The purpose of this thesis is to broadly determine the influence of the Constitution on the South African labour environment and to do so from the perspective of the labour rights of workers who fall outside the ambit of the traditional common law contract of employment. An examination of the Constitution’s influence will involve a consideration of various aspects including: (i) The evolution of the concept of employee and the contract of employment; (ii) The impact of the Constitution on South African labour relations and labour laws; (iii) The purposive interpretation of legislation; (iv) An outline of the 'Kylie' CCMA ruling and Labour Court judgment; (v) The current legal position of prostitution in South Africa; (vi) The requirements for a meaningful transformation in the legal treatment of sex workers particularly as regards their entitlement to the protections afforded to vulnerable workers provided in the LRA. / Magister Philosophiae - MPhil

This in-depth study looked at a major manufacturing company during a year when management projected contract losses and massive lay-offs and terminations. The company's hourly employee culture indicated that the major automotive customers of the company were influential driving forces and would rescue the company from the dire management predictions. The principal major research question was to determine the accuracy of predictions based upon the company's hourly workers' culture versus management's predictions and actions based upon external sources.Another investigation area was the company management's actions to manifest their avowed "our employees are our most valuable resource and asset" belief statement. Similarly, would the Professional and Technician Equal Employment Opportunity job groups have the smallest percent of reduction, since the company's primary strength was purported to lie in its engineering and technical employees?Interviews, data collection and analysis, and monthly task force investigations and communications revealed the company culture was definitely more accurate than the numerous predictions made by management. As the "culture" predicted, the loss of the contracts did not occur. The company concluded the year with increases in total employment. Temporary lay-offs did occur during the year and management took numerous actions to help both retained employees and those being terminated or laid-off. Such actions included outplacement services, stress reduction programs, job placement and resume writing, and instituting communication networks and procedures and a Dispute Resolution Procedure. The company did show that the employees were valuable and important assets.The reduction numbers and percents for the Professionals (engineers) and Technicians were exactly opposite of what management typically avowed. The largest category reduced was the Technicians and the second-largest category was the Professionals.The company continued to be quite viable and the future outlook became optimistic, which coincides with the company culture that the major automotive customers will always be there needing the company's products.The company management took several steps to prevent their predictions from occurring, while hourly employees, using only history which is not a very dependable source for industry today, happened to be correct in this study.The primary conclusion was that the culture of the company's hourly workers was more accurate in predicting the future than management's predictions based on supposed knowledgeable external sources. It was recommended that internal cultural based predictions and externally based information be blended together for the most accurate predictions. This will provide all managements everywhere a better information base for making decisions, particularly strategic planning decisions. / Center for Lifelong Education

La tesi affronta il tema delle tecniche di controllo del potere datoriale nelle procedure di riduzione del personale, con l’intento di verificare se la legge n. 92/2012 (c.d. Riforma Fornero) abbia inciso sul controllo individuale-giudiziale e su quello collettivo-sindacale. Nel primo capitolo si illustrano le ragioni per cui la verifica giudiziale sulla giustificazione dei licenziamenti collettivi, già doverosa alla luce della legge n. 223 del 1991, rimanga essenziale nel quadro della riforma Fornero, pur in considerazione dell'impatto provocato dal nuovo regime sanzionatorio sulle concrete modalità di attuazione di questo accertamento. Nel secondo capitolo si dimostra perché, sebbene la legge sembri diretta a valorizzare il ruolo del sindacato nella procedura (attribuendo grande rilievo all'accordo sindacale raggiunto nel corso dell'esame congiunto) in realtà riduca fortemente gli spazi di negoziazione collettiva determinando un complessivo indebolimento del ruolo delle oo.ss. a danno dell’effettività del controllo sindacale. Nel terzo capitolo si analizzano gli aspetti più rilevanti della verifica sindacale e giudiziale sui criteri di scelta, che rappresentano uno degli aspetti più delicati della disciplina dei licenziamenti collettivi per la loro diretta ricaduta sulla posizione dei singoli. In conclusione si afferma che solo la piena realizzazione dei due modelli di tutela (individuale e collettiva), in una visione che considera il controllo giudiziale e quello sindacale complementari e non alternativi, sia in grado di assicurare il livello di protezione dei lavoratori voluto dal legislatore del 1991. / The thesis concerns collective redundancies and focuses on the limits that the law and the collective bargaining put to the employer's powers, with specific regard to employer's discretionary during the redundancy procedure, in order to verify whether the law 92/2012 (known as Fornero Reform), affected the judge's control and the trade union. In the first chapter we can find the reasons investigating if the judgemental control over the substantive fairness of collective dismissals, which was already due following the law n. 223/1991, still remains essential in the Fornero reform. In the second chapter it is clarified why, although the reform seems to enhance the role of the trade union in the procedure, in fact it reduces the possibilities of collective bargaining and, as a consequence it weakens the trade union control. The third and last chapter analyzes the most relevant aspects of the criteria to select employees for redundancy from both sides either either judicial and from the trade union side. In the end it is considered that only though a double vision, judicial and union, it is possible to grant a fair protection to the workers as planned from the legislator of 1991.

This article analyzes the three major debates that have steadily been following the numerous regulatory changes, as regards dismissal, preceded the recent reform of 2012. They are: the regulation of the principle of causality and contradiction of dismissal which involves the allocation of unfair dismissal statute efficiency, reducing the cost of dismissal as a measure to combat chronic high rate of temporary employment in the Spanish industrial relations system and, finally, the argument of maintaining historical administrative authorization for lay offs of collective character. An examination of these discussions, we try to review schematically the most controversial aspects of that reform, paying particular attention to the matters of regulation and choice of the legislature by the most extreme solutions for dismissal. / El presente trabajo analiza los tres grandes debates que de manera constante han venido acompañando a los numerosos cambios normativos que, en materia de despido, han precedido a la última reforma de 2012. Son ellos: la regulación del principio de causalidad del despido y la contradicción que comporta la atribución de eficacia extintiva a los despidos injustificados, la reducción del coste de despido como medida para combatir la crónica alta tasa de temporalidad en el sistema español de relaciones laborales y, en fin, la discusión del mantenimiento de la histórica autorización administrativa para los despidos de carácter colectivo. A partir del examen de estos debates, se intenta pasar revista de manera esquemática a los aspectos más controvertidos de la mencionada reforma, prestando una especial atención a las materias objeto de regulación y a la opción del legislador por las soluciones más extremas en materia de despido.

This article develops the theme of job security, from the viewpoint of unfair or arbitrary dismissal. The author proposes an unemployment insurance funded by employers to the detriment of dismissal is compensated not only with the payment of compensation; foregoing the right to work wherever equivalent to compliance with the labor law institutions as freedom of association. / El presente artículo desarrolla el tema de la estabilidad laboral, desde el enfoque del despido injusto o arbitrario. El autor propone un seguro por desempleo, financiado por los empleadores con el fin de que el perjuicio del despido sea resarcido no solo con el pago de una indemnización; lo anterior siempre que sea equivalente al respeto de las instituciones de derecho laboral como la libertad sindical y sobretodo el derecho al trabajo.

The Internal Labor Regulations is a rule law that could be created by the employer. In that sense, its position in the system of sources is residual because it can not contravene the government rules nor the collective agreement content. However, case law has considered it many times to assess the validity of a dismissal or the existence of an employment relationship. This article seeks to review these issues and to assess the validity of the rule that regulates it (Supreme Decree 39-91-TR). / El Reglamento Interno de Trabajo es una norma que puede ser creada por el empleador. En ese sentido, su posición en el sistema de fuentes es residual dado que no puede contravenir el contenido de las normas heterónomas, ni tampoco al convenio colectivo. Sin embargo, la jurisprudencia lo ha considerado muchas veces para evaluar la validéz de un despido o la existencia de una relación laboral. El presente artículo busca repasar esos temas, así como evaluar la vigencia de la norma que lo regula (Decreto Supremo 39-91-TR).

- Application of the UNCITRALArbitration Rules in practice This master thesis deals with the new trends in arbitration and their applicability by the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules as the most important ad hoc arbitration rules worldwide. The purpose of the master thesis is to clarify how UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules are applied in practice related to the new trends and compared to "rival" institutionalized arbitration rules. The aim of the master thesis is to determine which of these trends can be incorporated in the form of new provisions into the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules and to what extent such an amendment would be beneficial to the "user" of these rules. It is worth noting that the aim of the thesis is not to provide an exhaustive enumeration of all current trends in the arbitration. The thesis is divided into three parts; each part is made up of several chapters. The first part analyzes the basic elements of the arbitration, the differences between institutionalized and ad hoc arbitration as well as the basic elements of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules. The second part deals with the new trends in arbitration: expedited procedure, summary procedure (summary dismissal) and consolidation of arbitrations. In the introduction, there is a list of all above-mentioned trends in the arbitration. In later...

no abstract available / Jurisprudence / M.A. (Spesialisering in Arbeidsreg)

O direito ao trabalho e a proteção jurídica contra a dispensa imotivada constituem categoria de interesse nos mais diversificados estudos que integram a ciência jurídica laboral e o direito constitucional contemporâneo, e vem sendo abordado com objetivos de compreensão e identificação de caminhos que possibilitem sua existência com eficiência e eficácia. Constituindo interesse jurídico de expressão social, estes dois institutos são tratados nesta tese de forma interdependente e conexa, e se aliam ao conjunto jurídico disponível no ordenamento brasileiro para novos comportamentos e redefinição de conceitos essenciais ao Direito e ao Direito do Trabalho. Esta tese propõe um aprofundamento sobre a temática de proteção e valoração do trabalho, e do direito a trabalhar, com enfoque sobre a busca de uma efetividade para o artigo 7º, I, da Constituição Federal, que ao longo de mais de duas décadas permanece inerte e vago no plano do direito laboral, concentrando uma feição econômica superdimensionada que persiste sobre o término dos contratos de trabalho. Questiona o poder potestativo ilimitado adotando uma inserção e compreensão conceitual, a partir da teoria do abuso do direito, e com indexação dos princípios de justiça social inseridos na Carta constitucional brasileira. Registra novos caminhos que valorizam a dignidade do trabalhador buscando requisito de reequilíbrio e igualdade entre os sujeitos do contrato de trabalho. Dimensiona novos comportamentos jurídicos que prescindem a espera legislativa, renovando e rediscutindo conceitos que resgatam a relação entre fato social, realidade e norma. Enfim, busca reacender a centralidade da proteção sobre a dispensa imotivada num contexto de garantia fundamental, e dentro de uma sociedade jurídica e jurisdicional que tem papel fundamental sobre as agonias sociais que se resvalaram sobre sociedade do trabalho. / Labor work and judicial protection against dismissal without cause establish a field of interest in various and diverse types of studies, which complement the labor judicial science and the contemporary constitutional law, and have been approached with aims at understanding and identifying ways which may bring them up with efficiency and efficacy. Complementing judicial interest of social expression, both these institutes are discussed in this thesis interdependently and connectedly, and join the judicial set available in the Brazilian ordering for new behaviors and essential concept definitions to Law and Labor Work. This thesis suggests going deeper into the theme on work protection and valuation, and on labor rights, focusing on a search for bringing into effect Article 7, I, from the Federal Constitution, which has been untouched and uncertain for over two decades in the labor work plain, centralizing an oversized economical dimension which persists over the work contract termination. It questions the unlimited dismissing power adopting a conceptual insertion and comprehension, from the abuse of right, attaching principles of social justice inserted in the Brazilian constitutional Charter. It records new paths, which value the workers dignity, searching for balance and equality requirements among those mentioned in the work contract. It opens up new judicial behaviors, which decline the legislative waiting, renewing and going back on the concepts that redeem the relation between social fact, reality and norm. It, then, tries to reignite the protection centrality over the dismissal without cause in a context of fundamental guarantee, and within a judicial and jurisdictional society whose role over the social sufferings, which slide into work society, is fundamental.

Labour law in South Africa has evolved over the past century at an ever increasing pace. The establishment of a democratic government in 1995 has been the trigger for a large number of labour law statutes being promulgated, particularly with reference to the laws governing the employment relationship and dismissal. From very humble and employer biased dispute resolution application under the common law of contract, labour law in this country has evolved through the various acts culminating in a labour law system which is highly regulated and codified. Dismissal for medical incapacity in this treatise is reviewed with regard to the applicable statutes and the various codes of good practice as the law has evolved and developed from the period covered by the common law through that covered by the 1995 LRA up to and including the current period. Particular attention is paid to both substantive and procedural requirements as well as the remedies applicable under the different legal regimes and the pertinent tribunals and courts. Regard is also given to the duration and causes of incapacity and the effect this may have on the applicable remedy applied by these tribunals. It will become apparant that the medically incapacitated employee occupied a relatively weak and vulnerable position under the common law as opposed to the current position under the 1995 LRA. The influence of the remedies applied by the tribunals under the 1956 LRA are clearly evident in the current regulations and codes under the 1995 LRA which contain specific statutory provisions for employees not to be unfairly dismissed. Distinctions are drawn between permissible and impermissible dismissals, with medical incapacity falling under the former. v Furthermore, a distinction is drawn statutorily between permanent and temporary illhealth/ injury incapacity with detailed guidelines for substantive and procedural fairness requirements to be met by employers. The powers of the specialist tribunals (CCMA, Bargaining Councils and Labour Courts) are regulated by statutory provisions and deal with appropriate remedies (reinstatement and/or compensation) a wardable in appropriate circumstances. Certain specific areas nonetheless still remain problematic for these tribunals and hence questions that require clear direction from the drafters of our law are: 1. How to distinguish misconduct in alcohol and drug abuse cases? 2. What degree of intermittent absenteeism is required before dismissal would be warranted? In certain other areas the tribunals have been fairly consistent and prescriptive in their approach and remedies awarded. Included here would be permanent incapacity, HIV cases and misconduct. It will emerge, however, that under the 1995 LRA the position of employees and the protections afforded them have been greatly increased.