas e, dessa forma, explorar potenciais até então pouco usuais no campo das artes. A tese usa como principais fundamentações teóricas para lançar as bases para o entendimento da relação cada vez mais estreita entre arte e tecnologia as discussões de Taylor (2014), Machado (1997b), Couchot (2003), Lévy (1996), Laurentiz (1991), Moles (1990) e Plaza & Tavares (1998), que investigam a introdução do numérico no campo artístico. Já as discussões de Manovich (2010), Galanter (2010), Couchot (2010), Johnson (2001), Whitelaw (2006) e McCormack (2014) abordam teorias a respeito da complexidade da imagem e esclarecem processos e modelos de sistemas naturais passíveis de emergência. Para apresentar a tecnologia de fabricação digital e seu potencial criativo, a tese se apoia nos autores Kolarevic (2001), Mitchel & McCullough (1995), McCullough (1996), Todd & Latham (1992) e Ganis (2004). Reflexões a respeito da convergência entre os conceitos de emergência e de fabricação baseiam-se nas discussões de Labaco (2013), Whitelaw (2006; 2015) e Moura (2013). / This research aims at examining the digital image that originates from the proximity of the visual arts with CAD/CAM technologies and the biological systems of creation. Such computer-based image, that is emergent, can be materialized in the digital fabrication owing to the compatibility both in the sense of making the complexity of the form concrete and of enabling its serial singling. More specifically, we intend to approach how the digital manufacturing processes and techniques have interfered with the visual artist´s modus operandi as they enable the generation and the materialization of the complex image, thus enlarging the ways to operate and represent in the arts field because they work as instruments to develop and represent new poetics. By means of theoretical reference, work reading and experimental practical works, we intend to explore how the artist takes over the means of digital production and the generative processes of creating and he/she explores them as an innovative language, which, in turn, amplifies and potentiates the forms of expression and accomplishment of his/her work to levels unimaginable before. We intend to evaluate how the numerical character process can interfere with the visual artist´s creative and poetic process to promote new expressive possibilities, thus exploring the potential which has been unusual in the arts field so far. The main theoretical support to launch the bases to understand the ever closer relation of art to technology was derived from the discussions by Taylor (2014), Machado (1997b), Couchot (2003), Lévy (1996), Laurentiz (1991), Moles (1990) and Plaza & Tavares (1998). Those researchers investigate the introduction of the numerical in the artistic field. The discussions by Manovich (2010), Galanter (2010), Couchot (2010), Johnson (2001), Whitelaw (2006) and McCormack (2014) bring information of theories related to the complexity of the image, since in those discussions the processes and models of natural systems that are liable to emergence are elucidated. To present the digital manufacturing technology and its creative potential, the theoretical support was derived from Kolarevic (2001), Mitchel & McCullough (1995), McCullough (1996), Todd & Latham (1992) and Ganis (2004). The concepts about the convergence of the concepts of emergence and manufacturing reflect the discussions by Labaco (2013), Whitelaw (2006; 2015) and Moura (2013).

A presente pesquisa pretende examinar a imagem digital decorrente da aproximação das artes visuais com as tecnologias CAD/CAM e os sistemas biológicos de criação. Essa imagem de base computacional e de característica emergente encontra na fabricação digital a oportunidade de se materializar tendo em vista a compatibilidade tanto no sentido da concretização da complexidade da forma quanto da possibilidade de sua singularização seriada. Mais especificamente, pretende-se abordar como os processos e as técnicas de produção digital, ao viabilizarem a geração e materialização da imagem complexa, têm interferido no modus operandi do artista visual, ampliando as formas de operar e representar no campo das Artes ao servirem como instrumento para o desenvolvimento e a representação de novas poéticas. Por meio da referência teórica, da leitura de obras e dos trabalhos práticos experimentais, pretende-se explorar de que forma o artista se apropria dos meios de produção digitais e dos processos generativos de criação, explorando-os como uma linguagem inovadora, que por sua vez amplia e potencializa, a níveis antes insuspeitáveis, as formas de expressão e execução de sua obra. Intenta-se avaliar de que maneira o processo de caráter numérico pode interferir no processo criativo e poético do artista visual de modo a promover novas possibilidades expressivas e, dessa forma, explorar potenciais até então pouco usuais no campo das artes. A tese usa como principais fundamentações teóricas para lançar as bases para o entendimento da relação cada vez mais estreita entre arte e tecnologia as discussões de Taylor (2014), Machado (1997b), Couchot (2003), Lévy (1996), Laurentiz (1991), Moles (1990) e Plaza & Tavares (1998), que investigam a introdução do numérico no campo artístico. Já as discussões de Manovich (2010), Galanter (2010), Couchot (2010), Johnson (2001), Whitelaw (2006) e McCormack (2014) abordam teorias a respeito da complexidade da imagem e esclarecem processos e modelos de sistemas naturais passíveis de emergência. Para apresentar a tecnologia de fabricação digital e seu potencial criativo, a tese se apoia nos autores Kolarevic (2001), Mitchel & McCullough (1995), McCullough (1996), Todd & Latham (1992) e Ganis (2004). Reflexões a respeito da convergência entre os conceitos de emergência e de fabricação baseiam-se nas discussões de Labaco (2013), Whitelaw (2006; 2015) e Moura (2013). / This research aims at examining the digital image that originates from the proximity of the visual arts with CAD/CAM technologies and the biological systems of creation. Such computer-based image, that is emergent, can be materialized in the digital fabrication owing to the compatibility both in the sense of making the complexity of the form concrete and of enabling its serial singling. More specifically, we intend to approach how the digital manufacturing processes and techniques have interfered with the visual artist´s modus operandi as they enable the generation and the materialization of the complex image, thus enlarging the ways to operate and represent in the arts field because they work as instruments to develop and represent new poetics. By means of theoretical reference, work reading and experimental practical works, we intend to explore how the artist takes over the means of digital production and the generative processes of creating and he/she explores them as an innovative language, which, in turn, amplifies and potentiates the forms of expression and accomplishment of his/her work to levels unimaginable before. We intend to evaluate how the numerical character process can interfere with the visual artist´s creative and poetic process to promote new expressive possibilities, thus exploring the potential which has been unusual in the arts field so far. The main theoretical support to launch the bases to understand the ever closer relation of art to technology was derived from the discussions by Taylor (2014), Machado (1997b), Couchot (2003), Lévy (1996), Laurentiz (1991), Moles (1990) and Plaza & Tavares (1998). Those researchers investigate the introduction of the numerical in the artistic field. The discussions by Manovich (2010), Galanter (2010), Couchot (2010), Johnson (2001), Whitelaw (2006) and McCormack (2014) bring information of theories related to the complexity of the image, since in those discussions the processes and models of natural systems that are liable to emergence are elucidated. To present the digital manufacturing technology and its creative potential, the theoretical support was derived from Kolarevic (2001), Mitchel & McCullough (1995), McCullough (1996), Todd & Latham (1992) and Ganis (2004). The concepts about the convergence of the concepts of emergence and manufacturing reflect the discussions by Labaco (2013), Whitelaw (2006; 2015) and Moura (2013).

The question of the relationship between, and the importance of usability and aesthetics, in the field of user interface design, has been debated back and forth. It has also been looked at from different perspectives since Raskin (1994) wrote his article on intuitive design. Several experiments have also been conducted over the last twenty years to find out exactly how much each factor matter, what the ultimate user preference is, and if it can be stereotyped. The more complex part of the discussion, however, seems to be the definitions: exactly what is aesthetics, what is usability and how do they affect each other? To find out, I explored the context of these factors from multiple perspectives, to draw the larger conclusions about what affects what. How accurate is the concept of halo when it comes to interface design; can a less aesthetic interface discourage users from exploring its content? Moreover, can a highly usable interface convince its users that the web page is also aesthetically pleasing? In this paper I will explain the ideas of aesthetic and intuitive design based on two fields of study; human computer interaction design and interaction design. That is in the pursuance of understanding user preference and the design decisions behind one of the most popular interfaces on the internet today.

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