Based on Noam Chomsky’s argument that the faculty of language is primarily a tool of thought whose purpose is to interpret the world, this dissertation argues that reading literature provides a cognitive experience like John Gardner’s “Fictive Dream” that mimics our interpretive experience of the world. Literary experience exploits language as an epistemological faculty that makes aspects of the external world intelligible. Yet the faculty of language is also capable of evoking entirely mental worlds that do not reflect the mindexternal world. Because the literary experience is entirely mindinternal, even the cultural knowledge we bring into play for its understanding still relies on innate features of language. Thus, during the act of reading, we hold this cultural knowledge in abeyance, allowing the text to structure how we bring it to bear on the experience as a whole. A scientific approach to literature can help uncover principles to further elucidate the literaryepistemological experience. Whereas much literary criticism assumes that a critic’s purpose is to mine a text for its deeper meaning, this dissertation argues for a Cognitive Formalist approach in which criticism serves not simply to explain the experience evoked by any particular text according to linguisticepistemological principles, but also to evaluate the moral implications of that specific textual experience. As a means of demonstrating potential implications of a scientific cognitive approach to literary criticism based on linguisticepistemological understanding, the current study offers sample passages from J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings. These passages allow us to offer first approximations of some explanatory principles of the literaryepistemological experience, such as the importance of fictive time and fictional event sequences, which in turn gives us greater insight into how, for example, verb tense and aspect contribute to the evocation of the action of fiction in the reader’s mind. Ultimately, the fictive vantage point constructed by the text allows the reader access to a complex moral framework in which fictive characters are understood to make choices that will in turn set the stage for the reader’s own ethical reception of the text and the experience it offers. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2017. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-10-22T12:31:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ramon Silva Chaves.pdf: 1284894 bytes, checksum: 1ac63025fa80746c4b2dd18e342dae2a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-22T12:31:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ramon Silva Chaves.pdf: 1284894 bytes, checksum: 1ac63025fa80746c4b2dd18e342dae2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This thesis looks at paratopia of stigma and black identity in the literary discourse Recordações do Escrivão Isaías Caminha written by Lima Barreto in Brazil in 1909. Our research is based on French Discourse Analysis and predominantly on the theoretical-methodological assumptions of Dominique Maingueneau (1997;2015) about the constitutional literary discourse and literary paratopia. The main concern of this research is how the identity of the black Brazilian, an identity built under a violent system of social, economic and historical exploitation, behaves in the literary discourse Recordações do Escrivão Isaías Caminha? Our research hypothesis is that paratopia engender through stigma, a concept developed by Goffman (2012) to remodel the black identity through a historical reassessment and thus, promoting the effect of giving an account of oneself, a concept developed by Butler (2017). Our main goal is to study paratopia and use it to evaluate the construction of a black identity shaped early in the 20th century so as to become stigmatized. Our specific objective is to verify the scenographic organization and the constitution of the discursive ethos in the composition of literary paratopia in Recordações do Escrivão Isaías Caminha. Our thesis innovate when evaluating a corpus that is usually analyzed in Literature. Furthermore, it broadens the paratopia category by proposing the paratopia of stigma and associating it to ethnic-racial issues / Esta tese examina a paratopia do estigma e a identidade do negro no discurso literário Recordações do Escrivão Isaías Caminha, de Lima Barreto, produzido em 1909, no Brasil. Nossa pesquisa está fundamentada na Análise do Discurso de inspiração francesa, sobretudo, nos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos de Dominique Maingueneau (1997;2015) sobre o discurso constituinte literário e a paratopia literária. A questão central que essa pesquisa busca resolver é: como a identidade do negro brasileiro, construída sob um violento esquema de exploração social, econômico e histórico se comporta na construção do discurso literário Recordações do Escrivão Isaías Caminha? Como hipótese de pesquisa, entendemos que a paratopia se engendra por meio do estigma, noção apresentada por Goffman (2012), para remodelar a identidade do negro por meio de uma revisão histórica, promovendo, deste modo, o efeito de relato de si, noção apresentada por Butler (2017). Nosso objetivo geral é o de examinar a paratopia e por meio disso a avaliar a construção da identidade do negro que, no início do século XX, foi modelada de maneira a se tornar estigmatizada. Como objetivo específico queremos verificar a organização da cenografia e a constituição do ethos discursivo na composição da paratopia literária em Recordações do escrivão Isaías Caminha. Nossa tese inova ao avaliar um corpus tradicionalmente analisado pela Literatura. Além disso, busca ampliar a categoria de paratopia, pela proposição da paratopia do estigma, associando-a às questões étnico-raciais

The purpose of the study was to identify the gender-related themes from a cultural discourse in order to determine how gender is constructed in African society. The study specifically examines the Maragoli Folktale. The Maragoli people mainly inhabit the western part of Kenya and are a sub-tribe of the larger Luhyia community. The Luhyia community is the second largest community in Kenya. The study attempts to uncover how gender is constructed through the examination of dominant themes, characterization, images, symbols, formulaic patterns and formalities of composition and performance in the Maragoli folktales at the time of performance. Based on an eclectic conceptual framework, the study takes into consideration gender theories, feminist literary perspectives, psychoanalysis and discourse analysis paradigms to critically examine the tales as a semiotic system of signification grounded within an African social cultural milieu. The folktales are analysed as a symbolic and ideological discourse of signs encoded by the performer and decoded by the audience at the time of performance. The study therefore situates the tale firmly at the time of performance, taking into consideration the interaction between the performer and the audience in the dissemination and internalization of gender ideology. While establishing that patriarchal structures and values are transmitted through the tales, the study also reveals the methods and interventions that the mainly female performers advance as active agents in their struggle for space within the culture. Women are, therefore, perceived as active agents of change and the folktale as a site from which gender ideology is discussed, contested and subverted. The study is based on a corpus of twenty (20) folktales collected from the Maragoli country in Western Province of Kenya (See maps, Appendix B.) The English versions of the tales appear in appendix A. / English Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (English)

Alice Munro, ganhadora do prêmio Nobel em 2013, é escritora exclusivamente de contos, e suas narrativas percorrem um imaginário de espaços desnaturalizados que questionam a ordem estabelecida sob um aparente equilíbrio. Esta tese analisa alguns contos das obras: Ódio, amizade, namoro, amor, casamento; Fugitiva; Felicidade demais; O amor de uma boa mulher e Vida querida, para estabelecer um diálogo entre as questões de leitura e o efeito estético produzido, seguindo a corrente de Wolfgang Iser. A busca de uma leitura da écriture féminine se faz necessária na construção de uma alteridade radical, o que permite repensar as questões de gênero e espaço. O texto, como fronteira e paisagem literária, nos permite pensar de que forma a leitura se transforma em espaço necessário para a compreensão do Outro. O percurso no imaginário de Alice Munro tem como ponto de partida o espaço, passando pelo lugar, delineando um corpo até chegar ao rosto, espaço último de alteridade. Desenvolvemos uma categoria denominada em nossa pesquisa como lítero-corpóreo, espaço fronteiriço entre uma materialidade corpórea, e a leitura que transforma as realidades vividas. As correntes literárias de espaço que utilizamos são diálogos entre literatura, geografia e filosofia: Luis Alberto Brandão, Doreen Massey e Gaston Bachelard são alguns dos teóricos que embasam a pesquisa. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2017-09-01T12:19:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Ana Júlia Poletto.pdf: 1865019 bytes, checksum: bbf5aab52f5237cca265b704fd64c677 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-01T12:19:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Ana Júlia Poletto.pdf: 1865019 bytes, checksum: bbf5aab52f5237cca265b704fd64c677 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES. / Alice Munro, lauréat du prix Nobel en 2013, est écrivain exclusivement de contes, et ses récits présentent un imaginaire d’espaces dénaturés qui remettent en question l'ordre établi dans un équilibre apparent. Cette thèse se propose d'analyser quelques contes des œuvres : Un peu, beaucoup, pas du tout ; Fugitives; Trop de bonheur; L'Amour d'une honnête femme ; et Rien que la viepour établir un dialogue entre les questions de lecture et l'effet esthétique produit, selon la théorie isérienne. La recherche d'une lecture de l'écriture féminine est nécessaire pour construire une altérité radicale, ce qui permet de repenser le genre et l'espace. Le texte, tel que la frontière et le paysage littéraire, nous permet de réfléchir sur la façon dont la lecture devient l'espace nécessaire à la compréhension de l’Autre. Le parcours dans l’imaginaire de Alice Munro a comme point de départ l’espace, a suivre le lieu, les corps jusqu’à arriver au visage, l’espace dernier de l’altérité. Nous avons développé une categorie que nous appelons ‘litero-corporel’, l’espace de frontière dans une matérialité corporel et la lecture pour transformer la réalité. Nous avons faire un dialogue entre la littérature, la géographie et la philosophie: Luis Alberto Brandão, Doreen Massey et Gaston Bachelard sont certains des penseurs que nous utilisons dans notre thèse.

Este trabalho analisa os contos de Sagarana, de João Guimarães Rosa, sob a perspectiva da religiosidade e da regionalidade. Pretende-se demonstrar como a religiosidade contribui para a construção dos personagens, do ambiente, do enredo, revelando traços da regionalidade sertaneja. A cultura do sertão rosiano está de tal forma imbricada nos elementos da cultura religiosa, que a religiosidade sertaneja emerge das mais distintas circunstâncias na obra. Seja por nomes de lugares e pessoas, seja por superstições e rituais, festas populares e abundantes menções a Deus e aos santos, a religiosidade irrompe no imaginário coletivo dos nove contos do primeiro livro de Rosa. Assim, a religiosidade torna-se um dos componentes culturais que mais contribuem para a composição da regionalidade ali representada, pois dialoga diretamente com as crenças e tradições locais, recorrendo aos aspectos emocionais que muitas vezes atuam como força motriz dos personagens e mantêm a dinamicidade dos enredos. No decorrer das análises, as observações deste trabalho fundamentam-se nos estudos de literatura, cultura, regionalidade e religiosidade. Sustenta-se que a religiosidade, como manifestação cultural, favorece a estruturação do ambiente sertanejo na ficção de Guimarães Rosa e que o modo característico de o sertanejo lidar com a religiosidade colabora para fundamentar o espaço cultural representado na obra. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2017-09-01T14:17:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Jorgemar Teixeira.pdf: 941018 bytes, checksum: 9dab50c5f4b0a802b3b8aa2802978eb7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-01T14:17:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Jorgemar Teixeira.pdf: 941018 bytes, checksum: 9dab50c5f4b0a802b3b8aa2802978eb7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-01 / This master’s thesis analyzes short stories of Sagarana, written by João Guimarães Rosa, from the perspective of religiosity and regionality. It aims to demonstrate how religiosity contributes to the construction of the characters, the ambience and the plot, revealing traces of the regionality of the Brazilian countryside known as “sertão”. The culture of the “sertão” imagined by Guimarães Rosa is connected to the elements of the religious culture, so that the religiosity comes out of the most different circumstances in the work. In the nine short stories of Rosa's first book, the religiosity erupts in the collective imaginary. This can be observed in places and people’s names, superstitions, rituals, popular festivals and mentions of God and saints found in Sagarana. Thus, religiosity becomes one of the cultural components that best contributes to the composition of the regionality represented in the work, because it dialogues directly with the local beliefs and traditions, using the emotional aspects that often act as a force of the characters and maintain the dynamicity of the plots. During the analysis, the observations of this research are based on studies of literature, culture, regionality and religiosity. It is believed that religiosity, as a cultural manifestation, favors the structuring of the ambience of the “sertão” in Guimarães Rosa’s fiction and the way in which the characters deal with religiosity collaborates to substantiate the cultural field represented in the work.

Este trabalho analisa os contos de Sagarana, de João Guimarães Rosa, sob a perspectiva da religiosidade e da regionalidade. Pretende-se demonstrar como a religiosidade contribui para a construção dos personagens, do ambiente, do enredo, revelando traços da regionalidade sertaneja. A cultura do sertão rosiano está de tal forma imbricada nos elementos da cultura religiosa, que a religiosidade sertaneja emerge das mais distintas circunstâncias na obra. Seja por nomes de lugares e pessoas, seja por superstições e rituais, festas populares e abundantes menções a Deus e aos santos, a religiosidade irrompe no imaginário coletivo dos nove contos do primeiro livro de Rosa. Assim, a religiosidade torna-se um dos componentes culturais que mais contribuem para a composição da regionalidade ali representada, pois dialoga diretamente com as crenças e tradições locais, recorrendo aos aspectos emocionais que muitas vezes atuam como força motriz dos personagens e mantêm a dinamicidade dos enredos. No decorrer das análises, as observações deste trabalho fundamentam-se nos estudos de literatura, cultura, regionalidade e religiosidade. Sustenta-se que a religiosidade, como manifestação cultural, favorece a estruturação do ambiente sertanejo na ficção de Guimarães Rosa e que o modo característico de o sertanejo lidar com a religiosidade colabora para fundamentar o espaço cultural representado na obra. / This master’s thesis analyzes short stories of Sagarana, written by João Guimarães Rosa, from the perspective of religiosity and regionality. It aims to demonstrate how religiosity contributes to the construction of the characters, the ambience and the plot, revealing traces of the regionality of the Brazilian countryside known as “sertão”. The culture of the “sertão” imagined by Guimarães Rosa is connected to the elements of the religious culture, so that the religiosity comes out of the most different circumstances in the work. In the nine short stories of Rosa's first book, the religiosity erupts in the collective imaginary. This can be observed in places and people’s names, superstitions, rituals, popular festivals and mentions of God and saints found in Sagarana. Thus, religiosity becomes one of the cultural components that best contributes to the composition of the regionality represented in the work, because it dialogues directly with the local beliefs and traditions, using the emotional aspects that often act as a force of the characters and maintain the dynamicity of the plots. During the analysis, the observations of this research are based on studies of literature, culture, regionality and religiosity. It is believed that religiosity, as a cultural manifestation, favors the structuring of the ambience of the “sertão” in Guimarães Rosa’s fiction and the way in which the characters deal with religiosity collaborates to substantiate the cultural field represented in the work.

Alice Munro, ganhadora do prêmio Nobel em 2013, é escritora exclusivamente de contos, e suas narrativas percorrem um imaginário de espaços desnaturalizados que questionam a ordem estabelecida sob um aparente equilíbrio. Esta tese analisa alguns contos das obras: Ódio, amizade, namoro, amor, casamento; Fugitiva; Felicidade demais; O amor de uma boa mulher e Vida querida, para estabelecer um diálogo entre as questões de leitura e o efeito estético produzido, seguindo a corrente de Wolfgang Iser. A busca de uma leitura da écriture féminine se faz necessária na construção de uma alteridade radical, o que permite repensar as questões de gênero e espaço. O texto, como fronteira e paisagem literária, nos permite pensar de que forma a leitura se transforma em espaço necessário para a compreensão do Outro. O percurso no imaginário de Alice Munro tem como ponto de partida o espaço, passando pelo lugar, delineando um corpo até chegar ao rosto, espaço último de alteridade. Desenvolvemos uma categoria denominada em nossa pesquisa como lítero-corpóreo, espaço fronteiriço entre uma materialidade corpórea, e a leitura que transforma as realidades vividas. As correntes literárias de espaço que utilizamos são diálogos entre literatura, geografia e filosofia: Luis Alberto Brandão, Doreen Massey e Gaston Bachelard são alguns dos teóricos que embasam a pesquisa. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES. / Alice Munro, lauréat du prix Nobel en 2013, est écrivain exclusivement de contes, et ses récits présentent un imaginaire d’espaces dénaturés qui remettent en question l'ordre établi dans un équilibre apparent. Cette thèse se propose d'analyser quelques contes des œuvres : Un peu, beaucoup, pas du tout ; Fugitives; Trop de bonheur; L'Amour d'une honnête femme ; et Rien que la viepour établir un dialogue entre les questions de lecture et l'effet esthétique produit, selon la théorie isérienne. La recherche d'une lecture de l'écriture féminine est nécessaire pour construire une altérité radicale, ce qui permet de repenser le genre et l'espace. Le texte, tel que la frontière et le paysage littéraire, nous permet de réfléchir sur la façon dont la lecture devient l'espace nécessaire à la compréhension de l’Autre. Le parcours dans l’imaginaire de Alice Munro a comme point de départ l’espace, a suivre le lieu, les corps jusqu’à arriver au visage, l’espace dernier de l’altérité. Nous avons développé une categorie que nous appelons ‘litero-corporel’, l’espace de frontière dans une matérialité corporel et la lecture pour transformer la réalité. Nous avons faire un dialogue entre la littérature, la géographie et la philosophie: Luis Alberto Brandão, Doreen Massey et Gaston Bachelard sont certains des penseurs que nous utilisons dans notre thèse.

Text in Afrikaans / Hoewel die retorika bykans 26 eeue oud is, word die relevansie daarvan vir ons eie tyd toenemend besef - as 'n sleutel tot die wyse waarop mense dinkargumenteer en oorreed. Hierdie studie ondersoek retoriese (oorredende) strategiee in Afrikaanse historiese romantekste, binne 'n historiese konteks en teen die agtergrond van eietydse historiografiese insigte. Die aspekte van die kommunikasiesituasie wat saamhang met die retorika, word verbind met die vernuwende denke daaroor binne die hedendaagse literatuurteorie en historiografie. Die konteks van die outeur en roman word telkens bestudeer, gevolg deur 'n retoriese analise. Aristoteles se idees oor die retorika kry hierby voorrang, vanwee sy nadruk op die inventio of vinding, maar die retorika word eerder geassosieer met 'n dinamiese metode as met rigiede kategorisering. Aandag word veral bestee aan retoriese strategies in S.J. du Toit se Di koningin fan Skeba (1898) en Andre P. Brink se Houd-den-bek (1982), maar ook aan resente historiese romans wat hedendaagse historiografiese en retoriese opvattinge en konvensies ontgin en problematiseer. Beide S.J. du Toit, wat kennelik 'n goeie kennis van die antieke retorika gehad het en Andre P. Brink, met sy romanonderwerp wat aansluit by die geregtelike rede, betree die retoriese terrain op sodanige wyse dat hul romans tipiese produkte van hul eie tyd genoem kan word. Beide die geskiedskrywing en die historiese roman is gemedieerde weergawes, gekenmerk deur 'n subjektiewe seleksie (inventio) van gegewens en die kombinasie daarvan binne eie verbale strukture (dispositio). Dit kan in verband gebring word met nie-tegniese oorredingsmiddele, waar die sender sy informasie van buite kry. Hy gebruik dan sogenaamde empiries-verifieerbare feite as retoriese strategie ten einde 'n waarheids- en I of werklikheidsillusie te skep wat bydra tot die roman se oorredingsskrag. Die keuse vir die skryf van 'n historiese roman, impliseer reeds ook 'n keuse vir die bakens van die geskiedskrywing, maar 'n skeppende skrywer is, anders as 'n historikus, eties vry om nie-tegniese bewysmiddele te transformeer tot tegniese bewysmiddele, in aanpassing by 'n nuutgeskepte argumentatio en 'n eie causa. Na aanleiding van die tekste kom die ontvanger op sy beurt tot 'n eie seleksie en skep sy eie kousale en argumentatiewe strukture / While rhetoric has been part of the history of mankind for nearly 26 centuries, it is increasingly regarded as extremely relevant for our time - as a key to the way in which people think, argue and persuade. This study investigates rhetorical (persuasive) strategies in Afrikaans historical novels. The novels and their authors are first situated in their historical contexts and against the background of contemporary historiographical inquiry, and then analyzed by means of rhetorical concepts. Aspects of communication, which coincide with rhetorical categories, are combined with recent developments in the field of literary theory and historiography. Aristotle's views on persuasion and rhetoric are used as point of departure, but rhetoric is regarded as a dynamic method rather than a rigid categorization. Attention is given to rhetorical strategies in the novel Di konlngin fan Skeba [The queen of Sheba] by S.J. du Toit (1898) and Andre P. Brink's Houd-denbek [translated into English by the author as A chain of voices], but also to recent Afrikaans historical novels which exploit contemporary historiographical and rhetorical conventions. In S.J. du Toit's novel (which illustrates his knowledge of ancient rhetoric) as well as Andre P. Brink's (where the topic can be linked to litigation) rhetorical strategies are employed in such a manner that their texts can be regarded as products of their historical contexts. Both historiography and historical novels are mediated representations, characterized by a subjective selection (inventio) of data and its combination in verbal structures (dispositio). This can be related to 'extrinsic' or 'inartificial' proofs, which are not contrived by the author. The author exploits the so-called empirically verifiable facts as rhetorical strategies to create an illusion of truth or verisimilitude, which greatly contributes to the persuasiveness of the novel. The decision to write a historical novel implies a choice to keep to the historical 'facts', but the writer, in contrast to the historiographer, is ethically free to transform the inartificial proofs into artificial proofs, in combination with his own invented argumentatio and causa. Prompted by these texts the reader, in his turn, makes his own selection and creates his own causal and argumentative structures / Afrikaans & Theory of Literature / D. Litt. et Phil. (Afrikaans)

The aim of this research entitled Narrative Strategies in Selected Amharic Novels from 2000 until 2010 was to shed light on the relationship among form, meaning (content) and social milieuin establishing the textual and contextual features of fictional narratives. It mainly contends that it is possible to unravel the textual and contextual qualities of fictional narratives by studying form as a narrative strategy. In this research, form, when understood as a narrative strategy, is not only considered as a textual construct which motivates textual meaning but also regarded as a product of the social milieu from which the text emerges. Having this conception, form as a narrative strategy is investigated in selected Amharic novels published from 2000 until 2010 in view of expounding the artistic and thematic features of contemporary Amharic novels, endeavouring to fill the knowledge gap in Amharic literary scholarship about their literary features. The present research applies narratological approaches that range from classical to post-classical narratology. However, it dominantly uses post-classical conceptions of narratology as guidelines for its discussion. The dissertation comprises six chapters. The first one is an introductory chapter in which the research problems, goals and assumptions are explicated. Chapter two deals with the theoretical framework where the theoretical insight the research utilizes as a guideline is outlined and methodological issues are specified. The following three chapters focus on the analysis. In the third chapter, story is investigated as a narrative strategy in Yeburqa Zemeta (Burka’s Silence) (2000); in the fourth one, focalization is treated as a narrative strategy in Gerač.a Qač.eloč (Grey Bells) (2005), and in the fifth chapter, characterization is studied as a narrative strategy in Dèrtogada (Dertogada) (2010). The dissertation concludes with a chapter in which independent findings in the three analysis chapters are summed up and generalizations on the textual and contextual features of the present day Amharic novels are made. / Afrikaans & Theory of Literature / D. Litt. et Phil. (Theory of Literature)

In this dissertation, I investigate whether the conceptualisation of computerised technological phenomena is influenced by social variables, in particular exposure to the computer. The conceptualisation and behaviour of a group of students majoring in technology-related fields were studied. Through the application of Conceptual Blending Theory, the multi-modal desktop metaphorical blend (DMMB) (as an electronic representation of an actual office desktop) was focused on. The participants were provided with tasks with the aim of determining whether they conceptualise the electronic desktop as a literal ‘thing-in-itself’ or as an e-version of their actual desks. The intent was to examine to what extent social variables, especially exposure, motivate the nature of the conceptualisation. Therefore, it is hypothesised that exposure, regarded as the primary variable in this study, influences conceptualisation of the DMMB to the extent where the it either loses its metaphoric quality in participants, who maintain regular and prolonged exposure to the computer, or retains the metaphoric quality of the DMMB in participants, who are not exposed to the computer on a regular and prolonged basis. Two groups were distinguished based on the extent of the individual participants’ exposure to computer technology, namely a high-exposure group and a low-exposure group. A mixed method approach was used to test and analyse data collected from individual participants, as well as from the high- and low-exposure groups. Methods used to test these hypotheses included questionnaires, word association (a conceptual task), controlled observation (a behavioural task), and interviews. The resulting data were analysed by means of a thematic interview analysis and non-parametric statistical tests. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / M.A. (Linguistics)