This research project examines sectarianism and sectarian violence in Pakistan between 1996-2005. It represents a departure from the security-focused research on sectarianism and provides contemporary analysis of sectarian violence by contextualising it. This thesis distinguishes sectarianism as an analytical concept from sectarianism as a phenomenon in Pakistan. The existing literature on sectarianism and sectarianism in the Pakistani context is critically examined, and this research is located within that body of knowledge. In this thesis, sectarian violence is understood as being conducted to reproduce and reinforce exclusivist sectarian discourse. This premise is analysed through the framework of identity formation and identity politics, and spatial understandings of identities. The study examines the locations of sectarian violence in Pakistan, and analyses the spaces where sectarian identity discourse is enforced and maintained through violence. Consequently, the concept of sacred space and sacred time are analysed as locations of sectarian violence. The contestations of public space by competing identity discourses, and the spatial manifestations of those competing identities are analysed. This dissertation also attempts to draw out whether sectarian violence is only located within and through the organised sectarian groups, or whether the sectarian violence indicates wider fault lines in the Pakistani society.

This research project examines sectarianism and sectarian violence in Pakistan between 1996-2005. It represents a departure from the security-focused research on sectarianism and provides contemporary analysis of sectarian violence by contextualising it. This thesis distinguishes sectarianism as an analytical concept from sectarianism as a phenomenon in Pakistan. The existing literature on sectarianism and sectarianism in the Pakistani context is critically examined, and this research is located within that body of knowledge. In this thesis, sectarian violence is understood as being conducted to reproduce and reinforce exclusivist sectarian discourse. This premise is analysed through the framework of identity formation and identity politics, and spatial understandings of identities. The study examines the locations of sectarian violence in Pakistan, and analyses the spaces where sectarian identity discourse is enforced and maintained through violence. Consequently, the concept of sacred space and sacred time are analysed as locations of sectarian violence. The contestations of public space by competing identity discourses, and the spatial manifestations of those competing identities are analysed. This dissertation also attempts to draw out whether sectarian violence is only located within and through the organised sectarian groups, or whether the sectarian violence indicates wider fault lines in the Pakistani society.

There is a generalized perception on the 1991-1995 war in the former Yugoslavia as an ethnic conflict caused by longstanding antagonisms among homogenous ethnic groups inhabiting its territory. In such a worldview, which became part of the dominant discourse, inter-ethnic violence in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina was inevitable and the division of the population along ethnic lines was needed to stop the violence. In this thesis I problematize the dominant discourse on the ethnic nature and inevitability of violence, as well as on the ethnic fracturing as a solution, by exposing the experiences of two largest communities that remained ethnically mixed and preserved communal peace throughout wartime – the community of the region of Gorski kotar in Croatia and the community of the city of Tuzla in Bosnia-Herzegovina. By documenting and analysing their discourses and practices, and by contrasting them with the dominant discourses of war in these two countries, I provide evidence that these two communities were oases of peace which developed a counter-discourse and resisted violence by preserving their multi-ethnic character, promoting multiple identities, cherishing inter-ethnic cooperation and ensuring equality and good governance for all their citizens. Their narratives challenge the well-established «truths» about the war in the former Yugoslavia and add to the complexity of collective memories of its peoples.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:33:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcio Rogerio de Oliveira Cano.pdf: 18558978 bytes, checksum: a70f2b80cec9373cd8238997318a6de3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-07 / This research is about how the state of violence, guided by a discourse of violence, constitutes interdiscoursively, journalistic discourse. To this end, the aim of this research is to show how the discourse of violence ends impregnating the journalistic discourse, promoting a series of states of violence. The theme appears to be of great social and academic relevance, as it contributes to the studies about a phenomenon of great social concern, which is violence, as well as the importance of the need to seek ways to understand the traits of a violence that in one dimension is more subtle, than the deeds of violence, who are in a more concrete dimension. We start, therefore, from the thesis that the discourse of violence is a discourse of violence atopic, who lives on the fringes of society, permeating other discourses in the ways of dealing with each other, but that can be apprehended by the mechanisms of discourse analysis, especially the principles the scenery and the discursive ethos. To accomplish this research, we formed a corpus of five scenes selected during the doctorate process, from Folha de S. Paulo newspaper and Veja magazine. This corpus was analyzed in the light of the scene of enunciation, divided in global and generic scene and scenography; the discursive ethos of the speaker and the stereotypical ways of representing the other in discourse. The theoretical framework adopted in this research was discourse analysis conception, mainly the works of Dominique Maingueneau. To discuss the state of violence, we adopted mainly Yves Michaud, and for the considerations about the journalistic discourse, the concepts of Marcondes Filho, Medina and Charaudeau. As a results, This study showed that there is a discourse of violence and it is atopic and outside of the other topics and paratopics discourses but, through the interdiscourse, it impregnates the journalistic discourse and makes it, in the way of the scenery and the discursive ethos, commit yourself a series of states of violence against a lot of groups and social actors, using the stereotypical traits that lie in the discursive memory of discursive communities to treat each other violently. This discourse of violence is the traces of the positioning of the speaker may or may not be adhered to by the co-enunciator, making this type of violence be perpetuated / Esta pesquisa trata da forma como os estados de violência, orientados por um discurso da violência, constitui, interdiscursivamente, o discurso jornalístico. Para tanto, traçamos como objetivo apresentar de que forma o discurso da violência acaba impregnando o discurso jornalístico, promovendo uma série de estados de violência. O tema mostra-se de grande relevância social e acadêmica, pois contribui com os estudos acerca de um fenômeno de grande preocupação social, que é a violência, assim como a importância acerca da necessidade de se buscar caminhos para entender os traços de uma violência que se encontra em uma dimensão mais sutil, diferente dos atos de violência, que se encontram em uma dimensão mais concreta. Partimos, portanto, da tese de que o discurso da violência é um discurso atópico, que vive à margem da sociedade, impregnando outros discursos nas formas de tratar o outro, mas que pode ser apreendido pelos mecanismos da Análise do Discurso, principalmente, pelos princípios da cenografia e do ethos discursivo. Para efetivar essa pesquisa, constituímos um corpus composto de cinco cenas genéricas selecionadas durante nosso doutorado, provenientes da Folha de S. Paulo e da revista Veja. Esse corpus passou por uma análise da cena de enunciação, em sua tripartição em cena englobante, cena genérica e cenografia, do ethos discursivo do enunciador e das formas estereotipadas de se representar o outro no discurso. Como respaldo teórico da Análise do Discurso, utilizamos, principalmente, os trabalhos de Dominique Maingueneau. Para discutirmos os estados de violência, recorremos, principalmente, a Yves Michaud e, para as considerações acerca do discurso jornalístico, buscamos os conceitos em Marcondes Filho, Medina e Charaudeau. Esta pesquisa apontou que há um discurso da violência e que ele é atópico, ficando, portanto, à margem dos outros discursos tópicos e paratópicos, mas que, por meio do interdiscurso, ele acaba impregnando o discurso jornalístico e faz com que, por meio da cenografia e do ethos discursivo, cometa-se uma série de estados de violência contra os vários grupos e atores sociais, utilizando os traços estereotípicos que repousam na memória discursiva das comunidades discursivas para tratar o outro de forma violenta. Esse discurso da violência constitui os traços do posicionamento do enunciador que pode ou não ser aderidos pelo co-enunciador, fazendo com que esse tipo de violência se perpetue

This thesis introduces sociolinguistic phenomenon called street compliment, that has not been studied much in Czech Republic. It is a form of a comment given in public places by unacquainted persons, most commonly by men to women but not exclusively. Based in the feminist tradition the research was realized as a set of semi-structured interviews with eight female participants. The research revealed how the participants understand the phenomenon and how the heteronormative configuration of society is being perpetuated. The interpretation of street compliment as a form of a compliment is based on the discourse of female atractiveness and a strong sexual drive at males. The street compliment can be used to express sexual interest, to perform masculinity or to perform identity overall. The street compliment as a display of masculine behaviour towards a legitimate target, that is to say attractive woman, refers to the use of street compliment as a mean of disciplination of female subjects. The participants agreed that they do not utter street compliments because of its convenience. Instead they would express their interest in a group of friends without exteriorizing it. On one side the participants create subversive discourses, however it is common to observe symbolic violence done to them, amongs other...