3D stereoscopic technology intensifies and heightens the viewer s experience by adding an extra dimension to the viewing of visual content. However, with expansion of this technology to the commercial market concerns have been expressed about the potential negative effects on the visual system, producing viewer discomfort. The visual stimulus provided by a 3D stereoscopic display differs from that of the real world, and so it is important to understand whether these differences may pose a health hazard. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the effect of 3D stereoscopic stimulation on visual discomfort. To that end, four experimental studies were conducted. In the first study two hypotheses were tested. The first hypothesis was that the viewing of 3D stereoscopic stimuli, which are located geometrically beyond the screen on which the images are displayed, would induce adaptation changes in the resting position of the eyes (exophoric heterophoria changes). The second hypothesis was that participants whose heterophoria changed as a consequence of adaptation during the viewing of the stereoscopic stimuli would experience less visual discomfort than those people whose heterophoria did not adapt. In the experiment an increase of visual discomfort change in the 3D condition in comparison with the 2D condition was found. Also, there were statistically significant changes in heterophoria under 3D conditions as compared with 2D conditions. However, there was appreciable variability in the magnitude of this adaptation among individuals, and no correlation between the amount of heterophoria change and visual discomfort change was observed. In the second experiment the two hypotheses tested were based on the vergence-accommodation mismatch theory, and the visual-vestibular mismatch theory. The vergence-accommodation mismatch theory predicts that a greater mismatch between the stimuli to accommodation and to vergence would produce greater symptoms in visual discomfort when viewing in 3D conditions than when viewing in 2D conditions. An increase of visual discomfort change in the 3D condition in comparison with the 2D condition was indeed found; however the magnitude of visual discomfort reported did not correlate with the mismatch present during the watching of 3D stereoscopic stimuli. The visual-vestibular mismatch theory predicts that viewing a stimulus stereoscopically will produce a greater sense of vection than viewing it in 2D. This will increase the conflict between the signals from the visual and vestibular systems, producing greater VIMS (Visually- Induced Motion Sickness) symptoms. Participants did indeed report an increase in motion sickness symptoms in the 3D condition. Furthermore, participants with closer seating positions reported more VIMS than participants sitting farther away whilst viewing 3D stimuli. This suggests that the amount of visual field stimulated during 3D presentation affects VIMS, and is an important factor in terms of viewing comfort. In the study more younger viewers (21 to 39 years old) than older viewers (40 years old and older) reported a greater change in visual discomfort during the 3D condition than the 2D condition. This suggests that the visual system s response to a stimulus, rather than the stimulus itself, is a reason for discomfort. No influence of gender on viewing comfort was found. In the next experiment participants fusion capability, as measured by their fusional reserves, was examined to determine whether this component has an impact on reported discomfort during the watching of movies in the 3D condition versus the 2D condition. It was hypothesised that participants with limited fusional range would experience more visual discomfort than participants with a wide fusion range. The hypothesis was confirmed but only in the case of convergent and not divergent eye movement. This observation illustrates that participants capability to convergence has a significant impact on visual comfort. The aim of the last experiment was to examine responses of the accommodation system to changes in 3D stimulus position and to determine whether discrepancies in these responses (i.e. accommodation overshoot, accommodation undershoot) could account for visual discomfort experienced during 3D stereoscopic viewing. It was found that accommodation discrepancy was larger for perceived forwards movement than for perceived backwards movement. The discrepancy was slightly higher in the group susceptible to visual discomfort than in the group not susceptible to visual discomfort, but this difference was not statistically significant. When considering the research findings as a whole it was apparent that not all participants experienced more discomfort whilst watching 3D stereoscopic stimuli than whilst watching 2D stimuli. More visual discomfort in the 3D condition than in the 2D condition was reported by 35% of the participants, whilst 24% of the participants reported more headaches and 17% of the participants reported more VIMS. The research indicates that multiple causative factors have an impact on reported symptoms. The analysis of the data suggests that discomfort experienced by people during 3D stereoscopic stimulation may reveal binocular vision problems. This observation suggests that 3D technology could be used as a screening method to diagnose un-treated binocular vision disorder. Additionally, this work shows that 3D stereoscopic technology can be easily adopted to binocular vision measurement. The conclusion of this thesis is that many people do not suffer adverse symptoms when viewing 3D stereoscopic displays, but that if adverse symptoms are present they can be caused either by the conflict in the stimulus, or by the heightened experience of self-motion which leads to Visually-Induced Motion Sickness (VIMS).

Sammanfattning Titel: Samma fast olika – En explorativ studie om hur undersköterskorna inom hemtjänstenhanterar äldreomsorgens värdegrund och de organisatoriska förutsättningarna Författare: Patrik Bengtsson och Viktor Bergerus Uppsatsen syftade till att med en explorativ ansats, undersöka hur undersköterskor ihemtjänsten hanterar målen om självbestämmande, delaktighet och individanpassning samtvilka faktorer som möjliggör respektive begränsar implementeringen av målen. För att studienssyfte skulle uppnås, användes en kvalitativ metod. Fem intervjuer har genomförts medundersköterskor som arbetar inom hemtjänsten i fyra olika kommuner. Resultatet frånintervjuerna tolkades utifrån grundad teori som valdes då syftet var explorativt. Under analysengenererades koder, underkategorier, kategorier som resulterade i en main concern. Det fannsolika faktorer som influerade när det kom till vad som främjade respektive hämmade införandetav värdegrunden i det dagliga arbetet. Det begrepp eller main concern som framkom varnormdiskrepans, vilket i korthet innebär att arbetet som utförs ska vara flexibelt men genomförsinom en rigid inramning. Nyinstitutionell användes för att diskutera resultatet, slutsatsen var attundersköterskornas förmåga att anpassa sig är det som får hemtjänstens arbete att fungera trotsmotstridiga mål och krav.  What do you want to do ?New mailCopy<img /> / Abstract Title: Same but different - An exploratory study on how nursing aides within the homecare handlethe values of elderly care and the organizational conditions Authors: Patrik Bengtsson och Viktor Bergerus The thesis aimed to, with an exploratory approach, examine how nursing aides in the home careservice manage the goals of self-determination, participation, and individualization, as well aswhich factors enable and limit the implementation of these goals. To achieve the purpose of thestudy, a qualitative method was used. Five interviews have been conducted with nurses workingin home care in four different municipalities. The results of the interviews were interpretedbased on grounded theory which was chosen when the purpose was exploratory. During theanalysis, codes, subcategories and categories were generated that resulted in a main concern.There were various factors that influenced when it comes to what promotes and inhibits theintroduction of the values in daily work. The concept or main concern that emerged was thenorm discrepancy, which in short means that the work performed must be flexible but be carriedout within a rigid framework. Neo-institutional theory was used to discuss the results, theconclusion was that the nursing aides’ ability to adapt is what makes the home care service'swork despite conflicting goals and requirements. What do you want to do ?New mailCopy<img /> / <p></p><p>What do you want to do ?New mailCopy</p>

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<p dir="ltr">Generating images from training samples solves the challenge of imbalanced data. It provides the necessary data to run machine learning algorithms for image classification, anomaly detection, and pattern recognition tasks. In medical settings, having imbalanced data results in higher false negatives due to a lack of positive samples. Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have been widely adopted for image generation. GANs allow models to train without computing intractable probability while producing high-quality images. However, evaluating GANs has been challenging for the researchers due to a need for an objective function. Most studies assess the quality of generated images and the variety of classes those images cover. Overfitting of training images, however, has received less attention from researchers. When the generated images are mere copies of the training data, GAN models will overfit and will not generalize well. This study examines the ability to detect overfitting of popular metrics: Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MMD) and Fréchet Inception Distance (FID). We investigate the metrics on two types of data: handwritten digits and chest x-ray images using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) models.</p>

Majority of millennials are daily users of Instagram and in conjunction with previous studies on Instagram displaying negative effects on psychological well-being, how individuals perceive their identity in relation to their Instagram use is interesting as it could be a part of how their psychological wellbeing is affected through use. Most previous research on Instagram and psychological well-being are general and based on quantitative methods. Descriptive findings on how individuals relate to their Instagram in terms of image or identity is not yet explored. The research question of this paper is therefore to investigate if there exists a perceived ideal image on Instagram and if individuals separate their Instagram image from their perceived real identities. Semi-structured interviews with 11 participants categorized through thematic analysis indicate a perceived ideal image on Instagram exists, and majority of participants cannot separate their Instagram image from their perceived real identity. It is assumed through findings that the level of awareness when applying one’s image or identity during Instagram use could indicate how risky it is for individuals to be affected negatively on their psychological well-being during usage. Increasing awareness of how one identify him- or herself based on his or her image or perceived real self could potentially decrease the risk of negative social comparison and self-discrepancy in interaction with one’s Instagram use. Findings showed there exists a perceived ideal image on Instagram while there is no coherent perception among participants in how they separate their perceived image from their perceived real identity. Future research could investigate whether this ’identity incongruence’ while using Instagram is part of a new way of constructing one’ identity in a world where virtual and real no longer has clear borders. / Majoriteten av Millennials är dagliga användare av Instagram och i kombination med tidigare studier om Instagram som tyder på negativa effekter på det psykosociala välmåendet - är hur individer upplever deras identitet i relation till deras Instagram-användande är intressant att undersöka, då det kan vara del av hur deras psykosociala välmående påverkas genom användning. Större delen av tidigare studier om Instagram och psykosocialt välmående är generell i naturen och baserat på kvantitativa metoder. Detaljerade resultat av hur individer relaterar till deras Instagram i form av image eller identitet är ännu inte undersökt. Frågeställningen är därför att undersöka om en upplevd idealisk image existerar på Instagram och om individer separerar deras Instagram image från deras upplevda riktiga identitet. Semi-strukturerade intervjuer med elva medverkande, kategoriserade genom tematisk analys, indikerar på att en upplevd idealisk image på Instagram existerar samt att majoriteten av dem medverkande inte kan skilja deras Instagram image från deras upplevda riktiga identitet. Det är antaget genom resultatet att nivån av medvetenhet man har i appliceringen av ens image eller identitet under användningen av Instagram kan indikera hur riskfyllt det är för individer att bli negativt påverkade psykosocialt under deras användning. Genom ökat medvetande av hur man identifierar sig själv baserat på sin image eller upplevda riktiga jag skulle risken för negativ social jämförelse och själv-diskrepans potentiellt minska i interaktion med ens Instagram-användande. Resultaten visar att en upplevd idealisk image på Instagram existerar samtidigt som en sammanhängande uppfattning av hur de medverkande separerar deras upplevda image från deras upplevda riktiga identitet inte existerar. Framtida studier kan undersöka närmare om denna ’identitets-inkongruens’ som uppstår under Instagram-användande är ett nytt sätt att skapa sin identitet på i en värld där det virtuella och det riktiga inte längre har tydliga gränser.

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