FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / No Brasil, estudos de avaliaÃÃo de micropoluentes emergentes em matrizes ambientais como esgotos sanitÃrios e hospitalares, e corpos de Ãgua, ainda sÃo bastante incipientes, assim como a remoÃÃo desses compostos em EstaÃÃes de Tratamento de Esgotos (ETEs) de baixo custo como lagoas de estabilizaÃÃo, assim como em sistemas de lodos ativados e sistemas anaerÃbio-aerÃbio compactos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral investigar a presenÃa de micropoluentes em matrizes ambientais como esgotos sanitÃrios e hospitalares, e Ãgua superficial, avaliar a remoÃÃo destes compostos em ETEs de baixo custo e aplicar o processo de oxidaÃÃo avanÃada (POA) UV/H2O2 como opÃÃo de pÃs-tratamento. Os principais micropoluentes emergentes estudados foram: 2,4,6-triclorofenol, pentaclorofenol, cafeÃna (CAF), dipirona (DIP), diclofenaco de sÃdio (DCF), bis (2-etil-hexil) ftalato (DEHP), estrona (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), β-estradiol 17-acetato (EA2), 17α-etinilestradiol (EE2) e colesterol (COL). As amostras foram coletadas em ETEs localizadas em Fortaleza e em sua regiÃo metropolitana. Os corpos receptores investigados foram o Rio Maranguapinho e o Riacho Paupina. Para a prÃ-concentraÃÃo dos micropoluentes utilizou-se extraÃÃo em fase sÃlida (SPE) com cartuchos C-18 e extraÃÃo lÃquido-lÃquido (ELL). A SPE foi a tÃcnica mais eficiente na concentraÃÃo da maioria dos micropoluentes emergentes, e a ELL se mostrou a melhor tÃcnica para compostos organoclorados. Foram realizados estudos de otimizaÃÃo das condiÃÃes de detecÃÃo dos compostos pelo uso de tÃcnicas de cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (GC/MS). Foram identificados compostos farmacÃuticos e desreguladores endÃcrinos em todas as amostras de esgotos com as seguintes faixas de concentraÃÃes efluentes: CAF (3,0-15,8 μg/L), DIP (0,3 μg/L), DCF (1,9 μg/L), DEHP (0,01-8,5μg/L), E1 (0,04-1,7 μg/L), E2 (0,03-4,0 μg/L), EA2 (0,14-9,3 μg/L), EE2 (1,0 μg/L) e COL (0,01-6,2 μg/L). Nos dois corpos receptores estudados (Rio Maranguapinho e Riacho Paupina) foram identificados desreguladores endÃcrinos. Os tratamentos realizados pelas ETEs nÃo foram suficientes para remoÃÃo total de todos os micropoluentes estudados, no entanto, a eficiÃncia para a maioria dos compostos foi acima de 50%. Em se tratando da avaliaÃÃo em sistemas de lagoas de estabilizaÃÃo, o estudo revelou boas eficiÃncias de remoÃÃo em sistemas constituÃdos de lagoa anaerÃbia seguida de facultativa e de maturaÃÃo, sendo os menores valores de remoÃÃo alcanÃados quando uma Ãnica lagoa facultativa primÃria estava presente. A avaliaÃÃo do uso do POA por meio do planejamento fatorial multivariado revelou que as melhores condiÃÃes para remoÃÃo de micropoluentes emergentes foram pH Ãcido (pH 3), concentraÃÃo de perÃxido de hidrogÃnio acima de 400 mg/L e tempos de detenÃÃo hidrÃulica no reator acima de 50min. / In Brazil, studies evaluating emerging micropollutants in environmental matrices such as sewage and hospital wastewater, as well as surface waters, are still quite incipient as well as the removal of these compounds in low cost Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) such as stabilization ponds, as well as in activated sludge systems or anaerobic/aerobic compact systems. This work aimed to investigate the presence of micropollutants in environmental matrices such as sewage and hospital wastewaters, and in surface waters. Additionally, this study evaluated the removal of these compounds in low-cost WWTPs and studied the advanced oxidation process (AOP) â UV/H2O2 â as a post-treatment option. The main emerging micropollutants studied were: 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, caffeine (CAF), dipyrone (DIP), sodium diclofenac (DCF), bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estradiol acetate (EA2), 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2) and cholesterol (CHO). The samples were collected from WWTPs located in Fortaleza and its metropolitan region. The receiving surface waters investigated were: Maranguapinho River and Paupina Creek. For the pre-concentration studies of micropollutants, solid phase extraction (SPE) with C-18 cartridges was used, as well as the liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method. The SPE technique was the most efficient method in concentrating the majority of emerging micropollutants, and the LLE proved to be the best technique for organochlorine compounds. Optimization studies were performed to detect the ideal conditions to determine the compounds by using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) techniques. In all wastewater samples pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds were identified, and the range of effluent concentrations were: CAF (3.0-15.8 μg/L), DIP (0.3 μg/L), DCF (1.9 μg/L), DEHP (0.01-8.5μg/L), E1 (0.04-1.7 μg/L), E2 (0.03-4.0 μg/L), EA2 (0.14-9.3 μg/L), EE2 (1.0 μg/L) and CHO (0.01-6.2 μg/L). Endocrine disrupting compounds were identified in the Maranguapinho River and Paupina Creek. The wastewater treatment in the WWTPs was not enough for the complete removal of all micropollutants studied; however, the efficiency level for most of compounds was above 50%. Regarding the evaluation in stabilization ponds systems, the study revealed good removal of micropollutants in systems composed of anaerobic pond followed by facultative and maturation ponds, in which the lowest efficiency levels were verified when a single facultative pond was present. The evaluation of the AOP as a post-treatment option by multivariate factorial design showed that the optimal conditions for the removal of emerging micropollutants were acidic pH (pH 3), hydrogen peroxide concentration above 400 mg/L and hydraulic retention times in the reactor above 50 minutes.

Desreguladores endócrinos são compostos que podem alterar o sistema endócrino dos indivíduos, bem como sua fertilidade e por em risco a saúde dos mesmos. Muitas questões relacionadas a esses compostos ainda não foram elucidadas, apesar de serem muito estudados recentemente. Diversas pesquisas têm sido feitas investigando-se o emprego de processos oxidativos avançados na degradação dos desreguladores endócrinos em águas naturais e residuárias. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a remoção do hormônio 17\'beta\'-estradiol em soluções aquosas por oxidação química. A pesquisa foi dividida em duas etapas, sendo que a primeira etapa consistiu na investigação do uso de brometo de prata/dióxido de titânio (\'AG\'BR\'/\'TI\'O IND.2\') como catalisador no processo de fotocatálise com luz visível. Para isso, foram avaliadas a influência da concentração de \'AG\'BR\'/\'TI\'O IND.2\' (0,020; 0,025; 0,050; 0,070 e 0,100 g/L) e a intensidade de luz visível incidente (6,6 x \'10 POT.5\' e 1,3 x \'10 POT.6\' Ix) na eficiência de degradação do 17\'beta\'-estradiol. Na segunda etapa avaliou-se o emprego de ozônio na degradação de 17\'beta\'-estradiol em soluções aquosas, variando-se as dosagens de ozônio (1,7; 3,3, 5,0 e 7,5 mg \'0 IND.3\'/L) aplicadas e o pH (3; 5; 7; 9 e 11) das amostras. Na primeira etapa, os resultados demonstram que E2 foi bastante sensível aos processos oxidativos empregados. A fotocatálise foi eficiente para oxidar 17\'beta\'-estradiol, demandando tempo de exposição pequeno, em torno de 4 minutos para obtenção de remoção da ordem de 98%, quando aplicada concentração de \'AG\'BR\'/\'TI\'O IND.2\' de 0,100 g/L e a intensidade de luz visível incidente de 1,3 x \'10 POT.6\' Ix. Na segunda etapa, observou-se que o aumento do pH promoveu maior rapidez na degradação do E2 e o aumento da massa de ozônio aplicada promoveu maior eficiência de degradação do 17\'beta\'-estradiol. / Endocrine disrupting chemicals are compounds that can alter the endocrine system of individuals and their fertility and threaten their health. Many issues related to these compounds have not been elucidated, although much studied recently. Many researchers have investigated the use of advanced oxidative processes in the degradation of endocrine disrupting compounds in water and wastewater. This work is a study of the removal of 17\'beta\'-estradiol in aqueous solutions by chemical oxidation. This work was divided into two stages. In the first one, the use of bromide of silver/titanium dioxide (\'AG\'BR\'/\'TI\'O IND.2\') was investigated as catalyst in the photocatalysis activity under visible light irradiation. It was evaluated the influence of the concentration of \'AG\'BR\'/\'TI\'O IND.2\' (0.020; 0.025; 0.050; 0.070 and 0.100 g/L) and the incident light intensity (6.6 x \'10 POT.5\' and 1.3 x \'10 POT.6\' Ix) in the efficiency of degradation of 17\'beta\'-estradiol. In the second step, it was evaluated the use of ozone in the degradation of 17\'beta\'-estradiol in aqueous solutions, ranging up the masses of applied ozone (1.7; 3.3; 5.0 and 7.5 mg \'0 IND.3\'/L) and the pH (3, 5, 7, 9 and 11) of the samples. In the first stage, the results show that E2 was very sensitive to oxidative processes applyed. The photocatalysis was efficient to oxidize the 17\'beta\'-estradiol, requiring short exposure time, around 4 minutes, to obtain the removal of 98% (0.100 g/L of \'AG\'BR\'/\'TI\'O IND.2\' and incident visible light intensity of 1.3 x \'10 POT.6\'. In the second step, it was observed that the raise in pH promoted faster degradation of E2 and the increase of the mass of applied ozone promoted high efficiency of degradation of 17\'beta\'-estradiol.

Orientador: Ricardo de Lima Isaac / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T23:00:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Peres_MarianaRodrigues_M.pdf: 4938252 bytes, checksum: e65c217dee0ac585f070316b2ec3fbda (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Nas últimas décadas, verifica-se um crescente interesse científico a respeito dos potenciais adversos associados à exposição humana e animal aos interferentes endócrinos. A ocorrência de interferentes endócrinos em efluente de Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETE) e em águas superficiais constitui um crescente interesse científico devido à probabilidade de que esses micropoluentes não sejam removidos nos processos físico-químicos empregados em Estação de Tratamento de Água (ETA) convencional. A adsorção em carvão ativado tem sido apontada com uma opção para a remoção de interferentes endócrinos em ETA. O presente trabalho avaliou a adsorção do estrógeno natural 17?-estradiol (E2), do estrógeno sintético 17?-etinilestradiol (EE2) e do xenoestrogênio 4-nonilfenol (NP) por carvão ativado em pó (CAP) em água deionizada e água bruta do rio Atibaia. Os procedimentos analíticos empregados foram extração em fase sólida e análise por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a detector de massas (CG-EM). O modelo de Freundlich foi o que melhor representou a adsorção dos compostos nos carvões ativados usualmente aplicados nas estações de tratamento de água de Campinas-SP. Em água deionizada, a remoção mais significante dos compostos foi observada na dosagem de CAP equivalente a 15 mg/L, alcançando níveis de remoção da ordem de 95%. Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios com água bruta demonstraram que a dosagem de 10 mg/L apresenta eficiência superior a 77% na remoção dos interferentes endócrinos da água do manancial. Observou-se que o CAP com número de iodo superior a 800 mg/g apresentou, de modo geral, as melhores eficiências de remoção, favorecendo a adsorção dos compostos nos microporos do carvão. Considera-se que, embora ainda não exista legislação em vigor no Brasil que limite a presença desses micropoluentes na água de abastecimento público, recomenda-se que a adição de CAP seja realizada pelo princípio da precaução / Abstract: In the last decades, a growing scientific concern has been raised over the potential adverse effects associates to human and animal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC). The occurrence of these compounds in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent and surface waters has been an interesting research field due to the probability of these micropollutants to break through water treatment plant (WTP). Adsorption on activated carbon has been recognized as an option for the removal of EDC. Present paper evaluated the adsorption of the natural estrogen 17?-estradiol (E2), the synthetic estrogen 17?-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and the xenostrogen 4-nonylphenol (NP) by powdered activated carbon (PAC) in ultra-pure water and raw water from Atibaia River, at Campinas City, São Paulo State, Brazil. The analytic technique used was solid phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Freundlich's model resulted more adequate to describe the adsorption of the compounds on PAC usually applied at local WTP. In ultra-pure water it was observed more significant removal for dosages equal to 15 mg PAC/L, reaching 95% of removal. The results obtained for raw water showed that 10 mg/L PAC dosage promotes a removal of the endocrine disruptor from river water higher than 77%. It was observed that PAC with iodine number greater than 800 mg/g presented, in general, the highest removal efficiencies, supporting the adsorption of compounds in the activated carbon micropores. Although there is no current legislation in Brazil that regulates the presence of these micropollutants at water supply systems, the addition of PAC must be performed by the precautionary principle / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

L'objectif de cette étude était le développement de particules colloïdales magnétiques possédants un cœur magnétisable et une écorce polymère, capables d'éliminer les métaux lourds, les colorants cationiques et les perturbateurs endocriniens. Ces adsorbants pourraient être séparés magnétiquement permettant ainsi de remplacer les techniques lourdes comme la centrifugation, la sédimentation, et la filtration. Les résultats des analyses, en termes de taille, de morphologie, de composition chimique, de propriétés magnétiques et de potentiel Zeta, confirme bien l'encapsulation de cœur magnétique par une écorce en polymère, et la fonctionnalisation de la surface de ces particules. Nous avons pris comme exemple l'élimination les métaux lourds (Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+ et HCrO4-), le bleu de méthylène ainsi le Bisphenol A, en solutions aqueuse. La fixation de divers polluants considérés se fait via l'adsorption à la surface des particules. Divers paramètres physico-chimiques influent le phénomène d'adsorption; l'effet de la quantité d'adsorbant magnétique élaboré, l'effet pH initial du milieu, l'effet du temps de contact, ainsi l'effet de la concentration initiale des polluants sont considérés. Cette étude a montré que l'adsorption est rapide et l'équilibre est atteint au bout de 30 min. Le processus d'adsorption est fortement dépendant du pH initial du milieu. La capacité d'adsorption de Latex des particules magnétiques élaborées vis-à-vis des éléments étudiés s'avère très satisfaisante comparé aux différents adsorbants magnétiques étudiés dans la littérature. La cinétique d'adsorption pour tous les systèmes étudiés pourrait être considérée comme pseudo-deuxième ordre et le processus d'adsorption de ces éléments par les particules magnétiques suit le modèle monocouche de Langmuir. Nous nous sommes intéressé à décontaminer les effluents industriels chargés en métaux lourds, issus des bains de traitement de l'Entreprise SOPAL. Les résultats obtenus nous ont permis de déduire que les particules magnétiques sont efficaces pour la décontamination. Les latex magnétiques pourraient être recommandés comme des adsorbants rapides, efficaces, et réutilisables pour l'élimination et la récupération des métaux lourds des eaux usées / The aim of this study was to prepare magnetic latex particles being magnetic core-polymer shell, able to remove heavy metals, cationic dyes and endocrine disrupting chemicals, by batch adsorption. These adsorbents were magnetically separated allows replacement of the heavy techniques such as centrifugation, sedimentation, and filtration by applying magnetic field.The results analysis in terms of colloidal and surface properties, transmission electron microscopy, hydrodynamic particle size, thermogravimetric analysis, and zeta-potential measurements, confirms the encapsulation of the magnetic core and the polymer shell, the surface functionalization of these particles, and the good colloidal stability. Heavy metals (Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+ and HCrO4-), methylene blue and Bisphenol A were taken as model of contaminants. Various physicochemical parameters influencing the adsorption phenomenon, which we have studied; the effect of adsorbents amount, the initial pH medium, the contact time, and the effect of the initial concentration of the pollutants. This study showed that the adsorption is fast and equilibrium is achieved within 30 min. The adsorption process is highly dependent on the initial pH. Adsorption capacities of the elaborated magnetic latex particles are very satisfactory when compared with different magnetic adsorbents reported in the literature. The adsorption kinetics for all the studied systems could be considered pseudo-second order model and the adsorption process of these elements by magnetic latex particles follows the Langmuir monolayer model. SOPAL wastewater sample load in heavy metals was analyzed by the prepared magnetic adsorbent. The results have enabled us to deduce that magnetic latex particles are effective for decontamination of real waste water. The prepared magnetic latex particles in this research can be recommended as fast, effective, and reusable for removal and recovery of metal ions from wastewater effluents

Angiogenesis, the process of new vessel formation, appears to be a central mechanism that underlies the development of haemangiomas. Recently, intralesional bleomycin injection was used to treat paediatric haemangiomas with very good results. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was significant systemic circulatory spill-over of bleomycin in haemangioma patients treated with intralesional bleomycin to determine safety of use. Furthermore, in order to elucidate bleomycin’s mechanism of action in inducing haemangioma regression, this study aimed at determining the effects of bleomycin on aspects of angiogenesis, namely, endothelial cell migration, growth and apoptosis, and comparing these effects with those of drugs previously reported to inhibit various aspects of the angiogenic process (mitomycin C, 2-methoxyestradiol, taxol, vincristine, vinblastine, colchicine, nocodazole and cytochalasin D). Lastly, the effects of bleomycin, mitomycin C, 2-methoxyestradiol, taxol, vincristine, vinblastine, colchicine, nocodazole and cytochalasin D were studied in an animal haemangioma model. A rapid and highly sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed. Blood samples were collected from four haemangioma patients before and after (over a 24 hour period) intralesional bleomycin (IB) therapy. As a control, blood samples were also collected at identical time intervals from four patients undergoing intravenous (IV) bleomycin chemotherapy for various malignant tumours. The HPLC method was used to quantitate bleomycin fractions in patient samples. The mean bleomycin concentration detected in plasma samples obtained from IB treated patients was 0.00 ìg/ml for both bleomycin A<Sub>2 and B2 over the 24-hour period following therapy. Plasma bleomycin A2 and B2 levels of 360.79 and 158.85 ìg/ml respectively were detected in samples obtained from cancer patients treated with bleomycin IV. These findings indicate that the low levels detected may translate to a significantly lesser risk of pulmonary fibrosis following IBI. The effect of drugs on endothelial cell migration was analyzed by wounding a confluent monolayer of cells and determining the number of cells that had migrated from the wound edge. Endothelial cell growth was determined in cells treated with various drug concentrations while apoptosis was examined using hematoxylin and eosin staining, DNA fragmentation assay and acridine orange staining. The effect of test drugs on in vitro angiogenesis was determined on endothelial cells induced to form capillary-like tubes in collagen gel. Test drugs were then evaluated for antitumour activity in an animal haemangioma model. Data demonstrated that test drugs inhibited endothelial cell migration, with the exception of mitomycin C. All test drugs induced a reduction in the percentage of viable endothelial cell in a dose-dependant manner, and also induced endothelial cell apoptosis. The drugs inhibited angiogenesis in vitro and inhibited tumour development in vivo with varying potency. In general, results from this study indicated that there was negligible systemic spill-over of bleomycin following IB administration in patients with haemangiomas, suggesting a much lesser risk of developing bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. This study also showed that test drugs inhibited angiogenesis in vitro and haemangioma development in vivo in a mouse model. Taken together, these observations demonstrate that bleomycin may inhibit haemangioma growth by inhibiting angiogenesis. In addition, mitomycin C, 2-methoxyestradiol, taxol, vincristine, vinblastine, colchicine, nocodazole and cytochalasin D may have potential in the treatment of haemangiomas of infancy, and should be investigated further in a murine haemangioma model to determine effective dose schedules. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Physiology / unrestricted

Sewage effluents disposed into the marine environment from De Beers Marine Namibia diamond mining vessels have the potential to cause endocrine disruptive effects in marine organisms. Endocrine disruption refers to the alteration of the normal functioning of the endocrine system and various chemicals have the ability to mimic hormones, effecting endogenous hormone synthesis, transport, receptor interaction and intracellular signaling. The potential endocrine disruptive effects, caused by the release of different types of sewage effluents into the ocean, on fish species is a concern due to the commercial importance of fish species found in the mining area e.g. hake, sole, horse mackerel. Increased awareness of marine environmental degradation due to the presence of chemical contaminants has resulted in research being done on early warning systems, in the form of biomarkers. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase 1A (CYP1A) and vitellogenin (vtg) are important proteins found in fish liver and blood, that have been used as biomarkers for the detection of pollutants in fish. CYP1A is a subfamily of the P450 superfamily of enzymes and catalyzes the oxidation, hydrolysis and reduction of exogenous and endogenous compounds (phase I reactions) and thus has the capacity to regulate the metabolism of several organic contaminants. CYP1A expression is altered by exposure to planar xenobiotic compounds e.g. polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Vtg is an important precursor for egg yolk proteins and plays a role in the growth and development of an oocyte. Expression of this protein is altered upon exposure to estrogenic compounds. The aim of this project was to isolate CYP1A from fish liver by differential centrifugation and optimize conditions for the CYP1A-mediated ethoxyresorufin-Odeethylase (EROD) assay and western blot analysis (to assess CYP1A expression). Another aim of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of biologically disruptive chemicals from sewage effluents, discharged into the marine environment, on the expression of CYP1A in two species of hake, Merluccius capensis and M. paradoxus (Cape hake). CYP1A in Cape hake is approximately a 60 kDa protein and the highest EROD activity was detected in the microsomal fraction after differential centrifugation. Optimal EROD assay conditions were observed at pH 7.5, a temperature of 25 °C, 10 μl of sample and a reaction time of 30 seconds. Enzyme stability assays indicated a drastic decrease in enzyme activity after 30 seconds. The EROD assay was not NADPH dependent but was limited by NADPH supply, with an increase of 300% in EROD activity being observed with the addition of 0.1 M exogenous NADPH. The addition of dicumarol (40 μM), a phase II enzyme inhibitor, showed a 232% increase in EROD activity. This is because dicumarol inhibited enzymes with the capacity to metabolize the product (resorufin) of the EROD reaction. With regard to western blot analysis, the optimal primary (rabbit antifish CYP1A peptide) and secondary (anti-mouse/rabbit antibody-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (POD)) antibody dilutions were determined to be 1:1000 and 1:5000, respectively. The comparison of CYP1A expression in Cape hake samples from De Beers Marine mining area and reference sites showed higher EROD activity (16.29 ± 0.91 pmol/min) in fish samples from the mining area in comparison to the reference site (10.42 ± 2.65 pmol/min). Western blot analysis was in agreement with the EROD assay results and a higher CYP1A expression was observed in fish from the mining sites. The increased CYP1A expression observed in fish from the mining area is not definitively an indication of a pollutant effect in the environment, as several environmental and biological factors (e.g. photoperiod and age) must also be considered before reaching this conclusion. Another aim of this study was to purify vtg from Cape hake blood samples. Cape hake vtg was purified from fish plasma by selective precipitation with MgCl2 and EDTA. Precipitated sample was subjected to anion exchange chromatography using fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC). Vtg eluted as two broad peaks and had a molecular weight above 200 kDa. SDS-PAGE analysis also resolved smaller molecular weight proteins below 70 kDa, which were thought to be vitellogenin cleavage proteins, lipovitellin and phosphovitins. Western blot analysis was performed; however, it did not produce any conclusive results. The purification of vtg enables further studies in characterizing this protein and developing assay aimed at detecting estrogenic pollutants in the marine environment

Amphibians develop in aquatic environments where they are very susceptible to the effects of pesticides and other environmental contaminants. Glyphosate-based herbicides are widely used and have been shown to affect survival and development of tadpoles under laboratory conditions. The goal my thesis is to determine if agriculturally relevant exposure to Roundup WeatherMax®, a herbicide formulation containing the potassium salt of glyphosate and an undisclosed surfactant, influences the survival and development of wood frogs tadpoles (Lithobates sylvaticus) under both laboratory and field conditions. In the field, experimental wetlands were divided in half using an impermeable curtain so that each wetland contained a treatment and control side. Tadpoles were exposed to two pulses of this herbicide at environmentally realistic concentration (ERC, 0.21 mg acid equivalent (a.e.)/L) and predicted environmental concentrations (PEC, 2.89 mg a.e./L), after which survival, growth, development, and expression of genes involved in metamorphosis were measured. Results indicate that exposure to the PEC is extremely toxic to tadpoles under laboratory conditions but not under field conditions. Results from both experimental conditions show sublethal effects on growth and development, and demonstrate that ERC of glyphosate-based herbicides have the potential to alter hormonal responses during metamorphosis. My secondary objectives were to compare the effects of Roundup WeatherMax® to the well-studied Vision® formulation (containing the isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate and POEA), and to determine which ingredient(s) are responsible for the sublethal effects on development. Survival, growth and gene expression results indicate that Roundup WeatherMax® has greater toxicity than Vision® formulation. Contrary to my prediction, results suggest that, under realistic exposure scenarios, POEA is not the sole ingredient responsible for the observed developmental effects. However, my results demonstrate that chronic exposure to the POEA surfactant at the PEC (1.43 mg/L) is extremely toxic to wood frog tadpoles in laboratory. As part of the Long-term Experimental Wetlands Area (LEWA) project, this research contributes to overall knowledge of the impacts of glyphosate-based herbicides on aquatic communities.

Les méthodes actuellement disponibles pour la surveillance de la qualité du milieu se réfèrent au suivi de composés définis par les réglementations et ne permettent pas d’appréhender l’(éco)toxicité réelle de tous les composés présents dans l’environnement (e.g. composés inconnus, produits de transformation, effets de mélange…). Dans ce contexte, une méthode d’analyse pluridisciplinaire intégrative, l’analyse dirigée par l’effet (EDA), a été développée. Cette approche bio-analytique vise à établir un lien de causalité entre une exposition aux contaminants et l’effet biologique observé. La démarche est basée sur la simplification séquentielle d’un échantillon guidée par les bio-essais afin d’individualiser puis identifier, par des techniques analytiques chimiques performantes, les composés biologiquement actifs. Les objectifs de cette thèse ont porté sur (1) le développement et la validation d’une méthodologie, allant du pré-traitement jusqu’au fractionnement, adaptée à différentes matrices environnementales ; (2) la mise en place d’une stratégie d’identification moléculaire par spectrométrie de masse haute résolution ; (3) l’application de la démarche EDA à plusieurs échantillons afin d’illustrer l’adaptabilité et l’apport d’une telle méthode à des problématiques environnementales. Ces travaux de thèse permettent de disposer aujourd’hui d’une démarche bio-analytique complète de la préparation d’échantillon à l’identification de molécules, et adaptée à tous types d’échantillons. Les différentes études environnementales réalisées au cours de ces travaux ont permis, entre autre, d’établir une liste de composés diverses non recherchés pouvant représenter un risque pour l’environnement. / To date, environmental risk assessment is based on targeted chemical analyses. These analyses allow the detection of known active compounds and this preselected set does not often explain the observed toxic effects in complex environmental samples (e.g. unknown compounds, transformation product, cocktail effect...). For an integrative contamination assessment, a multidisciplinary approach, Effect-Directed Analysis (EDA) was developed. This approach combining biological tools and chemical analyses allows determining active compounds and identitying them in such environmental complex mixtures. EDA aims at the establishment of cause-effect relationships by sequential reduction of the complexity of environmental mixtures, eventually to individual toxicants. The aims of this thesis were (1) to develop and to validate the EDA-based strategy on various environmental complex samples; (2) to set up an identification strategy for identifying non targeted or unknown molecules using high resolution mass spectrometry; (3) to prove the usefulness of EDA approach for the identification of active compounds in environnemental complex samples. This thesis work provides to a complet bio-analytical approach from the preparation step of samples to the identification of molecules. The potential of this tool was fully confirmed on various environmental studies. These investigations allowed establishing a list of non-target compounds which can represent a risk for the environment.

Orientador: Maria Aparecida Carvalho de Medeiros / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Tecnologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T02:18:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_AndreFelipede_M.pdf: 2184303 bytes, checksum: b46c30ed510d7f32eb7aae82b851f80d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Há uma preocupação crescente na área de Saneamento Ambiental com relação a qualidade das águas dos corpos hídricos, tendo em vista que pesquisas têm revelado que os sistemas de tratamentos convencionais de esgotos e de água para abastecimento público não possuem eficiências adequadas para remoção de compostos orgânicos classificados como Desreguladores Endócrinos (DE). Nesta classe de compostos são destacados os estrógenos naturais 17 ß-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), estrona (E1) e o sintético 17 ?-etinilestradiol (EE2). Os efeitos destes hormônios sexuais, que são compostos extremamente ativos biologicamente, têm sido citados como agentes etiológicos de feminilização em peixes e também de vários tipos de cânceres. Neste sentido, trabalhos aplicando tecnologias avançadas de tratamento destes DE estão sendo desenvolvidos por vários grupos de pesquisas. Apesar de que as Legislações ambientais relacionadas aos parâmetros de lançamento (RESOLUÇÃO CONAMA no. 430 de 2011) e de parâmetros de potabilidade (Portaria no. 2914 de 2011) não contemplarem estes compostos DE, sendo que diversos trabalhos têm sido publicados com quantificação destes compostos em água da ordem de ng L-1. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos: (1) adaptação e validação de metodologia analítica para confirmar e quantificar simultaneamente os hormônios E1, E2, E3 e EE2, nas águas bruta e tratada do rio Atibaia, manancial que abastece o município de Campinas, utilizando a técnica de extração em fase sólida (EFS), juntamente com a técnica de Cromatografia Líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas em tandem (CL-EM/EM), (2) aplicação de tecnologias de degradação destes compostos E1, E2, E3 e EE2 em escala piloto, pelos processos de ozonização e cloroamoniação, visando contribuir com as determinação das dosagens, do tempo de contato e da eficiências de remoção. Os resultados obtidos nas análises via EFS-LC-MS/MS mostraram a ocorrência do hormônio sexual natural E1, na água bruta do rio Atibaia com concentração de 17 ng L-1, sendo que para os demais E2 e E3 os valores obtidos foram inferiores ao limite de quantificação 2 ng L-1 e para o EE2 inferior a 5 ng L-1. As técnicas de oxidação ozonização e cloroamoniação utilizadas nos ensaios demonstraram eficiências de degradação em média, maiores do que 95% dos DE estudados, com exceção de E1, cuja eficiência de remoção ficou entre 87% a 93%, dependendo da faixa de fortificação / Abstract: There is growing concern in the field of Environmental Sanitation regarding the water quality of water bodies, given that research has shown that systems of conventional treatments of sewage and public water supply does not have adequate efficiencies to removal of some organic compounds Endocrine Disruptors (DE). In this class of compounds are included the natural estrogens 17 ß-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), estrone (E1) and the synthetic 17 ?-ethinylestradiol (EE2). The effects of these sex hormones, which are highly biologically active compounds, have been cited as etiological agents of feminization in fish and various types of cancers. In this regard, several works by applying advanced technologies for treating these DE are being developed by many research groups. Although the environmental legislations related to the parameters of launch (CONAMA RESOLUTION. 430 of 2011) and potability parameters (Ordinance no. 2914 2011) does not address these DE compounds, several studies have been published with quantification of these compounds in the order of ng L-1. In this context, the aimsmof this paper were: (1) adaptation and validation of the analytical methodology to confirm and to quantify simultaneously the E1, E2, E3 and EE2 hormones, raw water and treated in the Atibaia River, a source that supplies the municipality Campinas, using the technique of solid phase extraction (EFS) with the technique of Liquid Chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in tandem (LC-MS/MS), (2) applying degradation technologies of these compounds E1, E2, E3 and EE2 in pilot scale, by using the processes of ozonation and cloroamoniation, to contribute to the determination of dosage, contact time and degradation efficiencies. The results obtained in this study via EFS-LC-MS / MS showed the occurrence of natural sex hormone E1 in the Atibaia River raw water with a concentration of 17 ng L-1, and for the other E2 and E3 the values were lower the quantification limit of 2 ng L-1 and EE2 less than 5 ng L-1. The ozonation and chloroamoniation oxidation techniques used for the degradation tests were with efficiencies on average more than 95% of the studied DE, except E1, the removal efficiency was between 87% to 93% depending on the fortification range, by using ozonation in pre oxidation and cloroamoniation and the disinfection step / Mestrado / Tecnologia e Inovação / Mestre em Tecnologia

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / In this work, DNA aptamer biosensor systems were developed for the detection of l7p-estradiol - an estrogeneous endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC). Endocrine disrupting chemicals are group of compounds that impact negatively on the endocrine system of humans and wildlife. High concentrations of l7p-estradiol in water or food chain disrupts the physiology of the endocrine system of various animal species, leading to feminisation in fish and stimulates the proliferation of cancer cells in humans. Aptasensor systems for the determination of l7pestradiol were prepared with three immobilization platforms: (i) poly(3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene) {PEDOT} doped with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to form PEDOTIAuNPs polymeric nanocomposite, (ii) generation 1 poly(propylene thiophenoimine)-copoly( 3 ,4-ethy lenedioxythiophene) dendritic star copolymer (G 1PPT -co-PEDOT), and (iii) generation 2 poly (propylene thiophenoimine)-co-poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) dendritic star copolymer (G2PPT-co-PEDOT). The morphological properties of the sensor platforms were interrogated by scanning emission microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), while their spectroscopic characteristics were studied by Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy (FTIR) and fluorescence spectroscopy. The electrochemical behaviour of the platforms and the aptasensors were studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV). The DNA aptamer developed for detecting 17~-estradiol and which was used in the fabrication of all aptamer biosensors in this study is a 76-mer biotinylated aptamer (5'-BiotinGCTTCCAGCTTATTGAATTACACGCAGAGG TAGCGGCTCTGCGCATTCAATGCTGCGCGCTGAAGCGCGGAAGC-3'). AulPEDOTIAuNPslAptamer (platform 1) was obtained by covalently attaching streptavidin to the polymeric nanocomposite platform using carbodiimide chemistry and the aptamer immobilized via streptavidin-biotin interaction. The electrochemical signal generated from the aptamer-target molecule interaction was monitored electrochemically using cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry in the presence of [Fe(CN)6J 3-/4- as a redox probe. The signal current observed was inversely proportional to the concentration of 17Bestradiol. The aptasensor demonstrated specificity toward 17~-estradiol. The detectable concentration range of the 17B estradiol was 0.01 nM-O .09 nM with a detection limit of 3.2 pM. The 76-mer biotinylated aptamer for 17~-estradiol was incorporated into a generation 1 poly(propylenethiophenoimine )-co-poly(3 ,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) dendritic star copolymer modified Au electrode via biotin-avidin interaction (platform 2). The Bode plot shows that the charge transfer dynamics of the nanoelectrode can be frequency modulated while the AulG 1PPTco- PEDOT nanoelectrode exhibited greater semi-conductor behavior (higher phase angle value) than AulG 1PPT due to the incorporation of charged functionalized dendrimer at low frequencies (100 mHz). The biosensor response to 17~-estradiol was based on the decrease in the SWV current as the EDC binds to the ssDNA aptamer on the biosensor. The dynamic linear range of the sensor was 0.01-0.07 nM with a detection limit of7.27 pM. Synthesis of electro synthetic generation G2PPT-co-PEDOT (platform 3) was performed by copolymerization of PEDOT with G2PPT dendrimer modified electrode immersed in a solution of 0.1 M LiCI04 containing 0.1 M EDOT monomer and 0.1 M sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) for ten (10) cycles. The electrochemical behaviour of the dendritic star copolymer was investigated with CV and EIS in LiCI04 and phosphate buffer solutions. The results show that the electrochemical deposition of G2PPT-co-PEDOT on gold electrode decreased the electrochemical charge transfer resistance when compared to AuiPEDOTILiCI04 and AuiLiCI04 interfaces. Bode impedimetric analysis indicates that G2PPT-co-PEDOT is a semiconductor. The fabrication of two novel aptasensors (based on platforms 2 and 3) simultaneously on a screen printed micro array electrode of 96-well multichannel electrochemical robotic sensor testing system for the detection of endocrine disrupting l7~-estradiol, was also carried out. The aptasensors responses to l7~-estradiol, based on the decrease in the SWV current, were evaluated.