This study investigates male sexual behaviour and protective practices in the context of a generalized HIV/AIDS epidemic in Mozambique. It focus on how gender norms, particularly notions of masculinity influence sexual behaviour and the ability of men (and women) to protect themselves against HIV infection. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods is used in this study. The qualitative data comes from 16 focus group discussions and 20 in-depth interviews and the quantitative data comes from a survey conducted with 209 men and 217 women. This methodological approach has proven useful in exploring complex and sensitive matters such as sexual behaviour. In this study, where it was possible, the findings from the survey were supported by quotes from focus groups discussions and in-depth interviews. The findings of this study reveal that traditional gender norms, particularly rigid notions of masculinity are still prevalent in the study settings. The existing notions of manhood are mostly associated with traditional views of men as providers and main breadwinners. In contrast, women are seen as the family caregivers. Practices which bring social prestige both in the community and in the society at large are highly valued for men. Meanwhile, traditional notions of masculinity face enormous challenges in the existing socio-economic context which is characterized by a lack of employment and widespread poverty. This has negative consequences for male self-esteem including their sense of manhood. The study shows that some men believe that having multiple sexual partners is part of male identity and is supported by culture. Similarly, some women also believe that a man cannot be satisfied with one partner or stay long without having sex. These beliefs have important implications in a country with a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS. The study found that traditional notions of manhood prevent men from accessing correct health information thereby perpetuating the cycle of harmful practices for themselves and their females partners. The findings of this study suggest that despite a universal awareness of HIV infection and protective strategies, multiple sexual partnerships and unprotected sex among heterosexual men and women are the driving force sustaining the HIV/AIDS pandemic in the study settings. This is worsened by the widespread negative meanings attached to condoms. The study shows that the level of condom use (31 percent among men and 20 percent among women) is encouraging but not sufficient to curb the level of HIV infections. Consistent condom use remains a major challenge as much fewer men and women report using condoms in all their sexual encounters. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2010.

The spread of HIV/AIDS in South Africa has evoked many responses from the national government, Non-Governmental Organizations and the church. There are many reasons why the church should respond to this challenge of HIV/AIDS and join hands with the worldwide effort to provide care and support for people living with HIV/AIDS in our society. As the epidemic increases, many people in South Africa are falling sick, suffering physically, emotionally and spiritually and many are abandoned and desolate. Men, women, young people and children are dying; families and communities are severely affected socially and economically. This thesis examines the response of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Southern Africa (ELCSA) to AIDS and suggests a more adequate strategy to deal with HIV/AIDS. First, it examines the incidence and· impact of HIV/AIDS, noting the emotional, physical and socio-economic impact of HIV/AIDS. Secondly, this thesis develops a theological response to AIDS. The involvement of ELCSA is examined via research into six parishes in the Umgeni circuit of the South Eastern Diocese (Kwa-Zulu Natal). It argues that a seven-fold framework best describes the sort of strategy needed to fight against the spread of HIV/AIDS. This seven-fold framework includes the following: AIDS education, AIDS counseling, Livelihood support for people living with HIV/AIDS, Advocacy for the people living with HIV/AIDS,Pastoral and practical care for people living with HIV/AIDS, Helping the bereaved families during funeral arrangements and providing grief counseling, and Support systems for AIDS orphans. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2001.

Gender is inherent in all patriarchal cultures given that women and girls in these societies are relegated to a significantly lower status than men and boys. Many researchers acknowledge the importance of addressing gender inequality in order to adequately understand and address HIV and AIDS transmission and prevention. However, there remains in this area a more direct focus on the specific cultural attitudes and practices that expose women and girls to HIV infections. Professionals in the educational field need to specifically address gender norms and roles and their influence on young people’s sexual behaviour, particularly, with regards to risky behaviour that often has consequences for women and young girls. Sexuality is part and parcel of young girls’ experiences through adulthood which is manifested in personal friendships, relations and social interaction. These encounters constitute sites within which sexual identities are developed, practiced and actively produced through processes of negotiation. As a result of societal influences, these encounters vary immensely between boys and girls because gender inequality has a significant impact on choices available to women and girls, which are often constrained by coercion and violence. Drawing on qualitative research conducted in a high school in KwaMashu, North of Durban, in KwaZulu-Natal, the study investigated ways in which young girls (16-17) give meaning to sexuality, sexual risks and how gender is embedded within these meanings. The study answered three critical questions: What do young girls regard as risky sexual behaviour? Why do young girls engage in risky sexual activities? How is gender connected to sexual risk? Data came from participants’ focus group discussions and indepth interviews with 12 young girls. The study revealed that through social and cultural practices some young girls construct complex gendered relations of domination and subordination that position boys and girls differently, often creating gender inequalities and sexual vulnerability for those gendered as girls. Young girls’ vulnerability is characterised by confusing experiences coupled with silences from their parents’ side about sexuality. The distinctive experiences are complex tensions and contradictions surrounding constructions of sexuality that are predicated upon unequal power and gender relations characterised by coercion, ukuthwala and the control of young girls’ sexuality and gendered experiences that put young girls at risk of contracting HIV and AIDS. The study recommends that parents must communicate with young people (boys and girls) about sexuality. There should be policies that are put in place by all the education stakeholders to address issues of sexuality and gender imbalances within schools. This will help young people to develop the skills needed to adequately negotiate safe sex, avoid risky behaviour and coercive situations, help young people to maintain healthy relationships and address vulnerabilities and promote gender equality and equity in our society. / Thesis (M.Ed.) - University of KwaZulu-Natal, Edgewood, 2011.

Today. the pandemic of HIV/AIDS has become a serious challenge especially in developing and underdeveloped nations. For this reason, all nations, different health institutions and nongovernmental organizations are investing their wealth to increase public awareness on the seriousness of this pandemic disease. Media institutions also play an unparalleled role in controlling HIV/AIDS through educating the society. HIV/AIDS is a great threat both to South Africa and Eritrea as they are part of the Sahale Sahara of Africa. That area is highly affected and infected by the pandemic. It is certain that media have been used to disseminate information in the society about HIV/AIDS in both countries. This study attempts to identify the nature of communication strategies that are employed against HIV/AIDS by Radio Ukhozi FM in South Africa and Radio Dimitsi-Hafash Programme Tigringa in Eritrea. The study attempts to identify the communication formats that both radio stations utilize to increase public awareness about HIV/AIDS. It also examines whether both stations are using Entertainment-Educational communication strategies to disseminate HIV/AIDS messages. Furthermore, the study assesses target audience participation; both stations assessment of their programme and scheduling of HIV/AIDS awareness messages. Finally, it attempts to single out the challenges that both stations encounter in designing messages for combating HIV/AIDS in their respective communities. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2004.

This is an exploratory study that seeks to establish the extent to which traditional theologies on 'imago Dei' may contribute to the vulnerability of Catholic single women to HIV and AIDS. It employs a feminist framework of study to critically analyse how androcentric theologies on imago Dei informed by the Greek philosophies of Plato and Aristotle and advanced by the Church fathers do contribute to the dehumanisation of women. Argued in this study, is that these teachings could be responsible for single women‟s vulnerability in the context of HIV and AIDS. Following extensive research done on women, HIV and AIDS, this study also presents cultural, social, economic and religious factors as players in women‟s susceptibility to HIV and AIDS. However, in a unique and particular way, this study seeks and presents a possible connection between the Catholic Church‟s teachings on imago Dei and the vulnerability of Catholic single women to HIV and AIDS. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.

This study explores how subjectivities and emotionality of teachers are inextricably linked with their teaching praxis in the spaces of the HIV and AIDS classroom. A post-structuralist perspective and narrative approach are adopted. The landscape of HIV and AIDS education forms the backdrop or overarching rationale for this study. Despite conflicting debates around the role of teachers and schools in HIV and AIDS education, this study aimed to explore the complexities and challenges facing teachers in mitigating HIV and AIDS education. The broad question this study aimed to explore is: How do teachers’ life experiences, subjectivities and emotionality influence their teaching about HIV and AIDS education? Data was gathered from timelines, semi-structured interviews, classroom observations, scenario analysis and critical lessons from five teachers. A purposeful sample of five teachers, who volunteered and were teaching HIV and AIDS education, was selected from three primary schools in a Midlands town in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The contexts of the schools ranged from rural, semi-rural to urban. Foucauldian concepts of technologies of power/knowledge, technologies of the self and ethics of care were employed to analyse teachers’ subjectivities. Hargreaves theory of the emotional practice of teaching and Zembylas’s genealogies of emotions served as the analytical framework to make sense of emotionality of teachers. The co-constructed narratives of teachers were analysed using holistic content narrative analysis which uncovered seven clusters of meaning: diverse lives, multiple subjectivities; subjectivities and teaching; HIV and AIDS knowledge and teaching; spatial dynamics; relationships; emotions and feelings and cultural complexities. A key insight of this study is that teachers constituted multiple, dynamic and conflicting subjectivities. ‘Compassionate’, ‘supportive’ and ‘knowledgeable’ subjectivities were identified. Teachers enacted these multiple subjectivities drawing on their personal and professional experiences, HIV and AIDS knowledge and community and department of education support. Significantly, teachers resisted tensions and negotiated conflicting subjectivities to create critical reflective or labyrinthine spaces within their classrooms. I argue that spatial dynamics and teachers’ spatial praxis emphasise how power, HIV and AIDS knowledge, subjectivities and space are inextricably linked. Further analysis of teachers’ narratives highlighted discourses of responsibility, expertise, collaboration and sexuality. Most importantly, this study emphasises the complex and critical role of teachers in mediating HIV and AIDS education. A further insight is that teachers experience both positive and negative emotions when teaching about HIV and AIDS education, highlighting teaching as an emotional practice. Patterns of closeness in socio-cultural, moral and political emotional geographies and patterns of distance in professional and physical emotional geographies were displayed in teachers’ relationships. I argue that teachers negotiate their emotions and subjectivities when teaching about HIV and AIDS drawing on technologies of emotion. Of significance, cultural and religious myths as well as stigma and discrimination presented major challenges which teachers had to address. Key findings were categorised as: conflicting subjectivities and resistance; spatial praxis in labyrinthine spaces; technologies of emotion and demystifying cultural and religious myths.The implications of these findings are crucial for policy makers, teacher educators and teachers when implementing curricular and pedagogic changes in the complex spaces of the HIV and AIDS classroom. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2014.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: NACOSA had an eventful history spanning 22 years. The first phase between 1992 and 2001 is labeled Great Expectations as the composite multi-sectoral structure started a groundbreaking initiative on HIV and AIDS in South Africa and believed that the first AIDS plan drafted by them would be implemented as planned. Expectations came to nothing as government struggled to find its feet through a decade of blunders leading to the demise of the structure by end 2001. The next phase between 2001 and 2010 is labeled Starting Over as the Western Cape branch of NACOSA reinvented itself as a community mobilisation network for the province. Within a period of ten years Western Cape NACOSA developed into a successful national network with a large membership fully involved through its networking, capacity building and promoting dialogue functions. The third phase between 2010 and 2015 is labeled Rapid Growth as NACOSA developed into a large training and grant management agency with strong systems providing funding to its members through sub-granting. Networking continued at a slower pace but is still highly important for the organisation. The network contributes to localised social capital through shared learning and collaboration. NACOSA‟s sustainability has been developed through the ability to raise long-term funds for network activities, capacity building of members and coordinated service delivery on the ground. NACOSA also has a culture of identifying and acting fast on opportunities and adapting to change when it is needed. Strategic factors attributing to the success of NACOSA are a sector based approach promoting diversity in its membership; a consistently focused and shared purpose throughout the years; a community agent approach believing in and advocating for community systems strengthening; obtaining a mandate from network members for main strategy changes; strategic partnerships; a strong capacity building approach focussing on organisational and programmatic competencies; not competing with network members but acting as main weaver; creating specialist networks for specific HIV-related causes; a committed representative executive committee and skilled staff; bringing groups together on a regular basis for discussions and strategising; a variety of social media; and a network mindset intent on a culture of learning and building trust between member organisations. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: NACOSA het 'n gebeurtenisvolle geskiedenis wat strek oor 'n periode van 22 jaar. Die eerste fase tussen 1992 en 2001 word genoem Groot Verwagtinge, verwysende na die saamgevoegde multi-sektorale struktuur wat ontstaan het as die eerste groot MIV en VIGS inisiatief in Suid-Afrika. Hulle het verwag dat hul eerste VIGS-plan geïmplementeer sou word soos wat hulle dit beplan het. Hul verwagtinge het egter skipbreuk gely as gevolg van die regering wat oor die dekade heen hul voete gesleep en foute gemaak het wat uiteindelik gelei het tot die struktuur se ondergang in 2001. Die volgende fase tussen 2001 en 2010 word genoem Oorbegin verwysende na die Wes-Kaap tak van NACOSA wat hulself herskep het as „n gemeenskapsmobiliseringsnetwerk. Wes-Kaap NACOSA het binne tien jaar weer ontwikkel in 'n suksesvolle nasionale netwerk met 'n groot ledetal wat volledig ingeskakel is by die organisasie se netwerk, kapasiteitsbou en bevordering van dialoogaktiwiteite. Die derde fase tussen 2010 en 2015 word genoem Snelle Groei verwysende na NACOSA se ontwikkeling in 'n groot opleidings- en fondsbestuursagentskap met sterk stelsels wat befondsing aan hul lede verskaf. Netwerkskakeling het voortgeduur teen 'n stadiger pas maar is steeds baie belangrik vir die organisasie. Die netwerk dra by tot die bou van plaaslike sosiale kapitaal deur middel van samewerking en saam leer. NACOSA se volhoubaarheid het ontwikkel deur hul vaardigheid om langtermynfondse in te samel vir netwerkaktiwiteite, kapasiteitsbou en gekoördineerde dienslewering op grondvlak. NACOSA het ook 'n kultuur om geleenthede vinnig te identifiseer en daarop te reageer, asook om aan te pas by veranderinge wanneer nodig. Strategiese faktore wat bygedra het tot NACOSA se sukses sluit in 'n wye sektorbenadering met diverse lidmaatskap; 'n konsekwente gedeelde doelwit oor die jare; die bevordering van sterk gemeenskapstelsels; die verkryging van 'n mandaat by netwerklede vir strategie-veranderinge; strategiese vennootskappe; 'n sterk kapasiteitsboubenadering wat fokus op organisatoriese en programmatiese vaardighede; geen kompetisie met lede-organisasies maar eerder die rol van “hoofwewer”; skep van spesialisnetwerke vir spesifieke MIV-verwante kwessies; 'n toegewyde raad en vaardige personeel; gereelde bymekaarbring van groepe vir dialoog en strategie bou; 'n verskeidenheid van sosiale media; en 'n netwerk denkpatroon gefokus op 'n leerkultuur en die bou van vertroue tussen lede.

ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research study examines the beliefs related to HIV/AIDS risks and the perceived effectiveness of preventative measures among men who have sex with men (MSM) in the Philippines. Using a questionnaire developed using the Health Belief Model (HBM), this study endeavors to understand beliefs and thus improve counseling guidelines for MSM who continue to engage in risky sexual behaviors following VCT and a negative HIV test. The impact of HIV/AIDS on the Philippines is beginning to increase, affecting men and their partners. The rapid growth of HIV/AIDS among Filipino MSM indicates that more attention must be paid to the barriers and benefits of condom use within this high-risk population. A background of the presence and prevalence of HIV/AIDS is presented. This study aims to answer the question of why MSM choose to have unprotected sex despite the risk of HIV/AIDS. Multiple barriers to condom use are identified, including the availability of condoms, partner resistance, and reduced pleasure. The impacts of culture and society, the media, role models, social networking, drug use, and riskseeking behavior on safer sex are assessed. Currently, supplying condoms and providing voluntary testing and counseling is the primary mode of preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS, but this study sheds light on the critical issues of condom availability, perceived benefits and barriers to condom use, and the disconnect between belief and behavior regarding HIV/AIDS and unprotected sex among MSM in the Philippines. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is ‗n ondersoek na die gelowe (beliefs) teenoor MIV/Vigs van mans wat seks het met mans. Die studie poog verder om ondersoek in te stel na moontlike voorkomende maatreëls wat ingestel kan word om die pandemie te bekamp. Vir die doel van hierdie studie is ‗n vraelys ontwikkel , deur gebruik te maak van die Health Belief Model, met die doel om ‗n beter begrip te kry van die redes vir risikogedrag onder mans wat seks het met mans in die Fillipyne. Die voorkoms van MIV/Vigs by mans wat seks het met mans is steeds aan die toeneem in die Fillipyne en dringende maatreëls is nodig om die groei van die pandemie te beperk. Die studie gee ‗n agtergrond tot MIV/Vigs in die Fillipyne. Die ondersoek gaan dan voort om te probeer bepaal waarom risikogroepe steeds voortgaan om aan onbeskermende seksuele aktiwiteite deel te neem. Resultate van die studie toon aan dat daar verskeie faktore is wat die gebruik van kondome ontmoedig in die risikogroep wat in hierdie studie aangespreek word. Kondome is nie altyd beskikbaar nie; seksuele vennote wil nie kondome gebruik nie en die vermindering in seksuele plesier word as redes aangevoer. Hierdie studie maak ‗n betekenisvolle bydrae tot die kennisbasis van die gelowe en houdings van mans wat seks het met mans ( en dan MIV-positief raak) en sal na alle waarskynlikheid betekenisvol bydra tot die meer suksesvolle bestuur van hierdie risikogroep in die Fillipyne.

Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2016-08-18T17:48:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) luciana_fernandes_amaro_leite.pdf: 6396183 bytes, checksum: d8e9e935aa4ed4f1d340bb04eb9eb939 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2016-08-19T11:47:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) luciana_fernandes_amaro_leite.pdf: 6396183 bytes, checksum: d8e9e935aa4ed4f1d340bb04eb9eb939 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T11:47:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) luciana_fernandes_amaro_leite.pdf: 6396183 bytes, checksum: d8e9e935aa4ed4f1d340bb04eb9eb939 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / A Doen?a Renal Cr?nica ? um importante problema de sa?de p?blica em todo o mundo porque sua incid?ncia e preval?ncia est?o aumentando, o custo ? elevado e medidas de preven??o precisam ser implementadas. O Inqu?rito Brasileiro de Di?lise Cr?nica mostrou que em julho de 2013, o n?mero total estimado de indiv?duos em di?lise no pa?s foi de 100.397; a taxa anual de mortalidade bruta foi de 17,9% e o n?mero absoluto de indiv?duos em di?lise tem aumentado 3% ao ano nos ?ltimos tr?s anos. Como no Brasil n?o h? dados fidedignos de DRC n?o dial?tica, para fins de programa??o, a Secretaria de Estado de Sa?de de Minas Gerais (SES/MG) estima que 11,6% dos adultos mineiros (com idade igual ou superior a 20 anos) apresentem DRC em um dos seus est?gios. Deste modo, considerando a relev?ncia e o impacto da DRC na sa?de da popula??o brasileira, o presente estudo tem por objetivo central realizar o rastreio desta doen?a em adultos em uma Estrat?gia de Sa?de da Fam?lia da cidade de Diamantina, Minas Gerais, bem como promover a capacita??o dos profissionais m?dicos e enfermeiros deste munic?pio em rela??o ? mesma. Foi realizado, atrav?s de an?lise das fichas do Sistema de Informa??o da Aten??o B?sica, o levantamento de todos os usu?rios com presen?a de algum fator de risco para o desenvolvimento da DRC na ESF Cazuza, Diamantina. Os usu?rios do Sistema ?nico de Sa?de que apresentaram fatores de risco para DRC foram convidados a participar de entrevistas onde foram coletados dados s?cio demogr?ficos, comportamentais, comorbidades e antropom?tricos. Foram coletados materiais biol?gicos (sangue e urina) para realiza??o dos exames de creatinina s?rica e urin?ria, urina rotina e prote?nas totais na urina. O valor da creatinina s?rica foi utilizado para fazer a estimativa da Taxa de Filtra??o Glomerular (TFG) utilizando o nomograma baseado na equa??o Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI). Na urina rotina, especial aten??o foi dada ? presen?a de hemat?ria de origem glomerular tendo como sinais a presen?a de cilindros hem?ticos ou dismorfismo eritrocit?rio. Os resultados dos exames de prote?nas totais na urina e creatinina urin?ria foram utilizados para calcular a rela??o protein?ria/creatinin?ria. Assim foi poss?vel rastrear a presen?a da DRC em 191 indiv?duos. Destes pacientes, 57,6% eram do sexo feminino, 73,8% de ra?a n?o branca, 64,4% possu?a ensino fundamental incompleto, 81,2% eram sedent?rios, 13,1% apresentaram uso abusivo do ?lcool, 63,4% eram hipertensos, 10,0% eram diab?ticos, 35,1% estavam obesos e 18,3% tinham hist?ria familiar de DRC. Com a estimativa da TFG obteve-se 53,4% no est?gio 1. O rastreio para DRC foi positivo para 14,2% dos pacientes. As informa??es obtidas dos pacientes foram utilizadas nas capacita??es no formato de m?dulos de capacita??o para m?dicos e enfermeiros que atuam na Estrat?gia de Sa?de da Fam?lia de Diamantina, MG, sendo que estes treinamentos geraram uma melhora do n?vel de conhecimento dos profissionais participantes de 8,8%. Pode-se concluir a import?ncia da atua??o dos profissionais da aten??o prim?ria a sa?de no controle dos fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento e progress?o da DRC. / Disserta??o (Mestrado Profissional) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Sa?de, Sociedade e Ambiente, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016. / Chronic Kidney Disease is an important public health problem all over the world because its incidence and prevalence have been growing, the cost to treat it is high, and prevention measures need to be implemented. The Brazilian Chronic Dialysis Survey has shown that in July 2013 the estimated total number of individuals on dialysis in the Brazil was 100,397; the annual crude death rate was 17.9%, and the absolute number of individuals on dialysis has grown by 3% a year over the last three years. Since there are no reliable data concerning non-dialytic CKD in Brazil, the Health Department of the State of Minas Gerais (Secretaria de Estado de Sa?de de Minas Gerais ? SES/MG), for planning purposes, estimates that 11.6% of the adults born in Minas Gerais (aged 20 or higher) present with CKD in one of its stages. Therefore, considering the relevance and impact of CKD on the health of the Brazilian population, the central aim of this study is to screen for this disease in adults in a Family Health Strategy in the city of Diamantina, state of Minas Gerais, as well as to promote the training of medical professionals and nurses in this municipality as far as CKD is concerned. Upon analysis of the records of the Basic HealthCare Information System, data were compiled on all users presenting any risk factor for the development of CKD in the Cazuza FHS in Diamantina. Users of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) who presented risk factors for CKD were invited to participate in interviews where socio-demographic, behavioral, comorbidity, and anthropometric data were gathered. Biological materials (blood and urine) were collected for serum and urine creatinine, routine urine, and total urine protein tests. The value of serum creatinine was utilized to estimate the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) using the nomogram based on the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration(CKD-EPI) equation. In the routine urine test, special attention was given to the presence of hematuria of glomerular origin characterized by the presence of red blood cell casts or dysmorphic erythrocytes.The results of the total urine protein and urine creatinine tests were utilized to calculate the proteinuria/creatinuria ratio. Thus, it was possible to screen the presence of CKD in 191 individuals. Out of these patients, 57.6% were females, 73.8% were non-whites, 64.4% had not completed their primary education, 81.2% were sedentary, 13.1% were alcohol abusers, 63.4% were hypertensives, 10.0% were diabetics, 35.1% were obese, and 18.3% had a family history of CKD. According to the GFR estimate, 53.4% of the individuals are in stage 1. The screening for CKD was positive for 14.2% of the patients. The information obtained from patients was utilized in the training provided to physicians and nurses who work in the Family Health Strategy in Diamantina, MG. This training, carried out in modules, improved by 8.8% the level of knowledge of the professionals who attended it. Hence, it can be concluded that the actions of primary health care professionals are important to control risk factors leading to the development and progression of CKD.

Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Social and Clinical pharmacy Student: Veronika Fořtová Supervisor: Jitka Pokladníková Title of diploma thesis: Health promotion in community pharmacy The main aim of this diploma thesis is the evaluation of the questionnaire survey among the pharmacists in a relation to the alternative approaches to the health care, and the evaluation of the obstacles that are hindering greater development of these approaches. The theoretical part describes issues connected with health and health promotion. The next part is focused on alternative approaches to health, describing human as a whole being and relationship being, complementary and alternative medicine, and on describing traditional Chinese medicine. The research part is describing initial conditions for the implementation of the questionnaire survey and describes information resulting from this survey divided into several different aspects (city size, age category of respondents, length of their experience etc.). In the discussion part, the theoretical part is summarized that the bio-psycho-social approach is developed by the psychosomatic medicine. This integral view coincides with the initial definition of health, respectively with the intent described in WHO...