Extreme weather events are becoming more commonplace in the United States and across the globe. Infrastructure cannot be built to completely withstand damage from these extreme events, thus communities must prepare themselves to recover quickly and efficiently to limit disruption to community members' livelihoods. Non-coastal, rural communities in the Appalachian region are affected by many of the same barriers to recovery as more populated suburban and urban communities, however, they can also face unique circumstances due to heightened vulnerability caused by depressed socioeconomics, reduced access to public services, and nominal capabilities of small, rural town governments. Rural communities face challenges to disaster recovery, but they can also benefit from increased social capital and population homogeneity that reduces cultural and language barriers and has the potential to improve coordination and collaboration. Financial and coordination barriers, such as the late or slow allocation of funding and limited management capacity of local governments during disaster recovery, are prevalent in rural Appalachian communities. Legal and socio-cultural barriers to rural disaster recovery include historical development patterns in and around floodplains, higher percentages of vulnerable populations, and difficulty navigating the federal disaster aid application process. Collaborative planning efforts and capacity building through the cultivation of relationships among disaster recovery stakeholders are necessary to provide an efficient and effective recovery. Additional funding, and more timely funding, are often proposed to solve a variety of challenges, but money alone will not be enough to overcome many prominent barriers. By adopting planning and cross-sector collaborative practices, local governments can better leverage available resources and facilitate the recovery process for the benefit of the affected communities. The 2016 West Virginia floods served as a case study and recovery strategies used following this event provide lessons learned to mitigate disaster recovery barriers in the future. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 people from 15 organizations ranging from state cabinet secretaries and mayors to engineers and nonprofit workers. Interviews were transcribed and coded using qualitative data analysis software. Site visits accompanied interviews and thematic content analysis was used to analyze interview transcripts and supporting documentation. Codes were validated by an independent, third-party coder. / Doctor of Philosophy / A recent increase in natural disasters in the United States, and the recognition that infrastructure cannot be built to completely withstand damage from these extreme events, has created a greater interest in disaster recovery. Communities must prepare themselves to recover quickly and efficiently following events like flooding to limit disruption to community members' livelihoods. Rural communities in Appalachia are affected by many of the same barriers to recovery as suburban and urban communities, but they often also face unique circumstances due to heightened vulnerability caused by fewer financial resources, reduced access to public services, and limited capabilities of small town governments. Rural communities face challenges to disaster recovery, but they can also benefit from increased trust among community members and population homogeneity that reduces cultural and language barriers and has the potential to improve coordination and collaboration. Financial and coordination barriers, such as the late or slow allocation of funding from government agencies and limited management capacity of local governments during disaster recovery are common in rural Appalachian communities. Legal and socio-cultural barriers to rural disaster recovery include historical development patterns in and around areas prone to flooding, higher percentages of vulnerable populations like those over 65 years of age, and people's difficulty applying for federal disaster aid. Collaborative planning efforts and capacity building through the cultivation of relationships among disaster recovery stakeholders help provide an efficient and effective recovery. Additional funding, and more timely funding, are often proposed to solve a variety of problems, but money alone will not be enough to overcome many prominent barriers. By adopting planning and cross-sector collaborative practices, local governments can use available resources more wisely and facilitate the recovery process for the benefit of the affected communities. The 2016 West Virginia floods served as a case study and recovery strategies used following this event provide lessons learned to mitigate disaster recovery barriers in the future. Interviews were conducted with 25 people from 15 organizations ranging from state cabinet secretaries and mayors to engineers and nonprofit workers. Interviews were transcribed and coded using qualitative data analysis software. Site visits accompanied interviews and thematic content analysis was used to analyze interview transcripts and supporting documentation. Codes were validated by an independent, third-party coder.

Context: Backup and Disaster Recovery, DR play a vital role in day-to-day IT operations. They define extensive aspects of business continuity plan in an enterprise. There is a continuous need to improve backup and recovery performance concerning attributes such as backup window size, high availability, security, etc. Definitive information is what enterprises strive for and rely upon to deviate from traditional methods towards advancing technologies, which are an intrinsic segment of business mundane actions. Objectives: In this study, we investigate Backup and DR plans on an enterprise level. They are compared in terms of performance metrics such as Recovery Time Objective, Recovery Point Objective, Time taken to backup, Time taken to recover and Total cost of ownership. Also, how CPU and memory utilization conduct differ in both tape-based, cloud-based Backup and DR. Methods: Literature study was the first step to formulate research questions by understanding present technologies in Backup and DR. This led us to conduct a survey for further understanding of challenges faced in industries gaining a more practical exposure. A case study was conducted in an enterprise to capture accurate values. An experiment had been deployed to compare performance of both scenarios and analyze which methodology elevates Backup and DR performance by overcoming challenges. Results: The results attained through this thesis encompass performance related metrics and also the load in terms of CPU and memory utilizations. Survey results were observed to gain better understanding of current technologies and challenges with Backup and DR in enterprises. The cloudbased backup has proved to be better in considered enterprise environment during experimentation in terms of RPO, RTO, CPU, memory utilizations and Total Cost of ownership. Conclusions: There have been numerous research works conducted on how backup and DR plans can be made better. But, they lack accurate information on how their performances vary, what all parameters can be improved by shifting towards advanced and contemporary methodologies withaddressing features such as scalability, flexibility and adaptability, which is provided in this study.

This report examines the leadership structures of four disaster recovery housing programs in two Texas communities in order to identify leadership models that contribute to future individual and community resilience. Disaster recovery is a physical and social process that requires both scientific knowledge of best practices and practical local knowledge of community context. The level of a community's physical, organizational, and social capacity relates directly to its ability to deliver needed disaster recovery services. The variation of capacity at all levels of governmental agencies and community organizations across Texas has become dramatically apparent over the last decade of disasters with clear consequences to the success of disaster recovery efforts. Information collected from those involved in the housing recovery efforts from two recent disasters in Texas, Hurricane Dolly in 2008 and the Bastrop Complex Wildfires in 2011, provide a window into the current governance models being employed. Communities in the Rio Grande Valley and Bastrop County are now administering multiple housing recovery efforts through assorted levels of government and community organization. By documenting and analyzing the structure of leadership in each program through quantitative and qualitative methods this report reconstructs the capacities of each leadership model that are relevant to articulated recovery goals. Findings from this analysis reveal opportunities for improvement in the design of future disaster recovery programs at the state and local level. / text

A project is an organized endeavor aimed at accomplishing a specific nonroutine or low-volume task (Shtub, Barb, & Globerson, 2005). Natural hazards particularly hurricanes and flooding do not exactly match this definition, but the recovery from them does. Recovery is not only about restoration of structures, systems and services – although they are critical. A successful recovery is also about the individuals and families being able to rebound from their losses, and sustain their physical, social and economic well-being (Department of Homeland Security, 2010). To be able to do this requires a comprehensive disaster recovery plan comprised of consistent action to be taken before, during and after a disaster. Flooding and wind related damages from hurricanes and tropical storms create the most widespread natural hazard disasters resulting in billions of dollars in property losses each year. Southeast Texas is vulnerable to flooding because of its proximity to the Gulf of Mexico and its flat terrain. 2004, 2005, and especially the 2008 hurricane season have highlighted the need for additional guidance, structure and support specifically oriented to long-term disaster recovery. The 2008 hurricane season was particularly active for Texas with a tropical storm and three named hurricanes. Hurricane Ike was the largest to hit the Texas coast in history and the third most destructive in the nation’s history. An estimated total damage of $29 billion for the 2008 hurricane season devastated Texas (Office of the Governor of the State of Texas, 2008). Luckily, the recovery efforts for Hurricane Ike have been marked by positive outcomes when compared to previous responses to events, but more work could have been done in the pre-disaster planning of an event. This thesis will outline a process that will look at ways to mitigate the hazard by planning long-term to lessen the recovery time and lead to a more sustainable community by hardening infrastructure and strengthening residential building codes in anticipation of future disasters. / text

Context: Definitive information is what makes enterprises in the contemporary world continuously move up the ladder in today’s world. Hence they need to be always up to date with the latest advancements. A key point in the enterprise structure is Backup and Disaster Recovery, DR system and this has very high scope for development since it can be integrated with a lot of our daily requirements. On account of this, it has a lot of applicability in future for development of technology. Due to this, we have chosen a Fast Moving Consumer Goods Company, FMCG to conduct experimentation on their Backup and DR system. Objectives: In every organization, Backup and DR plays a crucial role in Business Continuity Planning. This work relates to associate backup and recovery plan with an organizational view. And thereby work on its association with Recovery Time Objective, Recovery Point Objective, time taken for backup, time take for recovery and Total Cost of Ownership. Methods: Literature study is the first step to understand present scenario of trending technologies. Hence our understanding led us to conduct an experimental setup where we compared data that was collected in a case study and evaluated its performance of Backup and DR problems that are faced in today’s technology dominated world. Results: In our research, we took various parameters into consideration, which affect performance of an enterprise Backup and DR system. This drove us to assess disk-based and cloud-based Backup and DR plans in the FMCG environment. Conclusions: In conclusion, we summate that even though there have been a lot of theories and research on how Backup and DR is vital, we still lag behind in research work on which the organizations can rely upon to shift towards advanced technologies without risking their competence. With sufficient research on the entrepreneurial environment, we can improve performance enterprises and improve our present knowledge about cloud Backup and DR thereby improving its conventional usage in the present world.

Natural disasters result in loss of lives, damage to built facilities, and interruption of businesses. The losses are not instantaneous rather they continue to occur until the community is restored to a functional socio-economic entity. Hence, it is essential that policy makers recognize this dynamic aspect of the incurring losses and make realistic plans to enhance the recovery. However, this cannot take place without understanding how homeowners react to recovery signals. These signals can come in different ways: from policy makers showing their strong commitment to restore the community by providing financial support and/or restoration of lifeline infrastructure; or from the neighbors showing their willingness to reconstruct. The goal of this research is to develop a model that can account for homeowners’ dynamic interactions in both organizational and spatial domains. Spatial domain of interactions focuses on how homeowners process signals from the environment such as neighbors reconstructing and local agencies restoring infrastructure, while organizational domain of interactions focuses on how agents process signals from other stakeholders that do not directly affect the environment like insurers. The hypothesis of this study is that these interactions significantly influence decisions to reconstruct and stay, or sell and leave. A multi-agent framework is used to capture emergent behavior such as spatial patterns and formation of clusters. The developed framework is illustrated and validated using experimental data sets.

The need for a continuous supply of electric power is vital to providing the basic services of modern life. The energy infrastructure that the vast majority of the world depends on, while very reliable, is also very vulnerable. This infrastructure is particularly vulnerable to disruptions caused by natural disasters. Interruptions of electric service can bring an end to virtually all the basic services that people are dependent on. Recent natural disasters have highlighted the vulnerabilities of large, economically developed, regions to disruptions to their supply of electricity. The widespread devastation from the 2011 Japanese Tsunami and Hurricane Irene in North America, have demonstrated both the vulnerability of the contemporary power grids to long term interruption of service and also the potential of microgrids to ride through these interruptions. Microgrids can be used before, during, and after a major natural disaster to supply electricity, after the main grid source has been interrupted. This thesis researches the potential of clean energy microgrids for disaster recovery. Also a model of a proposed residential microgrid for transient analysis is developed. As the world demands more energy at increasingly higher levels of reliability, the role of microgrids is expected to grow aggressively to meet these new requirements. This thesis will look at one potential application for a microgrid in a residential community for the purpose of operating in an independent island mode operation. / Master of Science

This thesis analyzes how the Central Government of India (GoI) frames and justifies the post-disaster recovery phase in the recovery chapters of its 2016 and 2019 National Disaster Management Plans using Constructivist Grounded Theory and Textual Analysis. My analysis of the National Disaster Management Policy of 2009 demonstrates how disaster management mainly focuses on pre-disaster activities and how, as a result, recovery activities are less explored. I observed the same results in the National Plans, justifying the relevance of my thesis. The most significant findings of this research include: first, the GoI uses both Plans to detail decentralized efforts in recovery activities. Second, the GoI successfully puts the needs of communities at the heart of both Plans but fails to address communities as stakeholders and lacks consistency concerning the most vulnerable sections of the communities. Third, the GoI highlights psychological needs similarly in both Plans but does not acknowledge how psychological recovery is a long and ongoing process when explaining the recovery process. Lastly, it overly uses the “Build Back Better” (BBB) term but does provide details about concrete ways to achieve it. Drawing on the concepts of “disaster” and “recovery”, I argue that the GoI focuses on recovery based on hazards and fails to address the underlying causes of disasters in the recovery chapters of its Plans. Moreover, I argue that it successfully harmonizes with the dominant discourse of the international community but uses some institutional concepts such as BBB as buzzwords. Finally, I argue that the Plans reflect the priorities of the Government and that the 2019 Plan is not more inclusive as it aspires to be.

付記する学位プログラム名: グローバル生存学大学院連携プログラム / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22432号 / 工博第4693号 / 新制||工||1733(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科建築学専攻 / (主査)教授 牧 紀男, 教授 神吉 紀世子, 教授 小林 広英 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

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