This thesis deals with method of measuring optical beam intensity, searching for communication system beam using stepper motor movement of the optical head and processing measured signal for displaying on PC. The basic theory of optoelectronics is shown here concerning the problem. There is elaborated main principles of photodetector and stepper motor mainly, which are main part of device. The second part of work is theoretical design of data recorder. All parts are described individually-their characteristics and conditions for correct usage. In the last part setup of device is explained, with the references to blocks of written programs. In the last part, main funcrions of system, its hardware managing and communication are described. At the very end of thesis, examples of measured data are presented.

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde eine Frisch-Gitterionisationskammer zum Messen kleinster spezifischer Alphaaktivitäten realisiert. Im konkreten Fall soll der Detektor dafür genutzt werden, die Halbwertszeit von 144Nd erneut zu bestimmen. Da diese sehr lang (T1/2 = (2,29 ± 0,16) · 10^15 Jahre) und die Reichweite der emittierten Alphateilchen in Feststoffen sehr gering ist, können nur sehr dünne Proben untersucht werden. Die Fläche der Proben sollte sehr groß sein, um die nötige Aktivität zu erhalten. Im Vergleich haben sich Gitterionisationskammern als das geeignetste Detektorkonzept erwiesen. Es wurde eine Kammer realisiert, welche aus zwei Gitterionisationskammern mit geteilter Anode besteht. Mit Hilfe dieses Aufbaus ist es möglich den Detektornulleffekt zu reduzieren. Die Auslese der auf den Detektorelektroden induzierten Ladung erfolgt mit Hilfe eines Analog-Digital-Konverters. Die Auswertung der gewonnenen Daten wird vollständig nach der Messung durchgeführt. Anhand einer Pulsformanalyse können verschiedene Informationen über jedes, im Detektor stattgefundene, Ereignis gewonnen werden. So ist es möglich den Gitterdurchgriff und die damit verbundene Winkelabhängigkeit der Pulshöhen zu korrigieren und somit die Energieauflösung des Detektors zu verbessern. Es wird eine Energieauflösung von 0,86 % bei 5,1 MeV erreicht. Die Charakterisierung der Ereignisse wird außerdem für die Reduktion des Detektornulleffekts herangezogen. Aufgrund verschiedener Bedingungen, die für ein zu erwartendes Alphaereignis notwendig sind, kann ein Großteil der, die Messung störenden Ereignisse, unterdrückt werden. So kann der Nulleffekt im Energiebereich von 1 MeV bis 2,2 MeV von 435 Ereignissen pro Tag ohne Charakterisierung um etwa ein Faktor 20 auf 21,6 Ereignisse pro Tag mit Charakterisierung reduziert werden. Die Nachweiseffizienz wird davon nicht merklich beeinträchtigt. Für ausreichend lange Messzeiten ist eine Nachweisgrenze von weniger als 10 Ereignissen pro Tag zu erwarten. Für eine, für diesen Aufbau geeignete, Targetgeometrie ist mit etwa 50 Alphazerfällen des 144Nd pro Tag zu rechnen. Mit einer Nachweiseffizienz von etwas unter 50 % sollte die Messung am 144Nd gut möglich sein. / The realization of this work was the usage of a Frisch grid ionization chamber for measuring the lowest specific alpha activity. In the practical case the detector should be used to remeasure the half life of 144Nd. Only very thin targets can be used, due to the extreme long half life and the very short range of alpha particles in matter. The area of the samples must be big enough to get the required activity. In comparison gridded ionization chambers are the most practical devices. The chamber was realized in that way, that two gridded chambers shares a common anode. This could be used to minimize the detector background. The charge, which was induced in the detector electrodes, is acquired by an analog to digital converter. The full analysis of the data is done after the measurement. With the pulse form analysis it is possible to extract information about every event occurring in the detector. It is also possible to correct the grid inefficiency and the correlated angle dependence of the pulse height. This improves the energy resolution. A resolution of 0.86 % at 5.1 MeV is possible. The characterization of the events is also used for the suppression of the detector background. Due to different conditions for an assumed alpha event the majority of the events which disturbs the measurement could be removed. So it is possible to suppress the background in the range between 1 MeV to 2.2 MeV of 435 events per day without the characterization to 21.6 events per day with characterization, which is a factor of roughly 20. The detection efficiency is not noticeably effected. For sufficiently long measurements a lowest limit of detection of 10 counts per day is expectable. For a target geometry which can be used with this setup, about 50 alpha decays of 144Nd per day will occur. With a detection efficiency a bit below 50 % the measurement on Nd should be possible.

Arts and Humanities Research Council, through a Collaborative Doctoral Partnership studentship / The full text will be available at the end of the embargo period

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-05-17T12:37:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 diogofernandes.pdf: 2723080 bytes, checksum: 27ac16e618618f1cb4c4dc6394956f80 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-06-28T14:08:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 diogofernandes.pdf: 2723080 bytes, checksum: 27ac16e618618f1cb4c4dc6394956f80 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-28T14:08:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 diogofernandes.pdf: 2723080 bytes, checksum: 27ac16e618618f1cb4c4dc6394956f80 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-31 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar técnicas com complexidade computacional reduzida para implementação em hardware do modulador de amplitude em quadratura M-ária (M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation - M-QAM) de elevada ordem, que pode ser viável para sistemas banda larga. As técnicas propostas abrangem as constelações M-QAM quadradas e cruzadas (número par e ímpar de bits), a regra de decisão abrupta (hard decison rule), derivação de constelações M-QAM de baixa ordem das de elevada ordem. A análise de desempenho em termos de taxa de bits errados (bit error rate - BER) é realizada quando os símbolos M-QAM são corrompidos por ruído Gaussiano branco aditivo (additive white Gaussian noise - AWGN) e ruído Gaussiano impulsivo aditivo (additive impulsive Gaussian noise - AIGN). Os resultados de desempenho da taxa de bits errados mostram que a perda de desempenho das técnicas propostas é, em média, inferior a 1 dB, o que é um resultado surpreendente. Além disso, a implementação das técnicas propostas em arranjo de portas programáveis em campo (field programmable gate array - FPGA) é descrita e analisada. Os resultados obtidos com as implementações em dispositivo FPGA mostram que as técnicas propostas podem reduzir consideravelmente a utilização de recursos de hardware se comparadas com as técnicas presentes na literatura. Uma melhoria notável em termos de redução da utilização de recursos de hardware é conseguida através da utilização da técnica de modulação M-QAM genérica em comparação com a técnica de regra de decisão heurística (heuristic decision rule - HDR) aprimorada e uma técnica previamente concebida, a tà c cnica HDR. Com base nas análises apresentadas, a técnica HDR aprimorada é menos complexa do que a técnica HDR. Finalmente, os resultados numéricos mostram que a técnica de modulação M-QAM genérica pode ser oito vezes mais rápida do que as outras duas técnicas apresentadas, quando um grande número de símbolos M-QAM (p. ex., > 1000) são transmitidos consecutivamente. / This work aims at introducing techniques with reduced computational complexity for hardware implementation of high order M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (MQAM) which may be feasible for broadband communication systems. The proposed techniques cover both square and cross M-QAM constellations (even and odd number of bits), hard decision rule, derivation of low-order M-QAM constellations from high order ones. Performance analyses, in terms of bit error rate (BER) is carried out when the M-QAM symbols are corrupted by either additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) or additive impulsive Gaussian noise (AIGN). The bit error rate performance results show that the performance loss of the proposed techniques is, on average, less than 1 dB, which is a remarkable result. Additionally, the implementation of the proposed techniques in field programmable gate array (FPGA) device is described and outlined. The results based on FPGA show that the proposed techniques can considerably reduce hardware resource utilization. A remarkable improvement in terms of hardware resource utilization reduction is achieved by using the generic M-QAM technique in comparison with the enhanced heuristic decision rule (HDR) technique and a previously designed technique, the HDR technique. Based on the analyses performed, the enhanced HDR technique is less complex than the HDR technique. Finally, the numerical results show that the generic M-QAM technique can be eight times faster than the other two techniques when a large number of M-QAM symbols (e.g., > 1000) are consecutively transmitted.

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