Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Patterns of the expansion of woody cover into grasslands on barrier islands of the Virginia coast were investigated. Seed dispersal of the dominant shrub Morella spp., was sampled deploying seed traps (n = 82) throughout a landscape under shrub encroachment pressure on Hog Island, VA. Traps were placed underneath: fruiting Morella, non-fruiting Morella, co-occurring species (Iva frutescens and Baccharis halimifolia) and in grass land, (no shrub cover). Environmental filters that act upon dispersed seeds and subsequently determine establishment patterns were also investigated. Dispersal distribution throughout the encroachment zone was leptokurtic and dispersal among cover types suggest co-occurring shrub species facilitate dispersal by functioning as bird perches. Interaction of biotic and abiotic factors mediate a complex process of establishment by influencing dispersal, germination and seedling survival to ultimately determine distribution patterns of woody plants in coastal environments.

In 1997 the Richmond Redevelopment and Housing Authority received a HOPE VI grant from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development in the amount of $26.9 million to revitalize the Blackwell scattered site public housing community. The mixed income approach of HOPE VI calls for a reduction of public housing units, thus requiring all households to relocate to other neighborhoods. This research analyzed socioeconomic data to examine the relocation of households, assess whether they moved to better neighborhoods, and compare them to other poor households. Over half of all households moved to other distressed neighborhoods in the Northside, East End, and Southside sections of Richmond. While voucher households moved to better neighborhoods, public housing households appeared to move to neighborhoods of similar and worse quality than Blackwell. Overall, relocated households moved to less stable communities than other poor households. Research suggests that a regional approach is needed to open suburban housing options to low-income families in order to effectively deconcentrate poverty.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Plant Pathology / James Stack / The trade of food, plant, and animal products has increased the worldwide movement and establishment of exotic pathogens with dramatic negative impacts on plant systems. Fusarium proliferatum is a broad host-range pathogen and among the most common maize pathogens globally. It is often seed-borne and symptomless in maize, making it a high risk for introduction in maize and other grains. Considering the global distribution of maize and the wide host range and production of mycotoxins by F. proliferatum, a better understanding of its life history is needed. To provide markers for tracking F. proliferatum in laboratory experiments, strains of F. proliferatum were transformed to express a green fluorescent protein (GFP). Active dispersal (at least 1.5cm at 25°C and -50mb soil matric potential) and colonization of organic matter in nonsterile field soil was demonstrated in soil microcosms. Fusarium verticillioides is commonly isolated from maize seed also colonized by F. proliferatum. A red fluorescent (mRFP) F. verticillioides transformant was developed to study competition with F. proliferatum. For quantification in host tissues, a TaqMan multiplex qPCR protocol was developed using primer and probe sets targeting fragments of the green and red fluorescence genes to detect F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides, respectively. Prior colonization of maize tissues by F. verticillioides (p=0.6749) and other seed-borne microorganisms (p=0.1910) did not affect subsequent colonization by F. proliferatum. Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) was used to identify genetic markers in F. proliferatum. Primer sets based GBS markers were designed to allow detection of specific isolates in field experiments. F. proliferatum populations were characterized from maize seed prior to planting and again after harvest. End-point PCR identified F. proliferatum isolates containing the GBS marker. AFLP-fingerprinting indicated that 23 of the 817 F. proliferatum isolates contained the molecular marker and were genetically related to the original isolate. Based on the subclade and percentage similarity in UPGMA phylogenetic trees, and the population grouping observed in STRUCTURE and Principal Coordinate Analysis, these isolates could have a single origin and be clonal. Understanding the life cycle of F. proliferatum is critical for learning more about the risk of introducing seed-borne exotic isolates into new environments.

The Rio Grande cichlid (Herichthys cyanoguttatus) has been established in the Greater New Orleans Metropolitan Area (GNOMA) for at least 20 years. It is often the most common fish species in urban canals and has also been found in natural waterways outside of the GNOMA. The effects and potential for further spread of H. cyanoguttatus is uncertain. My research addressed how extensive the cichlids spread in the GNOMA, how H. cyanoguttatus interacted with L. macrochirus, a native fish, and what salinity tolerance this species has. Surveys on Lake Pontchartrain and in the GNOMA indicated that H. cyanoguttatus is well established in urban habitats. These surveys also indicate that H. cyanoguttatus has spread rapidly into Bayou Saint John and City Park in recent years and that H. cyanoguttatus populations were relatively unaffected by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. There is little evidence that H. cyanoguttatus has become established outside of the GNOMA, but this lack of persistence cannot be explained by abiotic variables I measured. Salinity may be a factor and this was measured in growth trials of H. cyanoguttatus. Salinities up to 16 ppt, however, had no significant effect on H. cyanoguttatus growth. Interspecific behavioral experiments were conducted to examine potential biotic interactions with native fish species. Prior resident trials indicated that H. cyanoguttatus was aggressive whether holding territory or not, and that native bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) was only aggressive while holding territory. Feeding experiments were performed to examine biotic interactions between H. cyanoguttatus and L. macrochirus. Lepomis macrochirus grew faster than H. cyanoguttatus when inter- and intraspecific trials were compared; however, no significant growth differences were seen when trials were structured with L. macrochirus as prior residents. The major findings of my research are a high salinity tolerance of H. cyanoguttatus, a potential mechanism for H. cyanoguttatus affecting native fishes through aggression as residents and invaders, and the presence of H. cyanoguttatus throughout the GNOMA, before and after the hurricanes.

Entender como as interações ecológicas moldaram a dinâmica evolutiva dos caracteres das espécies continua sendo um desafio em ecologia evolutiva. Combinando modelos de evolução de caracteres e filogenias, nós analisamos a evolução de caracteres associadas à dispersão de sementes (tamanho e cor do fruto) e herbivoria (espinhos) em palmeiras neotropicais para inferir o papel das interações positivas e negativas entre plantas e animais na condução dos padrões evolutivos. Nós encontramos que o tamanho e a coloração dos frutos é evolutivamente correlacionada ao longo da história evolutiva das palmeiras neotropicais, suportando a interpretação adaptativa das síndromes de dispersão e destacando o papel de frugívoros em moldar caracteres de plantas. Além disso, nós encontramos uma associação positiva nas linhagens de palmeiras entre o tamanho de fruto e a presença de espinhos nas folhas e caule. Nós hipotetizamos que interações entre palmeiras e grandes mamíferos extintos podem explicar a relação entre tamanho de frutos e espinhos nas linhagens de palmeiras. Frugívoros de grande porte, como a megafauna extinta, além de consumir os frutos e dispersar sementes grandes, também podem consumir e/ou danificar outras partes da planta, favorecendo simultaneamente a evolução de grandes frutos e estruturas de defesa. Nossos resultados mostram como os padrões de caracteres atuais de um determinado clado podem ser entendidos como o resultado da interação entre interações antagonistas e mutualistas que aconteceram ao longo da história evolutiva do clado / Understanding how ecological interactions have shaped the evolutionary dynamics of species traits remains a challenge in evolutionary ecology. Combining trait evolution models and phylogenies, we analyzed the evolution of traits associated with seed dispersal (fruit size and color) and herbivory (spines) in Neotropical palms to infer the role of opposing animal-plant interactions in driving evolutionary patterns. We found that the evolution of fruit color and fruit size were associated in Neotropical palms, supporting the adaptive interpretation of seed-dispersal syndromes and highlighting the role of frugivores in shaping plant evolution. Furthermore, we reveal a positive association between fruit size and the presence of spines on palm leaves and stems. We hypothesize that interactions between palms and extinct large-bodied frugivores may explain the relationship between fruit size and spines. Large-bodied frugivores, such as extinct megafauna, besides consuming the fruits and dispersing large seeds, may also have consumed the leaves or damaged the plants, thus simultaneously favoring the evolution of large fruits and defensive structures. Our findings show how current trait patterns can be understood as the result of the interplay between antagonistic and mutualistic interactions that have happened throughout the evolutionary history of a clade

Orientador: Odair Aparecido Fernandes / Resumo: O cultivo de milho pode ser realizado em consórcio com outras gramíneas como Urochloa ruziziensis (Germain & Evrard). Assim, a lagarta-do- cartucho pode se desenvolver nesta última e se movimentar posteriormente para o milho. Entretanto, larvas em estádios de desenvolvimento mais avançados podem não ser afetadas pela concentração expressa de proteína inseticida nos híbridos de milho. Diante disso, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a movimentação de larvas de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) em cultivo de milho cultivado em consórcio com U. ruziziensis. O estudo foi conduzido em campo e em gaiolas teladas. Os tratamentos consistiram em milho híbrido Bt e milho não Bt cultivados em consórcio ou não, além do cultivo solteiro de U. ruziziensis. Os resultados indicaram que larvas neonatas de S. frugiperda se movimentam do milho para o capim e vice- versa. Isto favoreceu a sobrevivência dos insetos, principalmente nas situações de consórcio quando dois recursos alimentares estavam disponíveis. Por outro lado, não se verificou a presença de larvas de 4o a 6o ínstares em plantas de milho Bt em consórcio com U. ruziziensis. Isto sugere que a expressão de proteína Vip 3 é suficientemente elevada para causar mortalidade mesmo em larvas mais desenvolvidas. Estes resultados são importantes para aprimoramento do atual programa de manejo de resistência de insetos às táticas de controle para garantir a maior durabilidade da tecnologia e constatar se o capim pode ser usado como refúgio ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Animals must balance multiple, fitness-related traits in environments that are complex and characterized by co-varying factors, such as co-variation in temperature and food availability. Thus, experiments manipulating multiple environmental factors provide valuable insight into the role of the environment in shaping not only important traits (e.g., dispersal capacity or reproduction), but also trait-trait interactions (e.g., trade-offs between traits). We employed a multi-factorial design to manipulate variation in temperature (constant 28°C vs. 28±5°C daily cycle) and food availability (unlimited vs. intermittent access) throughout development in the sand field cricket, Gryllus firmus. We found that fitness-related, life-history traits and trait trade-offs can be developmentally plastic in response to variation in temperature and food availability. Variability in temperature and food availability influenced development, growth, body size, reproductive investment, and/or flight capacity, and food availability also affected survival to adulthood. Further, both constant temperature and unlimited food availability promoted investment into key components of somatic and reproductive tissues while reducing investment into flight capacity. We develop an experimental and statistical framework to reveal shifts in correlative patterns of investment into different life-history traits. This approach can be applied to a range of animal systems to investigate how environmental complexity influences traits and trait trade-offs.

La connexion entre milieux aquatiques et terrestres a suscité l’intérêt de la communauté scientifique, notamment l’effet du transfert d’énergie et de matière sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes adjacents. Beaucoup d’études se sont intéressées aux apports d’insectes aquatiques ailés dans les écosystèmes naturels, mais peu à leur impact en milieu agricole. En modifiant la production secondaire d’invertébrés aquatiques, les pratiques agricoles sont à même d’intensifier ou diminuer l’effet de ces apports aquatiques dans les terres agricoles et par conséquent la fourniture de services écosystémiques utiles à l’agriculture. Nous avons collecté des données d’émergences et de dispersion d’insectes aquatiques depuis plusieurs rivières dans des paysages agricoles. Les principaux groupes d’insectes émergents sont les trichoptères (56%), chironomidés (25%) et éphéméroptères (19%). Nous estimons la biomasse sèche émergente entre 1445 et 7374 mg m-2 an-1 selon les sites. Une majorité de ces insectes aquatiques se déposent sur une bande entre 0 et 10 mètres du bord de la rivière mais une proportion importante (45%) se dépose dans les cultures après 20 mètres. Nous apportons de nouvelles et prometteuses connaissances suggérant que les insectes aquatiques participent à la fourniture de plusieurs services écosystémiques (fertilisation, contrôle biologie, épuration de l’eau et pollinisation). En paysage agricole, une communauté d’insectes riche et abondant est nécessaire à la mise en place d’un système agricole durable. Nous pensons que le rôle des insectes aquatiques est à ce titre important et suggérons de nouvelles pistes de recherches pour l’agroécologie. / The connection between aquatic and terrestrial habitats has increased scientific interest in ecological subsidies, focusing on how the transfer of matter and energy between adjacent ecosystems can modify the ecosystems functioning. Much attention has focused on aquatic subsidies associated with winged aquatic insects in pristine areas, but their implication in agricultural landscapes is rarely considered. By altering the production of benthic macroinvertebrates, agricultural practices can increase or decrease the strength of aquatic subsidies and subsequently the provision of several ecosystem services to agriculture. We have monitored the emergence and inland dispersal of adult aquatic insects from several agricultural streams. Most emerging dry mass (DM) belong to Trichoptera (56%), Chironomidae (25%) and Ephemeroptera (19%). We estimate that annual emerging dry mass of aquatic insects ranged between 1445 and 7374 mg m-2 y-1 depending on stream. The majority of aquatic insects emerging falls between 0 and 10 meters from stream hedges. However, a great proportion (45%) though disperses and eventually falls after 20 meters from the stream. We provide new and promising evidence suggesting that winged stream insects can support several ecosystem services (soil fertilization, crop pest control, water purification and pollination). In agricultural landscapes, a rich and abundant insect community is necessary to promote sustainable practices, and we believe the role of aquatic subsidies in providing ecosystem services to agriculture is a new and promising field of research in agroecology.

Frutos com sementes que são dispersas por vertebrados são muito freqüentes em florestas tropicais. Porém há uma grande variação na proporção de frutos zoocóricos quando se comparam diferentes comunidades. A Mata Atlântica deve possuir entre suas espécies, semelhante proporção de dispersão biótica com outras comunidades de floresta tropical mas deve apresentar diferenças entre as comunidades que a compõe caso sejam consideradas suas diferenças vegetacionais. No primeiro capítulo desta dissertação as síndromes de dispersão de sementes de espécies arbustivo-arbóreas foram quantificadas de forma geral para o domínio da Mata Atlântica e suas comunidades foram comparadas entre os três tipos de vegetações florestais que a compõe. As florestas ombrófila, estacional semidecidual e estacional decidual também foram comparadas quanto a variáveis relacionadas aos frutos zoocóricos como o tipo de dispersor (aves, mamíferos ou misto), tamanho do diásporo (diâmetro e comprimento) e cor do fruto. Para isso foram compiladas informações para mais de 2000 espécies de plantas, pertencentes a 188 comunidades no domínio da Mata Atlântica. As florestas que compões seu domínio diferem entre si. As comunidades da floresta ombrófila, que é a mais úmida, possuem maior proporção de frutos zoocóricos, maior proporção de frutos ornitocóricos, média dos diâmetros dos diásporos menores e maior proporção de cores preferencialmente relacionadas à dispersão por aves. O segundo capítulo, considerando que as espécies dispersas por animais aumentam das florestas temperadas para as florestas mais úmidas e variam de acordo com outros fatores ambientais como altitude, aridez, tipo de solo, disponibilidade de oxigênio, nutrientes, luz, e disponibilidade de dispersores, verifica quais variáveis climáticas e espaciais influenciam os modos de dispersão e as características dos frutos em comunidades do domínio da Mata Atlântica. As análises efetuadas envolveram correlações de Spearman e modelos de regressão linear entre as variáveis explanatórias (temperatura, precipitação, distância do oceano, latitude, longitude, entre outras). Os resultados principais encontrados foram: (a) comunidades vegetais com maior proporção de zoocoria entre suas espécies possuem mais frutos dispersos por aves do que por mamíferos, e também possuem frutos menores; (b) a altitude é um gradiente onde comunidades vegetais mais elevadas e com menores temperaturas, apresentam maior proporção de espécies ornitocóricas, com diásporos de menor diâmetro. / Fruits with seeds dispersed by vertebrates are very frequent in tropical forests. However, there is a great variation in the proportion of zoochoric fruits when different communities are compared. Atlantic forest might have between its species, similar proportion of biotic dispersal modes comparing with other tropical forest communities but, its communities might show differences between if vegetational differences are considered. In the first chapter of this dissertation, the seed dispersal syndromes of shrub and tree species had been quantified for the domain of Atlantic forests and its communities had been compared between the three types of forest vegetations types that compose it. The forests humid forest, the stational semidecidual and the stacional decidual forest had been also compared in relation to others zoochoric fruit variables related as the type of disperser (birds, mammals or mixed), size of diaspore (diameter and length) and color of the fruit. Information has been taken for more than 2000 species of plants, compiled for 188 communities in the domain of Atlantic forest. The forests differs from each other. The communities of the humid forest have higher proportions of zoochory, higher proportion of bird dispersed fruits, smaller diameter means and higher mean of preferential colors related to bird dispersion. In the second chapter, considering that vertebrate dispersed species increase from temperate forests to the most humid forests and varies according to other environmental factors as altitude, dryness, soil type, oxygen availability, nutrients, light, and availability of dispersers, we verified which climatic and special variable influence the dispersal modes and the fruit traits in communities at the domain of Atlantic forest. The analyses had involved Spearman rank correlations and regression linear models between explanatory variables (temperature, precipitation, distance from the ocean, latitude, longitude, and others). The main results found are: (a) vegetal communities with higher proportion of zoochory have more bird dispersed fruits between its species than mammals fruits, and have also smaller fruits; (b) the altitude is a gradient where higher vegetal communities with lower temperatures show higher proportions of ornitochoric species, with smaller diameter diapores.