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Responsible watchdogs? : normative theories of the press in post-apartheid South Africa : a discourse analysis of 102 newspaper articles 1996-99.Skjerdal, Terje Steinulfsson. January 2001 (has links)
This treatise is a study of media-related articles in the South African press February 1996 to April 1999. Through a discourse analysis approach, the treatise identifies two main discourses relating to normative press models: the watchdog discourse and the nation-building discourse. It is argued that the watchdog discourse largely resembles classical libertarian press ideals, while the nation-building discourse resembles social responsibility ideals. The analysis contains numerous examples of the tensions between the government and the newspaper industry in terms of normative press
models. Finally, the treatise challenges the assumed tensions that exist between nation-building and watchdog discourses, and suggests communitarianism as an ideology which upholds the crucial interests of both the press and the government. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2001.
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Justificatory discourse of the perpetrator in TRC testimonies : a discourse-historical analysisBernard, Taryn 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA (General Linguistics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / This study investigates the ways in which former South African Police (SAP) perpetrators of
human rights violations justify their criminal actions in testifying before the Amnesty
Committee (AC) of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC). In
particular, attention goes to the testimonies of former Commissioner of Police Johan van der
Merwe, and former member of the Security Branch section of the SAP, Jeffrey Benzien. A key
assumption in the study is that the justification of human rights violations is a discursive
practice that is largely language dependent (Reisigl & Wodak 200: xi).
The research draws on the theoretical aims and methods of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA).
It refers largely to Benke and Wodak’s (2003) discourse–historical study on the justificatory
discourse of ex-Wehrmacht officers of the Austrian army. This study therefore takes a
discourse-historical approach to discourse and the data, an approach which takes into
consideration the surrounding political and historical context of the selected texts, which are, in
this case, the testimonies of perpetrators at the AC hearings. Besides an analysis of the
justificatory discourses produced by two former police officers, the study reflects on how the
discursive strategies of the apartheid perpetrators compare with one another and with the ex-
Wehrmacht officers.
CDA and the discourse-historical approach provide interdisciplinary angles on linguistic
analysis of a text. For this reason, a review is given of literature which relates the study to
political, historical and philosophical insights. The analysis particularly makes use of Foster et
al.’s (2005) socio-political study of apartheid perpetrator narratives.
The study reveals that perpetrators used a fixed set of justificatory discursive strategies to talk
about human rights violations, and their role in such violations. These linguistic strategies are
used for a number of different reasons, including reducing personal responsibility, avoiding
talking about past atrocities, saving face where personal malicious and degenerate behaviour is
made public and diverting feelings of personal guilt. On a discourse theoretical level the study
eventually convinces that there are generic strategies typically used in justificatory discourse,
whether it be in response to Wehrmacht atrocities of the Second World War or to security force
excesses in repressing aspirations of disenfranchised citizens during the last thirty years of the
Nationalist government in South Africa.
Some stories don’t want to be told.
They walk away, carrying their suitcases
held together with grey string.
Look at their disappearing curved spines.
Hunch-backs. Harmed ones. Hold alls.
Some stories refuse to be danced or mimed,
drop their scuffed canes
and clattering tap-shoes,
erase their traces in nursery rhymes
or ancient games like blind man’s bluff.
Excerpt from “Parts of Speech”
by Ingrid de Kok
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The Representation of Ethiopian politics in selected Amharic novels, 1930 - 2010Anteneh Aweke Ewnetu 07 1900 (has links)
Amharic literature has always occupied an important place in the history of the literary traditions of Ethiopia. Although this literature is believed to be strongly related to the politics of the country, there has
been no study that proves this claim across the different political periods in the country. It would be ambitious to deal with all the literary genres in this respect. Therefore, delimiting the investigation of the problem is considered to be useful to filling the knowledge gap. Accordingly, this comparative research which investigates a representation of Ethiopian politics in selected Amharic novels across three political periods: 1930 – 2010 was designed.
The objective of the research is to investigate the representation of Ethiopian politics in selected Amharic novels. The basic research question focuses on how these representations can be explained. An eclectic theoretical approach (the New Historicism, Bourdieu’s System Theory and the Critical Discourse Analysis) is employed to understand the representations. The main method of data collection focuses on a close reading of non-literary and literary texts. A purposive sampling technique is used to select the sample novels as the technique allows to select those that yield the most relevant data using some criteria.
Based on the criteria set, sixteen novels are selected. The manners in which the political events represented in the novels are examined using different parameters. The parameters also look into the
methods used in representing the political events and the time in which the events were represented, i.e. whether they are represented contemporarily, post-contemporarily or before the actual happening of the event. Having read the novels critically, the political events that took place in the three respective states are identified, analyzed and interpreted. The analysis mainly shows that different novels represented the political events in different manners: lightly or deeply, overtly or covertly, positively or negatively, contemporaneously or post-contemporaneously. Regarding the ‘how’ of the representations, it is observed that the critical novels, for instance, Alïwälädïm and Adäfrïs are covert and use symbols, direct and indirect allusions and other figures of speeches, and other techniques including turn taking, and size of dialogues to achieve their goals. Some political events are found to be either under-represented or totally un-represented in the novels. In some cases, same political events are represented differently in different novels at different times. Some novels that criticized the political events of the governments contemporaneously have been removed from market, republished in the political period that followed and exploited by the emerging government for its political end.
There are some patterns observed in the analyses and interpretations of the politics in the novels. One of the patterns is that sharp criticisms on the events of an earlier political period are usually reflected in novels published in a new period. The critique novels of the Haileselassie government, for instance, Maïbäl Yabïyot Wazema, were published during the Darg period, and those that were critical of the Darg government, for instance, Anguz, were published in the EPRDF period. Another pattern observed is that there is no novel that praises a past regime, even despite being critical of a contemporary government. No novel written during the Darg period admired the Haileselassie period; and no novel written during the EPRDF period appreciated the Darg period.
There are cases in which novelists who were critical of the contemporary Haileselassie and Darg periods, for instance, Abe and Bealu, respectively, ended up in detention or just disappeared and their novels, Alïwälädïm and Oromay, respecitely were banned from being circulated. Unlike the two previous political periods, the critique novels of the EPRDF period, for instance Dertogada, Ramatohara, and Yäburqa Zïmïta, have been published, or even republished, several times. Novels written during the Haileselassie period, such as Alïwälädïm, which were critical of the respective contemporary period, made their criticism covertly, using probes and imaginary settings and characters, while the critique novels of the EPRDF period, criticize overtly, and boldly. Generally, it could be concluded that the novels had the power to reflect history, and show human and class relationships implicitly, through the interactions of characters, story developments, and plot constructions, and the impact that politics has on the literature, and the influence of literature on politics. / Classics and World Languages / D. Phil. (Theory of Literature)
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The Representation of Ethiopian politics in selected Amharic novels, 1930 - 2010Anteneh Aweke Ewnetu 07 1900 (has links)
Amharic literature has always occupied an important place in the history of the literary traditions of Ethiopia. Although this literature is believed to be strongly related to the politics of the country, there has
been no study that proves this claim across the different political periods in the country. It would be ambitious to deal with all the literary genres in this respect. Therefore, delimiting the investigation of the problem is considered to be useful to filling the knowledge gap. Accordingly, this comparative research which investigates a representation of Ethiopian politics in selected Amharic novels across three political periods: 1930 – 2010 was designed.
The objective of the research is to investigate the representation of Ethiopian politics in selected Amharic novels. The basic research question focuses on how these representations can be explained. An eclectic theoretical approach (the New Historicism, Bourdieu’s System Theory and the Critical Discourse Analysis) is employed to understand the representations. The main method of data collection focuses on a close reading of non-literary and literary texts. A purposive sampling technique is used to select the sample novels as the technique allows to select those that yield the most relevant data using some criteria.
Based on the criteria set, sixteen novels are selected. The manners in which the political events represented in the novels are examined using different parameters. The parameters also look into the
methods used in representing the political events and the time in which the events were represented, i.e. whether they are represented contemporarily, post-contemporarily or before the actual happening of the event. Having read the novels critically, the political events that took place in the three respective states are identified, analyzed and interpreted. The analysis mainly shows that different novels represented the political events in different manners: lightly or deeply, overtly or covertly, positively or negatively, contemporaneously or post-contemporaneously. Regarding the ‘how’ of the representations, it is observed that the critical novels, for instance, Alïwälädïm and Adäfrïs are covert and use symbols, direct and indirect allusions and other figures of speeches, and other techniques including turn taking, and size of dialogues to achieve their goals. Some political events are found to be either under-represented or totally un-represented in the novels. In some cases, same political events are represented differently in different novels at different times. Some novels that criticized the political events of the governments contemporaneously have been removed from market, republished in the political period that followed and exploited by the emerging government for its political end.
There are some patterns observed in the analyses and interpretations of the politics in the novels. One of the patterns is that sharp criticisms on the events of an earlier political period are usually reflected in novels published in a new period. The critique novels of the Haileselassie government, for instance, Maïbäl Yabïyot Wazema, were published during the Darg period, and those that were critical of the Darg government, for instance, Anguz, were published in the EPRDF period. Another pattern observed is that there is no novel that praises a past regime, even despite being critical of a contemporary government. No novel written during the Darg period admired the Haileselassie period; and no novel written during the EPRDF period appreciated the Darg period.
There are cases in which novelists who were critical of the contemporary Haileselassie and Darg periods, for instance, Abe and Bealu, respectively, ended up in detention or just disappeared and their novels, Alïwälädïm and Oromay, respecitely were banned from being circulated. Unlike the two previous political periods, the critique novels of the EPRDF period, for instance Dertogada, Ramatohara, and Yäburqa Zïmïta, have been published, or even republished, several times. Novels written during the Haileselassie period, such as Alïwälädïm, which were critical of the respective contemporary period, made their criticism covertly, using probes and imaginary settings and characters, while the critique novels of the EPRDF period, criticize overtly, and boldly. Generally, it could be concluded that the novels had the power to reflect history, and show human and class relationships implicitly, through the interactions of characters, story developments, and plot constructions, and the impact that politics has on the literature, and the influence of literature on politics. / Classics and World Languages / D. Phil. (Theory of Literature)
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Communicative strategies used by witnesses of the Leon and Phumaphi Commissions of Enquiry in LesothoMabena, Mamponi Irene 01 1900 (has links)
Text in English with summaries in English, South Sotho and Xhosa / Bibliography: leaves 196-215 / This study explored the communicative strategies which were used by participants who were
called in as witnesses before the Leon Commission and the Phumaphi Commission of Enquiry
in Lesotho in 1998 and 2015 respectively. The study specifically looked into the types of
communicative strategies employed, their linguistic realisations and their conversational
effectiveness in providing required information to the commissions. It further compared the
use of strategies by participants in both commissions. Data for this study was obtained from
twenty-six audio recordings of twenty-six witnesses. The study established that participants
used twelve types of communicative strategies which are classified under the following groups
based on their functional characteristics: conversational category which includes strategies
such as code-switching, fillers, vague language and circumlocution; a grammatical category
that comprises personal pronouns, direct speech, passive voice and questioning; a sociocultural
category that covers strategies such as figurative language, indirect communication, direct
refusal and indirect criticism. The study established that communicative strategies such as
code-switching, fillers, personal pronouns, and direct quoting were conversationally effective
as participants strategically employed them to succinctly express themselves. However,
strategies with concealing attributes such as those found under a sociocultural category and
those under the grammatical category (passive voice and questioning) were considered
conversationally ineffective as they withheld required information from the commissioners.
The study further established that participants of the latter commission were even more
unwilling to reveal information than those of the former, which suggests a growing
unwillingness to share information to commissions of enquiry. / Phuputso ena e hlahlobile maano a puisano a neng a sebediswa ke dipaki ka pela Komishene
ya Leon le Komishene ya Phumaphi ya dipatlisiso naheng ya Lesotho ka 1998 le 2015.
Phuputso e nyebekollotse ka kotloloho mefuta ya maano a puisano a sebedisitsweng,
tshebediso ya ona kahara puo le katleho kapa tshetiso ya ona ho fana ka tlhaiso-leseding e neng
e hlokwa ke di Komishene. E boetse e bapisitse hore na dipaki dikomisheneng ka bobeli di
sebedisitse maano ana jwang. Ditaba tsa boithuto bona di fumanwe ho tswa direkotong tse
mashome a mabedi a metso e tsheletseng (26) tsa dipaki. Phuputso e netefaditse hore dipaki di
sebedisitse mefuta e leshome le metso e mmedi (12) ya maano a puisano a arotsweng tlasa
dihlopha tse latelang ho ipapisitswe le ditshobotsi tsa ona: sehlopha sa puisano se kenyelletsang
maano a joalo ka tshebediso ya dipuo tse fetang bonngwe, ho kgitlela, puo e sa hlakang, le ho
potoloha. Sehlopha se seng ke sa tlhophiso ya puo mme sona se na le maano a kang seemedi,
puo e qotsitsweng, sehlwai-potoloho. Sehlopha sa setso sona se kenyeletsa maano a joalo ka
mekgabo-puo, puo e potetseng, ho hana ka kotloloho, le nyefolo e kubutileng hlooho. Phuputso
e netefaditse hore maano a puisano a joalo ka tshebediso ya dipuo tse fetang bonngwe, ho
kgitlela, seemedi, le puo e qotsitsweng, di sebedisitswe hantle ka ha di atlehile ho thusa dipaki
ho itlhalosa ka nepo le ho fana ka lesedi le hlakileng ditabeng tsa bona. Leha ho le joalo, maano
a sa bueng puo-phara a kang a fumanwang tlasa sehlopha sa setso le a mang a sehlopha sa
tlhophiso ya puo (a kang sehlwai-potoloho le dipotso), boithuto bona bo sibollotse hore a
sebedisitswe ho sitisa tlhahiso-leseding e hlokwang ke bakomishenara. Phuputso e boetse e
netefaditse hore dipaki tsa komishene ya morao-rao di ne di sa ikemisetsa ho fana ka tlhahiso leseding papisong le dipaki tsa komishene ya pele. Boithuto bona bo utullotse hore
maikemisetso a ho fana ka tlhaiso-leseding ho dikomishene tsa dipatlisiso a qepha. / Esi sifundo sijonge ubuchule beendlela zonxebelelwano ezohlukileyo phakathi kwabantu
ababemenyiwe ukuba bathathe inxaxheba njengamangqina kwiKhomishoni yoPhando KaLeon
eyenzeka ngo1998 kunye neKhomishoni kaPhumaphi eyenzeka ngonyaka ka2015. Olu phando
luye lwaqalasela ezindlela zokuqhakamishelana ezisetyenziswe apha, ukusetyenziswa kolwimi
kunye nobuchule bokuthetha kula mangqina ngethuba enikeza ubungqina kwezi khomishoni.
Olu phando luphinde lwathelekisa indlela amangqina asebenzise ngazo ezindlela
zoqhakamishelwano kwezi khomishoni zombini. Ingqokelela-lwazi yolu phando ithathwe
kumangqina angamashumi amabini anesithandathu apho kushicilelwe izimvo zawo kwezi
khomishoni. Olu phando lufumanise ukuba la mangqina asebenzise ubuchule beendlela
zonxebelelwano ezingamashumi amabini. Obu buchule beendlela zonxebebelwano ziqukwa
ngokokusebenza kwazo ekuthetheni ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ukuncokola okuquka ukuthetha
iilwimi ezohlukeneyo ngexesha elinye, amazwi amafutshane angenantsingiselo asetyenziswa
kwizimo ezinje ngokukhuza, ulwimi olungacacanga kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwimi
ngendlela yokuba umntu athethe into inde apho ngeyethethe ngamagama ambalwa ukucacisa
into afuna ukuyicacisa ngendlela engcono. Eyesibini yimo yokusetyensizwa kolwimi
ngokuthetha nqo, ngokungathethi nqo kunye nokubanemibuzo. Eyesithathu kukujonga ulwimi
nenkcubeko ngokuba kubukwe indlela abantu abasebenzisa ulwimi ngokweenkcubeko zabo
apho bathetha besebenzisa iinkcazelo ezisuka kwiinckubeko zabo, ukungathethi nqo ngenxa
yemo yabo yentlalo nokuthetha, ukungafuni ukuthetha ngenxa yezizimo zentlalo nenkcubeko
kunye nokugxeka ngendlea ekwekwayo ngenxa yezizimo zentlalo nenkcubeko. Olu phando
lubonise ukuba obu buchule beendlela zokuthetha lusetyenziswe ngamangqina ezi khomishoni
luquke imo apho amangqina ebethetha iilwimi ezohlukeneyo ngexesha elinye, amangqina
ayakwasebenzise amagama amafutshane angenantsingiselo asetyenziswa kwimo ezifana
nokukhuza, aphinda acaphula. Ngowekenza ngolu hlobo, amanqina abanokalisile ukuba ezi
ndlela zobuchule bokuthetha zincedisene nomsebenzi wezi khomishoni ngoba amangqina
akwazile ukubangamaciko ekuchazeni izimvo zawo. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iindlela
zobuchule zoqhakamishelwano ezifana nezo zichaphazela inkcubeko nentlalo yabantu kunye
nezokungathethi nqo, ziwachapahezele kakubi amangqina kuba zenze ukuba amangqina
angakhululeki ekunikezeleni ubungqina apho kubonakale ukuba abakwazanga ukunikeza
iinkcukaca ezibalulekileyo kwezi khomishoni ngenxa yoku. Olu phando luphinde
lwabonakalisa ukuba amangqina weKhomishoni loPhando kaPhumaphi aye awodlula
amangiqna weKhomishoni kaLeon ngokungafuni ukunikeza ngobungqina obuthile. Le nto ibirhanelisa ukuba bekukho umoya apha kwamangqina wokungafuni ncam ukunikeza
ngobungqina kwezi khomishoni. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / D. Phil. (Languages, Linguistics and Literature)
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