Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1937. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaf 23).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1939. / Typescript. Includes abstract and vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaf 60).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1962. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Kentucky, 2005. / Title from document title page (viewed on March 2, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 177 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 159-172).

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo / La frecuencia de síntomas debido al ataque de hongos de la madera de la vid, ha aumentado significativamente en todo el mundo durante la última década. Las especies fungosas de la familia Botryosphaeriaceae provocan la muerte parcial de la planta, disminuyendo la productividad y la rentabilidad del cultivo. Una de las especies presentes en Chile es Diplodia mutila, asociada principalmente a la enfermedad del brazo muerto de la vid. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la susceptibilidad de sarmientos de cultivares de vid vinífera (Cabernet Franc, Malbec, Merlot, Sauvignon Blanc y Syrah) y de mesa (Crimson Seedless, Flame Seedless, Red Globe y Thompson Seedless) a D. mutila. Para ello, se realizó un ensayo “in vivo” usando sarmientos de un año, los cuales fueron inoculados con discos de agar con micelio de D. mutila, en el sector medio del entrenudo después de producir una herida. Los sarmientos fueron mantenidos en una cámara de crecimiento durante cuatro a seis semanas, en oscuridad, a una humedad relativa del 95% y a una temperatura de 25°C. Se consideraron 10 repeticiones por cultivar y al término del período de incubación, se evaluó la longitud de la lesión necrótica en forma independiente, en los cultivares viníferos de los de mesa. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas al comparar la susceptibilidad de los cultivares viníferos y de mesa investigados, los que en su totalidad fueron susceptibles al patógeno. / The frequency of symptoms associated to fungal attack on grapevine trunk, increased significantly worldwide during the last decade. Fungal species belonging to the Botryosphaeriaceae family are responsible for the death of part of the plant, reducing productivity and profitability of this crop. Diplodia mutila is one of the species associated to the dead arm disease of grapevine in Chile. The objective of this research was to evaluate the susceptibility of vine shoots of wine grape cultivars (Cabernet Franc, Malbec, Merlot, Sauvignon Blanc and Syrah) and table grapes (Crimson Seedless, Flame Seedless, Red Globe and Thompson Seedless) to D. mutila. In vivo trials were performed using one year old vine shoots, inoculated with mycelia disks of D. mutila between the internode after performing a wound. The shoots were kept during four to six weeks in a growth chamber, in the dark, at 95% relative humidity and at 25 ° C. Ten replicates per cultivar were considered, where necrotic lesion length was evaluated. No significant differences were observed on susceptibility among wine and table grape cultivars, being all susceptible to the pathogen.

This study has significantly broadened and deepened the understanding of ecological aspects related to the spread and reproduction of Diplodia pinea as an endophyte, latent pathogen and causal agent of serious disease problems in plantations of Pinus spp. Analyses of genetic diversity in populations using microsatellite data has revealed very high levels of genetic diversity of populations of the pathogen at different spatial levels, ranging from within a single asymptomatic tree to within and between plantations over large geographic areas and in different countries where the fungus has been introduced. Analysis of the structure of the distribution of genotypes and the association of alleles within populations, suggest that sexual recombination is occurring in most environments in the Southern Hemisphere D. pinea populations. This indicates the presence of a cryptic sexual state in this fungus. The genetic diversity was structured and differentiated for regions separated by as little as 65 km to a country and continental scale. The diversity and likely sexual reproduction of D. pinea must complicate control strategies such as selection and breeding for resistance. It is thus essential to strengthen quarantine services aimed at minimizing the risk of introducing additional genotypes of D. pinea. In this regard, understanding the infection and spread between regions is essential. Results of this study demonstrate that this fungus infects seeds, but only at low levels, and is not transmitted vertically via seeds to seedlings. Diplodia pinea was also not isolated from seedlings in three commercial nurseries and open fields in South Africa. These results provide strong evidence that neither seeds nor seedlings are the primary sources of inoculum, but that the pathogen is mainly transmitted horizontally from mature trees and debris left in plantations. Finally extensive sampling conducted as part of this study led to the discovery of the sibling species, D. scrobiculata in South Africa and outside the Northern Hemisphere for the first time. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Genetics / Unrestricted

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV09MA040.pdf: 1813024 bytes, checksum: fd828a9db77a0c94957d7cf4a2f333a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-03 / The fungus Stenocarpella maydis usually can cause corn stalk and ear rot. There is little data on the genetic resistance of maize plants to S. maydis. The Stenocarpella resistance has been investigated around the world by artificial inoculation techniques with inoculum produced mostly in fragments of maize plant and sorghum and oats grains. The amount of inoculum produced by these techniques is low, require a long period of incubation to gave a satisfactory inoculum levels. Despite of the substrate, temperature and luminosity are essential factors to stimulate the pathogens sporulation. The objective of this study was to determine an easy, quick and reproducible method by relative low cost to induce the S. maydis sporulation. The experiments were carry out at the Plant Pathology Laboratory at the Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias- CAV/UDESC during the years 2007/08. The S. maydis monosporic isolate was obtained from commercial crops naturally infected in the Aberlado Luz County, Santa Catarina State. Preliminary were carry out a experiment with 20 potentials natural substrates from grains and leaves and stalks fragments of different plants like, sorghum, wheat, white oat, black oat, rye, barley and maize , with the objective to select the most promising substates. Were discarded 13 substrates by not present desirable features in any stage of preparation, maintenance, production and conidia amount. The remained 07 natural substrates based in grains of sorghum, wheat, white and black oat, rye, barley and maize were submitted to temperatures of 21, 24, 27, 30 and 33ºC on continuous light systems and darkness by period of 12 hours Each substrate was soaked in 100 mL of water for 24 hours in Erlenmeyer. After removal of excess water, the grains were sterilized twice in autoclave by 20 min at 127ºC. In each flask were added three disks of fungus mycelium. The material was incubated in growth chamber according to the different temperatures and light regimes. For each treatment three replicates were used. The assessment of the conidia number per gram of grains and conidia viability were measured at 15 days of incubation. The data of conidia number per gram of grain and conidia viability were transformed into √ (x +1) and subjected to analysis of variance and compared by Bonfferroni test by 1% of significance. Subsequent tests were done with the best natural substrates with the objective to evaluate differences between cultivars and the incubation period on the conidia production and viability. Many cereal grains, oil seeds and crushed fragments of maize can not be used as substrates to induce S. maydis sporulation. The grains of barley, black oat and wheat were the best ones for S. maydis conidia production and viability. The barley grain was the natural substrate that showed the biggest conidia production. The conidia production and viability were influenced by temperature and photoperiod. The S. maydis developed better at temperature of 27ºC and 12 h of photoperiod. There is conidia number variation among barley cultivars, which was not checked for viability of conidia. Same procedure was performed with Stenocarpella macrospora, however not obtained enough for measurement of spore production and germination of conidia. Keywords: Conidia. Diplodia. inoculum production. Zea mays / O fungo Stenocarpella maydis comumente causa podridão do colmo e da espiga em milho. Pouca informação existe sobre a resistência genética de plantas de milho à S. maydis. A resistência à Stenocarpella vem sendo investigada em diversas partes do mundo por técnicas de inoculação artificial a partir de inóculo produzido, principalmente, em fragmentos da planta de milho e grãos de sorgo e aveia. Neste caso, a quantidade de inóculo produzido é baixa, necessitando longo período de incubação para a produção de inóculo em níveis satisfatórios. Além do substrato, temperatura e luminosidade são fatores essenciais para estimular a esporulação dos fitopatógenos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar um método fácil, rápido, reproduzível e de baixo custo para a indução à esporulação de S. maydis. O experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Fitopatologia Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, CAV/UDESC, Lages, SC, em 2008. O isolado monospórico do fungo foi obtido de grãos de milho naturalmente infectados oriundos de lavouras comerciais de município de Abelardo Luz, SC. Previamente foram realizados ensaios com 20 possíveis substratos naturais a partir de compostos de grãos, fragmentos de folhas e colmos de plantas como sorgo, trigo, aveia branca, aveia preta, centeio, cevada e milho a fim de selecionar os mais promissores. Foram descartados 13 diferentes substratos naturais que não apresentaram caracteristicas desejáveis em qualquer etapa de preparação, manutenção, produção e contagem de conídios. Os 07 substratos naturais de grãos de sorgo, trigo, aveia branca, aveia preta, centeio, cevada e milho, foram submetido às temperaturas de 21, 24, 27, 30 e 33ºC, em regimes de luz contínua, escuro e por período de 12 horas. Cada substrato foi embebido em 100 mL de água por 24 horas em Erlenmyers. Após a remoção do excesso de água os grãos foram esterilizados por duas autoclavagens por 20 min a 127ºC. Em cada Erlenmeyer foram inseridos três discos de micélio do fungo. O material foi incubado em câmara de crescimento nas respectivas temperaturas e regimes de luz. Para cada tratamento foram utilizadas três repetições. A avaliação do número de conídios por grama de grãos e a viabilidade dos conídios foi quantificada aos 15 dias de incubação. Os dados do número de conídios/g de grãos e a viabilidade dos conídios foram transformados em √(x+1) e submetidos a análise de variância e comparados pelo teste de Bonfferroni a 1% de significância. Posteriormente foi realizado ensaio com o melhor substrato natural com o objetivo de avaliar diferenças entre cultivares e tempo de incubação na produção e viabilidade de conídios. Muitos grãos de cereais, oleaginosas e fragmentos de milho não podem ser usados como substratos para induzir a esporulação de S. maydis. Os grãos de cevada, aveia preta e trigo foram os melhores para produção e viabilidade de conídios de S. maydis. A cevada foi o substrato natural que apresentou a maior produção de conídios. A produção de conídios e a viabilidade são influenciadas pela temperatura e fotoperiodo, sendo que S. maydis responde melhor a temperatura de 27 ºC e fotoperíodo 12 h. Existe variação entre cultivares de cevada para número de conídios, o que não foi verificado para viabilidade de conídios. Procedimento igual foi realizado com Stenocarpella macrospora, no entanto não se obteve esporulação suficiente para mensuração da produção e germinação de conídios

Thesis (M.Sc.(Biochemistry))--University of Pretoria, 2003. / Includes summary. Also available online.

The increasing frequency and severity of windthrow events affecting the forestry industry in New Zealand have raised important management issues surrounding the rate of colonisation of fallen trees by sapstain fungi and the time available for salvage harvesting before sapstain degradation limits potential economic returns. These fungi are known to be spread by a multitude of factors including wind, rain splash, harvesting processes and insect vectoring. Apart from the ecological interest in these interactions between fungi, plants and insects, sapstain fungi are also economically important because their hyphae discolour the sapwood and reduce the overall quality of the timber. The amount of time available to salvage harvest damaged trees is unknown, especially on seasonal and regional scales. Manipulative experiments were established in Pinus radiata forests to examine this seasonal and regional variation in sapstain attack following windthrow, and to investigate the importance of bark beetles as vectors of sapstain fungi. A range of methods were implemented to assess the role of bark beetles as vectors and to ascertain which sapstain fungi are associated with them. Experimental billet logs were caged to exclude beetles and subsequently analyse fungal attack in comparison with identical logs left exposed to beetles. In addition, individual beetles were sampled directly to determine whether they carried spores of particular fungal species and to assess the degree of association in vector-fungal dynamics. Finally, a novel application of DNA melt peak analysis was developed to investigate variation among the fungal communities associated with beetles potentially involved in vectoring sapstain spores. The moisture content of fallen trees was found to be the main factor regulating sapstain development, and when moisture content drops below 100% (on dry weight basis) sapstain fungi grew rapidly. The speed at which this level drops depends on the season, with much faster drying occurring in the warmer months of spring and summer. As a result, trees that fell in the previous winter or autumn did not develop significant sapstain levels until temperatures rose in the following summer, suggesting that storm-damaged trees that fall in winter can be left safely until just before the next summer before they are no longer suitable for salvage harvest. In New Zealand, the bark beetle species acting as vectors of sapstain fungi are not behaviourally adapted to colonisation of logs that are not in contact with the ground. Following windthrow events in pine forests, trees generally lie with their stems suspended above the level of the ground by their branches. As a result, under these circumstances, beetle colonisation of windthrown timber was low, and bark beetles were not a significant vector of stain. The caged and un-caged experimental log billets, however, were in contact with the ground, resulting in colonisation of the un-caged logs. In this case, bark beetles did play an important role in contributing to sapstain intensity, and the stain distribution within the logs mirrored that of the stain distribution. However, this effect may be due to the provision of access points for wind- or water-borne spores of the non-insect vectored stain fungus Diplodia pinea, or to the spread of hyphae through the tunnelling and feeding activities of beetles within the tree, rather than by bark beetles acting as vectors of spores. Bark beetles were confirmed as sapstain vectors with the isolation of seven different ophiostomatoid stain fungi from them, five of which were also found in wood. Finally, the development of a laboratory based, rapid species identification method was developed to identify fungal DNA. Melt peak analysis allowed the species-specific DNA melt temperatures to be compared with the melt temperatures of known species to be able to rapidly, and cheaply, identify an unknown species. Bark beetles are vectors of sapstain fungi in P. radiata forests, however the bark beetle species naturalised in New Zealand prefer to colonise wood when it is in contact with the ground. Following windthrow, trees are generally not attacked by beetles as they are held from the ground by their branches, leaving them to be stained predominantly be wind and rain dispersed stain fungus D. pinea. Stain did not occur until the moisture content of fallen trees dropped below 100%, which only happens in the warm months of summer and spring. In New Zealand, there are interactions between trees and bark beetles, and bark beetles with fungal pathogens from all around the globe resulting in a unique novel assemblage of species together for the first time. Understanding the dynamics of these species in their novel environment is crucial to effectively responding to potential pest threats.

Submitted by Nathália Faria da Silva (nathaliafsilva.ufv@gmail.com) on 2017-07-28T11:17:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.PDF: 774302 bytes, checksum: 0e278841dc6af8711ca9881c1d7a46a5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-28T11:17:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.PDF: 774302 bytes, checksum: 0e278841dc6af8711ca9881c1d7a46a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000-12-13 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Em ensaios conduzidos no campo e laboratório, estudaram-se as associações dos fungos Stenocarpella maydis e S. macrospora com os restos culturais do milho. No campo, demonstrou-se que a presença dos resíduos culturais de milho sobre a superfície do solo de uma estação de cultivo para outra, garante a presença e a viabilidade dos fungos S. maydis e S. macrospora. A decomposição da palha do milho mantida na superfície do solo foi de 78,5 % aos 29 meses de exposição no campo; além disto, a decomposição dos restos culturais incorporados ao solo é mais rápida do que mantidos sobre o solo. O número de conídios de S. maydis e S. macrospora capturados no ar foi inversamente proporcional à distância vertical e horizontal da fonte de inoculo, constituída de palha infectada. Os conídios foram capturados até altura de 2,0 m acima e distantes 120 m da fonte de inóculo. A maior quantidade de conídios capturados no ar ocorreu durante o dia, sendo os esporos coletados isoladamente ou agrupados em cirros, não necessitando estarem veiculados a gotículas d’água. Em laboratório, determinou-se que a faixa de temperatura de 23 a 28 o C proporcionou o maior crescimento do micélio de S. maydis e S. macrospora, tanto sob luz contínua como sob fotoperíodo de 12 h. O micélio dos fungos não cresceu àtemperatura inferior a 10 o C e superior a 40 o C. A faixa de temperatura de 26 a o 33 C propiciou a maior porcentagem de germinação dos conídios, sendo que ambas espécies germinaram mais rapidamente na presença de luz constante. Após 24 h de incubação os conídios de S. macrospora e S. maydis não germinaram nas temperaturas de 5 e 45 o C. A extrusão do cirro de conídios em colmos de milho foi maior na faixa térmica de 30 a 35 o C sob luz contínua. Este trabalho apresenta as bases científicas para elucidar por que as doenças causadas por fungos necrotróficos, como as espécies do gênero Stenocarpella, são mais severas em plantio direto. Evidenciou-se que a presença dos restos culturais infectados, de uma estação de cultivo para a outra, assegura a presença do inóculo na lavoura, e que em face das distâncias do transporte do inóculo, a rotação de culturas tem potencial para seu controle. / In experiments carried out under field and laboratory conditions, the association of Stenocarpella maydis and S. macrospora fungi with corn residues was studied. It was demonstrated in the field that the presence of corn residues at the soil surface from one growing season to the next ensures the presence of the inoculum of S. maydis and S. macrospora. Conidia of both fungi S. maydis e S. macrospora may keep viability in the period between corn growing seasons associated to residues at the soil surface. It was also determined that corn residue breaks down more rapidly when buried in the soil than kept at the soil surface; it was also shown that 78,5 % of residue weight was decomposed at 29 months after field exposure, at the soil surface. It was also verified that the number of conidia of S. maydis and S. macrospora collected in the air was inversely proportional to the vertical and horizontal distances from the inoculum source composed by naturally infected residue. Conida were collected up to 2.0 m high above and at a distance of 120 m far from the inoculum source. The highest number of conidia in the air were collected during the day period, being the spores individually collected or grouped in cirri, independently of the presence of water drops. In laboratory, the larger micelial growth occurred in the temperature range from 23 to 28 o C both for S. maydis and S. macrospora as well for continuous light and 12 hphotoperiod. Mycelium of both fungi did not grow in temperature lower than o o 10 C and higher than 40 C. The highest percentage of conidia germination occurred at the temperature range from 26 a 33 o C for both species and in the presence of light. After 24 h of incubation conidia of S. macrospora and S. maydis did not germinate in temperatures of 5 and 45 o C. Production of conidia cirri in corn stalks was higher in the temperature range from 30 to 35 o C under continuous light. This paper presents the scientific basis tp elucidate why diseases caused by necrotroph parasites such as the species of the genus Stenocarpella are more severe under no-till. Data are shown to support the principle that the presence of corn residues ensures the presence of inoculum in the farm and that the diseases may be controlled by crop rotation taking into consideration the distance of spore dispersal from the inoculum source.