京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第19339号 / 情博第591号 / 新制||情||103(附属図書館) / 32341 / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科社会情報学専攻 / (主査)教授 石田 亨, 教授 田中 克己, 教授 矢守 克也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

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In many hypothesis testing problems such as one-sample and two-sample test problems, the test statistics are degenerate U-statistics. One of the challenges in practice is the computation of U-statistics for a large sample size. Besides, for degenerate U-statistics, the limiting distribution is a mixture of weighted chi-squares, involving the eigenvalues of the kernel of the U-statistics. As a result, it’s not straightforward to construct the rejection region based on this asymptotic distribution. In this research, we aim to reduce the computation complexity of degenerate U-statistics and propose an easy-to-calibrate test statistic by using the divide-and-conquer method. Specifically, we randomly partition the full n data points into kn even disjoint groups, and compute U-statistics on each group and combine them by averaging to get a statistic Tn. We proved that the statistic Tn has the standard normal distribution as the limiting distribution. In this way, the running time is reduced from O(n^m) to O( n^m/km_n), where m is the order of the one sample U-statistics. Besides, for a given significance level , it’s easy to construct the rejection region. We apply our method to the goodness of fit test and two-sample test. The simulation and real data analysis show that the proposed test can achieve high power and fast running time for both one and two-sample tests.

Male gender role norms were considered from a self-discrepancy perspective. The male gender role was divided into 4 perspective domain combinations based on the participant's perceptions: self-ideal/ought, other-ideal/ought, self-actual, other-actual. These categories were assessed using an adapted form of the Male Role Norms Inventory-Revised (Levant et al., 2007). It was hypothesized that large discrepancies between the perspective domains in a male's gender role concept would be significantly related to depression, anxiety, and lower general health quality, and this relationship would be moderated by the centrality of the perspective domains to the participant's gender role concept and by the centrality of the male gender role to the person's identity. High self-ideal vs. low self-actual discrepancy was related to increased depression and anxiety when moderated by perspective domain centralities. High other-ideal vs. low other or self-actual discrepancies were related to lower reported health quality.

OBJECTIVE: Research has shown a clear relationship between perfectionism and other pathology including eating disorders, typically restrictive and purging disorders such as Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. However, the relationship between perfectionism and loss of control eating disorder had not been explored. Similarly, we suspect there to be a relationship between perfectionism and self-discrepancy, and that shame might be a mediating variable in the relationship between these constructs and loss of control eating. This study investigated the relationship between these three variables to better understand how shame mediates or moderates the relationship between perfectionism, self-discrepancy, and loss of control eating. METHOD: In Phase 1 College students (N = 502) completed a screening survey including Frost's Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale to assess participants' levels of perfectionism, the Integrated Self Discrepancy Index to assess their self-discrepancy scores to assess their baseline perfectionism and actual:ought self-discrepancy levels. This survey also determined whether participants met the inclusion criteria for Phase 2 (N = 15), two loss of control eating episodes per week over the past two weeks, where they received a daily survey via text for 10 days assessing their level of shame and eating behaviors the previous day. At the end of the 10 days, a multi-level regression model was conducted to determine the relationship between perfectionism, self-discrepancy (actual:ought) and loss of control eating, and the role of shame in that relationship. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Results found shame to be a strong moderating factor for loss of control eating behaviors, holding perfectionism, and actual:ought self-discrepancy at their mean, but not when self-discrepancy and perfectionism were both higher or lower than the mean. When the discrepancy was high and perfectionism was at its mean, and when perfectionism was low and discrepancy was at its mean, shame was a robust predictor of loss of control eating. However, when perfectionism was high and discrepancy was at its mean, shame was not found to predict loss of control eating. When perfectionism was low and discrepancy was high, shame was found to be a very strong predictor of loss of control eating. Lastly, when perfectionism was high and discrepancy was low, shame was a moderate predictor of loss of control eating. This suggests that perfectionism may be a construct that may lead to more LOCE in individuals that already experience it, but it alone is not a risk factor. It may also suggest that while general maladaptive perfectionism is not a risk factor, more specific subsets could have a stronger relationship with LOCE. The results also show that actual:ought self-discrepancy is a more significant predictor of LOCE.

The present study was designed to obtain a sexual self-discrepancy score and to examine if it correlates with other variables that are linked with self-discrepancy theory, such as anxiety, depression, self-acceptance, and other-acceptance (homonegativity). We developed a measure based on self-discrepancy theory that theoretically assessed a participant's level of discrepancy between sexual beliefs and practices. The questions on sexual beliefs were based on the "ideal/ought" dimensions of self-discrepancy theory, and the questions on sexual practices were based on the "actual" self. There were less than 10 participants of the 294 respondents who reported sizeable discrepancies between their sexual attitudes and actual behaviors. This was problematic in light of the original research hypothesis, so a decision was made to treat the present study as exploratory in nature and examine potential correlations between beliefs, behaviors, and the study variables, as well as examine potential gender differences in beliefs and behaviors. Using the available data, I elected to regress the study variables on the two constructs that were pivotal to this study: sexual beliefs and sexual behaviors. Taken together, the study variables significantly predicted sexual beliefs. The individual variables that contributed significantly to the prediction of sexual beliefs were (in order of magnitude): religiosity, attitudes toward gays and lesbians, and self-esteem. Higher levels of religiosity, prejudice toward gays and lesbians, and low self-esteem were associated with limited acceptance of sexual activity. Age, self-acceptance, and symptoms of maladjustment were not associated significantly with sexual attitudes.

Sexual communication is important in overall sexual and relationship satisfaction.Women, in particular, report lower psychological well-being when sexual dysfunction occurs (Davison, Bell, LaChina, Holden & Davis, 2009). This study was designed to uncover precisely how important sexual communication is in relation to sexual satisfaction, whether there are any discrepancies between women’s desired sexual acts verses the acts they actively take part in, and to what degree personality has an effect on sexual communication and activity. Participants were 428 women from the psychology pool at University of Central Florida. The average age of the sample was 20.7 years (SD = 5.24). Approximately 56% of the sample identified as white, 14% as black, 7% as Asian and 10% as other. Communication was positively correlated to sexual satis-faction, there were no found discrepancies between sexual participation and desired sexual acts among the study participants, and personality significantly predicted levels of communication and participation in varying sexual acts, particularly regarding extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness. Communication about sex is strongly related to life and health satisfaction and a greater understanding of sexual desires should be continually sought to create harmony within relationships.

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