O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana (TFDa), utilizando laser de baixa potência, em duas densidades de energia, associado ao azul de toluidina em biofilme de S. mutans. Biofilmes de S. mutans UA159 foram crescidos por 5 dias em discos de resina acrílica (3 mm de diâmetro x 2 mm de altura) a 37&ordm;C 5 % de CO2;. Os espécimes foram divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos de tratamento (n=3): Digluconato de clorexidina 0,12% (CHX, controle positivo); Solução salina a 0,89% (NaCl, controle negativo); Terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana com azul de toluidina e laser de baixa potência (densidade de energia 320 J/cm&sup2;) (TFDa 320); Terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana com azul de toluidina e laser de baixa potência (densidade de energia 640 J/cm&sup2;) (TFDa 640). Os tratamentos foram realizados 2x/dia durante 3 dias. Ao final dos 5 dias, os biofilmes foram coletados e número de bactérias viáveis e a concentração de polissacarídeos extracelulares insolúveis (PECI) e intracelulares (PIC) foram determinadas e analisadas estatisticamente (ANOVA e teste de Tukey, p < 0,05). O tratamento com a TFDa (320 e 640 J/cm&sup2;) reduziu o número de bactérias viáveis em biofilmes de S. mutans, de uma maneira dose-dependente (p < 0,05). Além disso, a TFDa 640 J/cm&sup2;, reduziu a viabilidade bacteriana de forma tão eficaz quanto a CHX (p > 0,05). Em relação a PECI e PIC, os grupos TFDa (320 e 640 J/cm&sup2;) não foram significativamente diferentes de CHX (p > 0,05). Os resultados mostraram que a terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana, mediada pelo azul de toluidina e laser de diodo (640 J/cm&sup2;), pode ser uma abordagem utilizada no controle do biofilme dental cariogênico. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), using low-power laser, with two energy densities, associated with toluidine blue in S. mutans biofilm. S. mutans UA159 biofilms were grown for 5 days on acrylic resin discs (3 mm diameter x 2 mm height) a 37&ordm;C, 5 % de CO2. The specimens were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups (n = 3): 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX, positive control); 0,89% Saline (NaCl, negative control); Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with toluidine blue and low power laser (energy density of 320 J/cm&sup2;) (aPDT 320); Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with toluidine blue and low power laser (energy density of 640 J/cm&sup2;) (aPDT 640). Treatments were performed 2x/day for 3 days. At the end of 5 days, the biofilms were collected and the number of viable bacteria and the concentration of insoluble extracellular (IEPS) and intracellular polysaccharides (IPS) were determined and analyzed statistically (ANOVA and Tukey\'s test, p<0.05). Treatment with aPDT (320 and 640 J/cm&sup2;) reduced the number of viable bacteria of S. mutans biofilms in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05). Furthermore, the aPDT 640 group reduced the bacterial viability as effectively as CHX group (p>0.05). For IEPS and IPS, the aPDT groups (320 and 640 J/cm&sup2;) were not significantly different CHX (p>0.05). The results showed that the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy mediated by toluidine blue and diode laser (640 J/cm&sup2;) may be an approach used to control the cariogenic dental biofilm.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito antibacteriano do laser diodo com diferentes comprimentos de onda em blocos de dentina infectados com Enterococcus faecalis, por meio de análise microbiológica com espectrofotometria e alterações ultraestruturais por meio de microscópio eletrônico de varredura. Treze dentes unirradiculares foram seccionados de forma a obter 100 blocos de dentina intrarradicular. Inicialmente, os blocos foram imersos por 5 minutos em EDTA 17% e em seguida lavados por 5 minutos com água destilada, e então autoclavados por 30 minutos a 120&deg;C. As amostras de dentina foram inoculadas com 1mL de suspensão de E. faecalis em 5mL de BHI (Brain Heart Infusion) e incubadas a 37&deg;C por cinco dias. Após a contaminação, os espécimes foram distribuídos em dez grupos (n=10) de acordo com tratamento de superfície: GI - 5 mL NaOCl 2,5%, GII - 5 mL NaOCl 2,5% + diodo 808nm, GIII - 5 mL NaOCl 2,5% + diodo 970nm, GIV - diodo 808nm, GV - diodo 970nm, GVI - CHX 2%, GVII - CHX 2% + diodo 808nm, GVIII - CHX 2% + diodo 970nm, GIX - controle positivo e GX controle negativo. O crescimento bacteriano foi analisado pela turbidez e densidade óptica do meio de cultura por espectrofotometria (nm). Em seguida, os espécimes foram preparados para análise das alterações ultraestruturais da superfície dentinária em MEV. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste ANOVA um fator e evidenciaram que o GI (77,5 ± 12,1), GII (72,5 ± 12,2), GIII (68,7 ± 8,7), GV (68,3 ± 8,7), GVI (62,0 ± 5,5) e GVII (67,5 ± 3,3) foram semelhantes entre si e diferente estatisticamente dos grupos GIV (58,8 ± 25,0), GVIII (59,2 ± 4,0) e grupos controles (p<0,05). A análise em MEV evidenciou uma matriz orgânica amorfa e derretimento da dentina intertubular quando submetidos à irradiação do laser diodo 970nm, e erosão da dentina intertubular quando irradiada com laser 808nm, sendo que ao associar NaOCl 2,5% ao laser com diferentes comprimentos de onda, observou-se maior erosão intertubular. Conclui-se que todos os protocolos terapêuticos foram capazes de reduzir o contingente bacteriano dos blocos de dentina e ao associar o laser diodo e soluções não houve melhora significativa na redução do contingente bacteriano. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the disinfection degree of dentin blocks contaminated by Enterococcus faecalis caused by different diode laser wavelengths through microbiological analysis with spectrophotometry and ultrastructural alterations by scanning electron microscope. Thirteen uniradicular teeth were sectioned into 100 dentin Intraradicular blocks. Initially, the blocks were immersed for 5 minutes in 17% EDTA and then washed for 5 minutes with distilled water, and then esterilized for 30 minutes at 120&deg;C. The dentin samples were inoculated with 1mL of E. faecalis suspension in 5mL BHI (Brain Heart Infusion) and incubated at 37&deg;C for five days. After contamination, the specimens were distributed into ten groups (n = 10) according to surface treatment: GI - 5 mL NaOCl 2.5%, GII - 5 mL NaOCl 2.5% + diode 808nm, GIII - 5 mL NaOCl 2.5% + diode 970nm, GIV - diode 808nm, GV - diode 970nm, GVI - CHX 2%, GVII - CHX 2% + diode 808nm, GVIII - CHX 2% + diode 970nm, GIX - positive control and GX - Negative control. Bacterial growth was analyzed by turbidity and optical density of the culture medium by spectrophotometry (nm). Afterwards, the specimens were processed for analysis of the ultrastructural changes of the dentin surface in SEM. The data was subject to the One-way ANOVA test and showed that GI (77,5 ± 12,1), GII (72,5 ± 12,2), GIII (68,7 ± 8,7), GV (68,3 ± 8,7) and GVII (67,5 ± 3,3) were statistically similar and statistically different from GIV (58,8 ± 25,0), GVIII (59,2 ± 4,0) and control groups (p <0.05). SEM analysis showed a modified organic matrix layer with an amorphous, intertubular dentin melting when dentin samples were irradiated with 970nm diode laser, erosion of the intertubular dentin in blocks submitted to 808nm diode laser, and a increased erosion of the intertubular dentin when associating NaOCl 2,5% to the laser with different wavelengths. All the therapeutic protocols were able to reduce the bacterial contingent in dentin blocks with the association of laser diode and solutions did not significantly improve the reduction of the bacterial contingent.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana (TFDa), utilizando laser de baixa potência, em duas densidades de energia, associado ao azul de toluidina em biofilme de S. mutans. Biofilmes de S. mutans UA159 foram crescidos por 5 dias em discos de resina acrílica (3 mm de diâmetro x 2 mm de altura) a 37&ordm;C 5 % de CO2;. Os espécimes foram divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos de tratamento (n=3): Digluconato de clorexidina 0,12% (CHX, controle positivo); Solução salina a 0,89% (NaCl, controle negativo); Terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana com azul de toluidina e laser de baixa potência (densidade de energia 320 J/cm&sup2;) (TFDa 320); Terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana com azul de toluidina e laser de baixa potência (densidade de energia 640 J/cm&sup2;) (TFDa 640). Os tratamentos foram realizados 2x/dia durante 3 dias. Ao final dos 5 dias, os biofilmes foram coletados e número de bactérias viáveis e a concentração de polissacarídeos extracelulares insolúveis (PECI) e intracelulares (PIC) foram determinadas e analisadas estatisticamente (ANOVA e teste de Tukey, p < 0,05). O tratamento com a TFDa (320 e 640 J/cm&sup2;) reduziu o número de bactérias viáveis em biofilmes de S. mutans, de uma maneira dose-dependente (p < 0,05). Além disso, a TFDa 640 J/cm&sup2;, reduziu a viabilidade bacteriana de forma tão eficaz quanto a CHX (p > 0,05). Em relação a PECI e PIC, os grupos TFDa (320 e 640 J/cm&sup2;) não foram significativamente diferentes de CHX (p > 0,05). Os resultados mostraram que a terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana, mediada pelo azul de toluidina e laser de diodo (640 J/cm&sup2;), pode ser uma abordagem utilizada no controle do biofilme dental cariogênico. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), using low-power laser, with two energy densities, associated with toluidine blue in S. mutans biofilm. S. mutans UA159 biofilms were grown for 5 days on acrylic resin discs (3 mm diameter x 2 mm height) a 37&ordm;C, 5 % de CO2. The specimens were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups (n = 3): 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX, positive control); 0,89% Saline (NaCl, negative control); Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with toluidine blue and low power laser (energy density of 320 J/cm&sup2;) (aPDT 320); Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with toluidine blue and low power laser (energy density of 640 J/cm&sup2;) (aPDT 640). Treatments were performed 2x/day for 3 days. At the end of 5 days, the biofilms were collected and the number of viable bacteria and the concentration of insoluble extracellular (IEPS) and intracellular polysaccharides (IPS) were determined and analyzed statistically (ANOVA and Tukey\'s test, p<0.05). Treatment with aPDT (320 and 640 J/cm&sup2;) reduced the number of viable bacteria of S. mutans biofilms in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05). Furthermore, the aPDT 640 group reduced the bacterial viability as effectively as CHX group (p>0.05). For IEPS and IPS, the aPDT groups (320 and 640 J/cm&sup2;) were not significantly different CHX (p>0.05). The results showed that the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy mediated by toluidine blue and diode laser (640 J/cm&sup2;) may be an approach used to control the cariogenic dental biofilm.

Ces dernières années les semi-conducteurs à base de InGaN sont devenus attractifs pour des applications d'éclairage. Les sources blanches à base de LED sont de plus en plus utilisées en raison de leur petite taille, leur longue durée de vie et leur faible consommation d'énergie. Malheureusement les LED utilisées dans ces dispositifs subissent une perte de rendement quantique externe quand leur courant d'alimentation augmente. Ceci se traduit par un décalage du maximum d'émission ainsi qu'un élargissement spectral. Ces variations d'émission impactent la conversion de lumière bleue en lumière blanche, ce qui diminue l'efficacité du procédé. Une méthode alternative pour obtenir de la lumière blanche en travaillant à forte puissance serait l'utilisation de diodes laser (DL) à la place des LED. Contrairement aux LED, elles sont moins affectées par les pertes d'efficacité. La puissance lumineuse et le rendement quantique externe des diodes laser augmentent linéairement avec le courant d'alimentation, ce qui maintient la stabilité de la lumière blanche produite. / In past few years InGaN-based semiconductors have attracted much more attention for application in solid-state lighting sources. Recently, their usage is constantly increasing on worldwide market. High-brightness white LEDs have been used due to their size, long life and energy saving. However, LEDs used in light sources suffer from a loss in external quantum efficiency as an operating current increases. This loss may lead to a shift in peak emission wavelength and broadening of emission spectrum. Laser diodes, in contrary to LEDs, do not suffer this loss. The output power increases linearly with injection current. Moreover, they can reach higher luminosity, for the same power, than LEDs. Additionally, laser-based devices can be operated in reflection mode, allowing for the phosphor to be placed on a reflection substrate that may also act as a heat sink to effectively dissipate heat away from the phosphor.

Hypersonic vehicles, based on scramjet engines, have the potential to deliver inexpensive access to space when compared with rocket propulsion. The technology, however, is in its infancy and there is still much to be learned from fundamental studies.¶ Flows that represent the conditions inside a scramjet engine can be generated in ground tests using a free-piston shock tunnel and a combustor model. These facilities provide a convenient location for fundamental studies and principles learned during ground tests can be applied to the design of a full-scale vehicle.¶ A wide range of diagnostics have been used for studying scramjet flows, including surface measurements and optical visualisation techniques.¶ The aim of this work is to test the effectiveness of tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) as a scramjet diagnostic.¶ TDLAS utilises the spectrally narrow emission from a diode laser to probe individual absorption lines of a target species. By varying the diode laser injection current, the laser emission wavelength can be scanned to rapidly obtain a profile of the spectral line. TDLAS has been used previously for gas-dynamic sensing applications and, in the configuration used in this work, is sensitive to temperature and water vapour concentration.¶ The design of the sensor was guided by previous work. It incorporated aspects of designs that were considered to be well suited to the present application. Aspects of the design which were guided by the literature included the laser emission wavelength, the use of fibre optics and the detector used. The laser emission wavelength was near 1390 nm to coincide with relatively strong water vapour transitions. This wavelength allowed the use of telecommunications optical fibre and components for light delivery. Detection used a dual-beam, noise cancelling detector.¶ The sensor was validated before deployment in a low-pressure test cell and a hydrogen–air flame. Temperature and water concentration measurements were verified to within 5% up to 1550 K. Verification accuracy was limited by non-uniformity along the beam path during flame measurements.¶ Measurements were made in a scramjet combustor operating in a flow generated by the T3 shock tunnel at the Australian National University. Within the scramjet combustor, hydrogen was injected into a flame-holding cavity and the sensor was operated downstream in the expanded, supersonic, post-combustion flow. The sensor was operated at a maximum repetition rate of 20 kHz and could resolve variation in temperature and water concentration over the 3ms running time of the facility.¶ Results were repeatable and the measurement uncertainty was smaller than the turbulent fluctuations in the flow. The scramjet was operated at two fuel-lean equivalence ratios and the sensor was able to show differences between the two operating conditions. In addition, vertical traversal of the sensor revealed variation in flow conditions across the scramjet duct.¶ The effectiveness of the diagnostic was tested by comparing results with those from other measurement techniques, in particular pressure and OH fluorescence measurements, as well as comparison with computational simulation.¶ Combustion was noted at both of the tested operating conditions in data from all three measurement techniques.¶ Computation simulation of the scramjet flow significantly under-predicted the water vapour concentration. The discrepancy between experiments and simulation was not apparent in either the pressure measurements or the OH fluorescence, but was clear in the diode laser results.¶ The diode laser sensor, therefore, was able to produce quantitative results which were useful for comparison with a CFD model of the scramjet and were complimentary to information provided by other diagnostics.

Ce mémoire présente des résultats théoriques et expérimentaux sur les interactions entre atomes et lumière laser dans les horloges atomiques à pompage optique. On présente tout d'abord l'affinement spectral de lasers à semiconducteurs par la technique de la cavité étendue. Deux types de couplage, faible et fort, sont testés et comparés. La conception de structures performantes est présentée,et une méthode d'auto-alignement est mise en œuvre pour réduire la sensibilité des ces lasers aux perturbations extérieures. Ensuite, les interactions atomes/lumière sont décrites par le formalisme de la matrice densité, en prenant en compte le bruit de fréquence et la modulation du laser. Cette partie développe plus particulièrement l'analyse du pompage optique. On montre que le flux atomique présente, à pompage incomplet, des fluctuations sur-poissonniennes dues au bruit de fréquence du laser. Enfin, en dernière partie, une évaluation expérimentale de l'influence des paramètres des lasers sur les signaux d'horloge est menée. Les rôles des lasers de pompage et de détection sont étudiés séparément, et l'extra-bruit de détection des atomes non-pompés est mesuré pour des lasers de pompage de largeurs de raie différentes. L'influence de l'efficacité du pompage sur le rapport signal-à-bruit du signal d'horloge est déterminée expérimentalement pour une horloge à jet thermique de césium, dans une configuration de frange brillante.

A huge number of applications require coherent radiation in the visible spectral range. Since diode lasers are very compact and efficient light sources, there exists a great interest to cover these applications with diode laser emission. Despite modern band gap engineering not all wavelengths can be accessed with diode laser radiation. Especially in the visible spectral range between 480 nm and 630 nm no emission from diode lasers is available, yet. Nonlinear frequency conversion of near-infrared radiation is a common way to generate coherent emission in the visible spectral range. However, radiation with extraordinary spatial temporal and spectral quality is required to pump frequency conversion. Broad area (BA) diode lasers are reliable high power light sources in the near-infrared spectral range. They belong to the most efficient coherent light sources with electro-optical efficiencies of more than 70%. Standard BA lasers are not suitable as pump lasers for frequency conversion because of their poor beam quality and spectral properties. For this purpose, tapered lasers and diode lasers with Bragg gratings are utilized. However, these new diode laser structures demand for additional manufacturing and assembling steps that makes their processing challenging and expensive. An alternative to BA diode lasers is the stripe-array architecture. The emitting area of a stripe-array diode laser is comparable to a BA device and the manufacturing of these arrays requires only one additional process step. Such a stripe-array consists of several narrow striped emitters realized with close proximity. Due to the overlap of the fields of neighboring emitters or the presence of leaky waves, a strong coupling between the emitters exists. As a consequence, the emission of such an array is characterized by a so called supermode. However, for the free running stripe-array mode competition between several supermodes occurs because of the lack of wavelength stabilization. This leads to power fluctuations, spectral instabilities and poor beam quality. Thus, it was necessary to study the emission properties of those stripe-arrays to find new concepts to realize an external synchronization of the emitters. The aim was to achieve stable longitudinal and transversal single mode operation with high output powers giving a brightness sufficient for efficient nonlinear frequency conversion. For this purpose a comprehensive analysis of the stripe-array devices was done here. The physical effects that are the origin of the emission characteristics were investigated theoretically and experimentally. In this context numerical models could be verified and extended. A good agreement between simulation and experiment was observed. One way to stabilize a specific supermode of an array is to operate it in an external cavity. Based on mathematical simulations and experimental work, it was possible to design novel external cavities to select a specific supermode and stabilize all emitters of the array at the same wavelength. This resulted in stable emission with 1 W output power, a narrow bandwidth in the range of 2 MHz and a very good beam quality with M²<1.5. This is a new level of brightness and brilliance compared to other BA and stripe-array diode laser systems. The emission from this external cavity diode laser (ECDL) satisfied the requirements for nonlinear frequency conversion. Furthermore, a huge improvement to existing concepts was made. In the next step newly available periodically poled crystals were used for second harmonic generation (SHG) in single pass setups. With the stripe-array ECDL as pump source, more than 140 mW of coherent radiation at 488 nm could be generated with a very high opto-optical conversion efficiency. The generated blue light had very good transversal and longitudinal properties and could be used to generate biphotons by parametric down-conversion. This was feasible because of the improvement made with the infrared stripe-array diode lasers due to the development of new physical concepts. / Für eine Vielzahl von interessanten Anwendungen z.B. in den Lebenswissenschaften werden kohärente Strahlquellen im sichtbaren Spektralbereich benötigt. Diese Strahlquellen sollen sich durch eine hohe Effizienz (d.h. Sparsamkeit), Mobilität und eine hohe Güte des emittierten Lichtes auszeichnen. Im Idealfall passt die Lichtquelle in die Hosentasche und kann mit herkömmlichen Batterien betrieben werden. Diodenlaser sind solche kleinen und sehr effizienten Strahlquellen. Sie sind heutzutage allgegenwärtig, begegnen uns in CD-Playern, Laserdruckern oder an Supermarktkassen im täglichen Leben. Diodenlaser zeichnen sich durch ihren extrem hohen Wirkungsgrad aus, da hier elektrischer Strom direkt in Licht umgewandelt wird. Jedoch können bisher noch nicht alle Wellenlängen im sichtbaren Bereich mit diesen Lasern realisiert werden. Eine Möglichkeit, diesen Wellenlängenbereich über einen Umweg zu erreichen, ist Frequenzkonversion von infrarotem in sichtbares Licht mit sogenannten nichtlinearen optischen Kristallen. Dies ist im Prinzip auch mit Diodenlasern möglich, konnte bisher jedoch nur sehr ineffizient oder mit erheblichem Aufwand umgesetzt werden. Allerdings kann mit Hilfe von externen Resonatoren die Emission solcher Standard-Laserdioden maßgeblich beeinflusst und die Qualität des Lichtes erheblich verbessert werden. Hier setzt die Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit an: Das Licht von infraroten Hochleistungslaserdioden, sogenannten „Streifen-Arrays“, sollte durch einen externen Resonator stabilisiert und für die Frequenzverdopplung erschlossen werden. Diese Arrays bestehen aus mehreren dicht nebeneinander angeordneten Einzelemittern und zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass eine Kopplung dieser Emitter von außen möglich ist. Im ersten Schritt sollte eine solche Synchronisation der Emitter erreicht werden. In einem zweiten Schritt soll das von außen beeinflusste Licht des Arrays mit einer hohen Effizienz in sichtbares (blaues) Licht konvertiert werden um den Wirkungsgrad der Diodenlaser voll auszunutzen. Dafür war es notwendig die Physik der Streifen-Arrays sorgfältig zu untersuchen. Es mussten Methoden entwickelt werden, durch die eine gezielte Beeinflussung der Emitter möglich ist, damit es zu einer globalen Kopplung und Synchronisation der Array Emitter kommt. Dafür wurden mit Hilfe von mathematischen Modellierungen und Experimenten verschiedene Resonatorkonzepte entwickelt und realisiert. Schlussendlich war es möglich, die Emissionseigenschaften der Arrays um mehrere Größenordnungen zu verbessern und sehr effizient kohärentes blaues Licht sehr hoher Güte zu erzeugen. In einem weiteren Experiment ist es zusätzlich gelungen nichtklassisches Licht bzw. Paarphotonen zu generieren, die ebenfalls interessant für die Lebenswissenschaften sind.

Near-infrared (NIR) absorption spectroscopy with tunable diode lasers allows the simultaneous detection of the three most important isotopologues of carbon dioxide (<SUP>12</SUP>CO<SUB>2</SUB>, <SUP>13</SUP>CO<SUB>2</SUB>, <SUP>12</SUP>C<SUP>18</SUP>O<SUP>16</SUP>O) and carbon monoxide (<SUP>12</SUP>CO, <SUP>13</SUP>CO, <SUP>12</SUP>C<SUP>18</SUP>O). The flexible and compact fiber-optic tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer (TDLAS) allows selective measurements of CO<SUB>2</SUB> and CO with high isotopic resolution without sample preparation since there is no interference with water vapour. For each species, linear calibration plots with a dynamic range of four orders of magnitude and detection limits (LOD) in the range of a few ppm were obtained utilizing wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) with balanced detection in a Herriott-type multipass cell. The high performance of the apparatus is illustrated by fill-evacuation-refill cycles.

The performance of a home-built tunable diode laser (TDL) spectrometer, aimed at multi-line detection of carbon dioxide, has been evaluated and optimized. In the regime of the (30<SUP>0</SUP>1)<SUB>III</SUB> / (000) band of <SUP>12</SUP>CO<SUB>2</SUB> around 1.6 μm, the dominating isotope species <SUP>12</SUP>CO<SUB>2</SUB>, <SUP>13</SUP>CO<SUB>2</SUB>, and <SUP>12</SUP>C<SUP>18</SUP>O<SUP>16</SUP>O were detected simultaneously without interference by water vapor. Detection limits in the range of few ppmv were obtained for each species utilizing wavelength modulation (WM) spectroscopy with balanced detection in a long-path absorption cell set-up. High sensitivity in conjunction with high precision —typically ±1‰ and ±6‰ for 3% and 0.7% of CO<SUB>2</SUB>, respectively— renders this experimental approach a promising analytical concept for isotope-ratio determination of carbon dioxide in soil and breath gas. For a moderate <SUP>12</SUP>CO<SUB>2</SUB> line, the pressure dependence of the line profile was characterized in detail, to account for pressure effects on sensitive measurements.

Phase locking of external-cavity diodes laser¡]ECDL¡^ to the stabilized optical frequency combs of a femtosecond mode-locked laser. Optical frequency combs of a femtosecond mode-locked laser can be the reference standard of dual-wavelength external-cavity diode lasers (ECDLs). Frequency stabilization of two external-cavity diode laser is also demonstrated simultaneously.Suppression of the frequency fluctuation of two ECDLs from hundreds MHz to 200 Hz is demonstrated and characterized. Meanwhile, frequency tunable continuous-wave Tera-Hertz (cw THz) wave is generated and observed by photomixing of the output of two frequency stabilized ECDLS with tunable relative frequency difference on a photoconductive antennas. In our experiment, cw THz wave is demonstrated and with tuning range from 0.200 to 1.240THz and could be attribute as frequency standard of THz.