It is considered by many linguists that all Americans speak an "astandard" English dialect. Field workers have for decades been involved in the task of interviewing people to determine regional dialects, the conclusion being that each dialect is a bona fide language system." However, an important point is that although there is a great diversity in oral language, there is only one accepted written form. (syntax and spelling). One of the most prominent of these divergent patterns is the Black non-Standard (BNS) language with which this paper will be concerned. The BNS language does not represent a failure to learn the rules of Standard English, but rather is an equally highly structured system with rules of its own. Yet, written language corresponds to Standard English rules. The BNS speaking person is exposed to language in conflicting ways. He learns to speak the language accepted by his home and peers. Aurally he is exposed to informal Standard English through school and the media (television, radio, movies). Visually, the materials he is presented to read are formal Standard English. As a result the question might be asked as to whether these conflicting presentations interfere with the achievement of this divergent speaker.

Social environment as related to school achievement was investigated. It was found that the importance of the model which the parent sets for the child in addition to the role assumed by the teacher play an important part in the development of the early childhood student. The environment in which a child lives and the person with whom the child interacts both affect the child in complex ways to influence the child's development and life chances. Research also shows that academic and intellectual gains are produced during the Head Start program year and that children who attend Head Start programs do perform better than their disadvantaged peers on such global measures of school success as passing each grade, staying in regular school tracks, and graduating from high school.

As stated before, it appears that the sixth grade students at San Jose Catholic School would benefit from reading skills practice that would give them the opportunity to become more involved in the learning process. This project is designed to implement cross-age tutoring at San Jose Catholic School with an entire sixth grade class tutoring a second grade class in reading. The goal of the project is to improve the attitude toward reading of the sixth graders. Attitudes before and after tutoring will be rated on a slightly modified version of the Estes Attitude Scale. It is expected, though it will not be formally measured, that both groups of students will also improve their reading skills. The second graders' skills should improve because of receiving individual help and attention, the sixth graders' skills should improve because they will be applying their reading skills in a real-life and useful situation.

In this paper, it is the purpose of the author to develop a parent education program to reinforce selected primary level reading skills in primary students through student-parent activities in the home, school, and community.Specifically, this program will be designed for parents of primary level participants in the Title I Reading Program in the Baker County School System in Macclenny, Florida. The ideas presented here should be generally applicable to parents of primary level reading students in any setting, taking into account the adaptation to specific local community resources and the consideration of school policies in differing localities in relation to parental involvement in the schools.The final product will consist of six parent-teacher sessions designed to promote parental profieiency in reinforcing reading skills in the areas of (1) improved attitudes toward education and its relative worth, (2) improved language development in children, (3) improved home study environment, (4) construction of and practice with games and activities for reinforcing selected primary level reading skills, (5) improved nutrition for children, (6) increased student-parent utilization of community resources, and (7) specific classroom tutoring and management techniques.

For approximately seven years, the number of Black students enrolled in upper-level science courses (e.g., Chemistry, Human Physiology, Physics) is proportionately lower than the number of non-Black students a.t Palatka South High School, Palatka, Florida.On the surface, this low enrollment appears to coincide with the fact that there are more non-Black students than Black students enrolled in the school. However, if one were to examine closely the total number of Black students enrolled in upperlevel science courses from the school's total Black student population enrolled in science classes, and compare it to the school's total non-Black population enrolled in science courses, it would be evident that there exists a significant amount of disproportion between Black and non-Black enrollment in upper-level science courses. If this trend also exists at the County, State, and even the National level, it would be a major factor in the nation's shortage of minority scientific manpower.The area of science is forever expanding, providing excellent career opportunities, job advancement and security with good salaries. Given the opportunity for leadership and worthwhile contributions as a professional in the scientific community, Dr. Robert Flakes of Florida A & M University has concluded that "Blacks are under-represented in the science and science-related industries of this country."

This curriculum project reviews the research on students who have been labeled drop-outs and/or low-achievers. Several different types of teaching models were reviewed to determine the best model to be used for drop-out and/or low-achieving students. The project includes curriculum materials that correspond to the Minimum Level Skills objectives for the General Math II course designated by the Duval County School System in Florida. The curriculum also corresponds to the required textbook for the General Math II course. This project strives to increase the ability of the students in the Graduation Enhancement Program to pass the Minimum Level Skills Test and increase their knowledge in the area of basic and common sense mathematic concepts. III

This study will attempt to develop a Listening Skills Curriculum in the areas of auditory discrimination, auditory sequencing ability, and grammatic completion for the purpose of improving auditory comprehension. These three skills are components of auditory comprehension. Auditory discrimination and auditory sequencing ability have been chosen as two skills to develop in this program because past research indicates that improvement in these skills does correlate with improvement in auditory comprehension. Grammatic completion is a modified form of auditory closure in which the student completes the sentence with the grammatically preferred inflectional ending. It is expected that exercises in this skill will result in an improvement of the students’ understanding of standard spoken English.

This historical study examines the desegregation of a historically African- American high school during the period between 1965-1975. The Mims v. The Duval County School Board (1971) decision brought about radical changes in the operation of the Duval County Public Schools. The mass transfer of teachers and reassignment of students as a result of the federal judge's order in this case resulted in a school system that was dramatically different from the one that previously existed. The author seeks to determine why the desegregation of William Raines High School was short-lived and questions the continued effort of the school system to desegregate this school. The author conducted a multi-faceted investigation to answer the research questions. Following a case study approach, both archival and oral data were collected and examined. Focused interviews were conducted with former William Raines High School students, faculty and parents. In addition, written documents and local newspaper accounts were studied. The oral interviews support and expand the findings of the archival documents. The findings of the study indicate that the history and traditions at William Raines High School are founded on a strong sense of pride and identity. However, changes in the school over time have resulted in a school that has lost its focus on academic excellence. In order for lasting desegregation to take place, substantive changes will be required. The pride that was the school's legacy must be restored. Excellence in all aspects of school life should be the overarching goal. PALMM.

The study was conducted to investigate the possibility of raising the comprehension scores of twenty advantaged students through the use of attribution theory in moving the student's locus of control, concept work, and imaging. The subjects of the control and experimental groups were male and female tenth and eleventh grade summer school students whose comprehension scores were at the fiftieth percentile or below or students who would benefit from comprehension instruction. The Gates-MacGinitie Reading Tests (1978), Level F, Forms 1 and 2 were used respectively for the pretest and posttest. A related sample t test and analysis of covariance was used to test the null hypothesis. A significant gain was evidenced from the pretest to the posttest and the null hypothesis was rejected. The implications of the study are that the application of attribution theory in the movement of the student's locus of control, concept study, and imaging can significantly raise the comprehension scores of the advantaged student.

The leadership of American not-for-profit hospitals is one context in which servant-leadership finds appropriate expression. However, little research exists that explores the sources of servant-leadership within the leader, what processes leaders use to engage in servantleadership, or what impact servant-leadership has on organizations and communities. This research presents a new perspective offering insight into those questions. The Dimensions of Servant-Leadership in American Not-for-Profit Hospitals is a qualitative study of the lives and works of four chief executive officers of successful not-for-profit health systems identified as exemplars of servant-leadership. The researcher further examined perceptions of servant-leadership among colleagues of each of the four CEOs and their health systems. The findings of the study indicated that the common denominators of servant-leadership, as perceived by those served by these four CEOs and their organizations, are that the people grew as individuals; the people felt that they were healthier, wiser, freer, more autonomous, and more likely themselves to become servants. The servant-leader CEOs gave strong evidence of a group-oriented approach to decision making. They fostered strong organizational involvement in programs of community betterment, they each had a strong commitment to continuing education for their associates, and they demonstrated in all their activities a great love and compassion in caring for the health of their communities. Finally, the study offers valuable insights into servant-leadership which might be useful in the postsecondary education of future healthcare leaders.