To determine whether selective immigration policies are influenced by national experience and economic concerns, this research studies Denmark’s The Greencard scheme, and seeks to find the answer if the formulation of the conditions to be qualified will attract or repel the aspiring immigrant. Reasons such as immigration patterns, integration issues, and increasing pressure to the society contributes to the tendency and positive overall impression suggesting repulsive formulation. The content analysis of the research material amicably identified the object of signification and Western values in the definition of parameter to qualify. Although the reduced data showed the application of systematic distinctions in the process of differentiation, the subsequent analysis of the results inferred the intention of the country that is mutually beneficial. That, the basis of evaluation using a point system is designed to assess the likelihood that the immigrant will be able to find qualified work in Denmark. The result of this study revealed an interesting starting point in conducting further research. It will help the researcher to step forward in incorporating either opinion survey or interviews in order to generate an even better strength of results and a more generalized conclusion.

The harmonisation of the European Trade Mark laws and the introduction of unconventional marks under this regime have encouraged interested parties to seek registration of chemical senses (scent and taste) as trade marks. This thesis studies the current state of affairs of these types of marks. It discusses in general, the panorama that these types of marks have when registrability is at issue. The purpose of this research is therefore to scrutinise the trade mark legal system, including a discussion of the origins and rationale underlying it, to try to understand the burdens presented when registering chemical sense marks. The starting point of this thesis is that the European Regulation and the Directive of the Trade Mark law open the door to the protection of chemical senses under the Trade Mark law regime. Yet, despite some early successful registration, their fate is still burdened with uncertainty and therefore the rationale for this study is to try to find whether chemical sense marks are truly marks and therefore protectable under the trade mark system. The approach chosen addresses the examination of all requirements for a sign to be protected under the trade mark system. The reason is that protection of chemical senses might be granted if such marks are recognised as signs, are graphically represented and are capable of distinguishing products of one undertaking from those of another undertaking. By examining the aforementioned requirements, the study reveals that while chemical senses marks might be seen as marks, they find that registration is not quite feasible. The thesis emphasises that graphic representation is only one of the many issues that chemical sense marks are confronted with. Issues such as distinctiveness, the need to keep free and functionality remain problematic. Moreover, the scope of protection afforded to chemical sense marks are yet untested. Case law will ascertain that the intent behind the trade mark regime to grant registration to chemical senses is unresolved. Still, the significant interest in chemical senses as trade marks appears to be not softening by this notion.

Le travail de recherche présenté dans cette thèse considère la mémoire humaine comme un système unique et non abstractif qui reflète l’ensemble de nos expériences sous forme de traces épisodiques multimodales. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont multiples, mais le principal est de montrer qu’un effet robuste de la mémoire, l’effet de distinctivité, peut émerger aussi bien dans les tâches implicites que dans les tâches explicites et que cet effet s’expliquerait en termes de mécanismes spécifiques (activation et intégration multimodales) et non pas en termes de systèmes mnésiques sous-jacents.Trois séries d’expériences ont été élaborées. Dans une première série, nous avons manipulé l’information contextuelle extrinsèque associée à ces concepts. Une tâche de catégorisation nous a permis de démontrer que l’effet de distinctivité pouvait se manifester avec une tâche implicite de mémoire.Dans une deuxième série d’expériences, nous avons manipulé la distance entre des images à catégoriser dans une phase d’encodage. Ainsi, les images apparaissaient soit plus éloignées les unes des autres, soit plus proches. Suite à une récupération implicite, nous avons mis en évidence que notre hypothèse de distinctivité spatiale était validée, c’est-à-dire que les items spatialement plus distinct lors de l’encodage sont associés à des performances supérieures en phase test.Dans la troisième série d’expériences, nous avons mis en évidence que lesperformances liées à l’effet de distinctivité dans les tâches implicites et explicites de mémoire variaient selon différents niveaux d’intégration des dimensions sensorielles. Cette idée a été testée en rappel libre, en décision lexicale et en reconnaissance.Au final, nos résultats expérimentaux suggèrent que les performances issuesdes tâches implicites et explicites peuvent être expliquées au sein du même système mnésique unique. Ainsi, les processus d’intégration seraient à l’origine de ce phénomène. / The series of research presented in this thesis considers human memory as a single and non-abstractive system which reflects all of our experiments in an episodical multimodal traces form. Objectives of this thesis are multiple, but the main issue is to show that the distinctiveness effect, a well known phenomenon of memory, can emerge in implicit memory tasks as well as in explicit memory tasks and this effect can be explained in specific terms of mechanisms (activation and multimodal integration) and not in terms of subjacent memory systems.Three series of experiments were elaborated. In the first series, we used an extrinsic contextual information associated to concepts. A categorization task permitted us to show that distinctiveness effect can appear within an implicit memory task.In the second series of experiments, we manipulated the distance between images to be categorized in an encoding phase. Thus, images presented were either more distant to each other, or more closer. Following an implicit retrieval, we highlighted that spatial distinctiveness hypothesis was validated. This means that spatially more distinct items during the encoding phase are associated to higher retrieval performances in the test phase.In the third series of experiments, we showed that performances related to distinctiveness effect in implicit and explicit memory tasks varied according to various levels of sensory dimension integration. This postulate was tested with free recall, lexical decision and recognition tasks.Finally, our experimental results suggest that performances from implicit and explicit memory tasks can be explained within the same single memory system. Thus, the integration process would be at the origin of this phenomenon.

Être reconnue dans sa catégorie de produits et se distinguer de la concurrence sont deux critères importants de la gestion d’une marque. La recherche académique considère que la typicalité et la distinctivité induisent un avantage compétitif qui favorise les réactions des consommateurs en faveur de la marque. En conséquence, les marques s’appliquent à renforcer leur typicalité et/ou leur distinctivité au moyen des campagnes de communication, des produits et des points de vente qui constituent des repères d’identification de la marque au sein de la catégorie de produits. Toutefois, bien que la recherche se soit attachée aux bénéfices liés aux deux concepts, aucune étude n’a, à notre connaissance, comparé l’impact de la distinctivité et de la typicalité perçue sur les relations aux marques et les comportements des consommateurs, ni identifié les processus impliqués dans ces dynamiques. Dans ce but, cette recherche vise à comparer les influences de la distinctivité et de la typicalité de la marque sur les intentions des consommateurs. Plus précisément, le modèle proposé intègre les influences positives indirectes de la distinctivité via l’attachement à la marque (route affective), et de la typicalité via l’attitude vis-à-vis de la marque (route cognitive) sur les intentions comportementales. Deux études apportent un support empirique à nos hypothèses. Elles indiquent que l’influence de la route affective est plus forte que celle de la route cognitive dans le cas où les comportements sont difficiles à réaliser. A l’inverse, les routes affective et cognitive ont une influence comparable dans le cas de comportements qui requièrent moins d’effort de la part du consommateur / In a an increasingly competitive environment, brands try hard to differentiate themselves from their competitors and to establish themselves as a reference within their product category. Academic research shows that brand distinctiveness and brand typicality favor consumer reactions. Nevertheless, although academic research has investigated benefits related to brand distinctiveness and brand typicality, to date, no study has compared their respective impact on consumer brand relationships and behavior, nor identify the processes implied in such dynamics. As such, two empirical studies focus on the influence of brand distinctiveness and brand typicality on consumer behavioral intentions. The conceptual model posits that brand distinctiveness exerts an indirect positive effect on intents via brand attachment (affective route), while brand typicality exerts an indirect positive effect on intents via brand attitude (cognitive route). Main results confirm these hypotheses and reveal that the affective route exerts stronger influence on intents than the cognitive route, when behaviors are difficult to perform, whereas it exerts as much influence as cognitive route when behaviors are easy to perform

O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar os efeitos do uso da marca pelo titular ou por terceiros sob a ótica da integridade. O uso da marca traz consequências negativas ao próprio signo no que tange à sua integridade material, causando o desgaste da sua distinção entre marcas de concorrentes, o que faz diminuir a distância distintiva entre os sinais de uma mesma atividade econômica ou afins. Além disso, o uso da marca também pode causar a perda completa de sua unicidade, corpo distintivo da marca, chegando, às vezes, à vulgarização da mesma, tornando-se res communis omnium. Do outro lado, a integridade material da marca pode passar por processos positivos que fortalecem o seu corpo distintivo. O uso da marca com sucesso faz aumentar sua fama perante o mercado e consumidores, diferenciando-a das demais e sendo alçada ao posto de marca famosa. A fama através do uso impulsiona marcas ordinárias ao status de marcas notoriamente conhecidas ou marcas de alto renome. Ambas representam degraus superiores de integridade material em relação às marcas que são ordinariamente protegidas dentro de suas atividades comerciais. Além disso, apesar do direito de uso exclusivo oferecido às marcas registradas, tal direito não é absoluto. Ou seja, mesmo ocorrendo usos desautorizados de marcas de terceiros que ocasionem alterações na integridade material das mesmas, há usos considerados permitidos pela legislação e jurisprudência. Dessa forma, pretende-se demonstrar que o uso da marca é o fio condutor desses fenômenos. / This paper aims to analyze the effects of the use of the trademark by the owner or by third parties from the perspective of the integrity. The use of the trademark brings negative consequences to the sign itself with respect to its material integrity, causing lack of its distinctiveness among competing marks, which slims the distinctive distance between the signs of the same or related economic field. Furthermore, the use of the trademark can also cause the complete loss of its uniqueness, distinctive body of the mark, reaching sometimes the vulgarization of the same, becoming res communis omnium. On the other hand, the material integrity of the mark can undergo positive processes that enhance its distinctive body. The successful use of the mark increases its fame before the market and consumers, differentiating it from others and being raised to a level of a famous mark. The fame through use elevates the ordinary marks to the status of well-known marks or trademarks of high repute. Both represent upper rungs of material integrity towards marks that are ordinarily protected within their fields of activities. Moreover, despite the right of exclusive use offered to registered marks, such right is not absolute. That is, even occurring unauthorized uses of trademarks by third parties which cause changes in the material integrity of the same, there are uses considered permitted by law and jurisprudence. Thus, this paper intends to demonstrate that the use of the mark is the common thread of these phenomena.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar os efeitos do uso da marca pelo titular ou por terceiros sob a ótica da integridade. O uso da marca traz consequências negativas ao próprio signo no que tange à sua integridade material, causando o desgaste da sua distinção entre marcas de concorrentes, o que faz diminuir a distância distintiva entre os sinais de uma mesma atividade econômica ou afins. Além disso, o uso da marca também pode causar a perda completa de sua unicidade, corpo distintivo da marca, chegando, às vezes, à vulgarização da mesma, tornando-se res communis omnium. Do outro lado, a integridade material da marca pode passar por processos positivos que fortalecem o seu corpo distintivo. O uso da marca com sucesso faz aumentar sua fama perante o mercado e consumidores, diferenciando-a das demais e sendo alçada ao posto de marca famosa. A fama através do uso impulsiona marcas ordinárias ao status de marcas notoriamente conhecidas ou marcas de alto renome. Ambas representam degraus superiores de integridade material em relação às marcas que são ordinariamente protegidas dentro de suas atividades comerciais. Além disso, apesar do direito de uso exclusivo oferecido às marcas registradas, tal direito não é absoluto. Ou seja, mesmo ocorrendo usos desautorizados de marcas de terceiros que ocasionem alterações na integridade material das mesmas, há usos considerados permitidos pela legislação e jurisprudência. Dessa forma, pretende-se demonstrar que o uso da marca é o fio condutor desses fenômenos. / This paper aims to analyze the effects of the use of the trademark by the owner or by third parties from the perspective of the integrity. The use of the trademark brings negative consequences to the sign itself with respect to its material integrity, causing lack of its distinctiveness among competing marks, which slims the distinctive distance between the signs of the same or related economic field. Furthermore, the use of the trademark can also cause the complete loss of its uniqueness, distinctive body of the mark, reaching sometimes the vulgarization of the same, becoming res communis omnium. On the other hand, the material integrity of the mark can undergo positive processes that enhance its distinctive body. The successful use of the mark increases its fame before the market and consumers, differentiating it from others and being raised to a level of a famous mark. The fame through use elevates the ordinary marks to the status of well-known marks or trademarks of high repute. Both represent upper rungs of material integrity towards marks that are ordinarily protected within their fields of activities. Moreover, despite the right of exclusive use offered to registered marks, such right is not absolute. That is, even occurring unauthorized uses of trademarks by third parties which cause changes in the material integrity of the same, there are uses considered permitted by law and jurisprudence. Thus, this paper intends to demonstrate that the use of the mark is the common thread of these phenomena.

Over the last two decades there has been a tremendous increase in collaboration among competing firms. A significant number of these collaborations are international. This thesis explores the incentives and welfare consequences of collaboration in the context of international trade. We consider two types of cross-border collaborations. The first is collaboration by sharing a part of firms' value creating activities, such as technology development, product design and distribution. This saves on production costs but reduces product distinctiveness. Firms collaborate if and only if the reduction in product distinctiveness is lower than a threshold level. We find that the threshold increases with an increase in trade costs. That is, an increase in trade costs makes collaboration more likely. Higher trade cost lowers competition, which in turn enables the firms to save on fixed costs while forgoing some product distinctiveness. Furthermore, we demonstrate that contrary to standard intuition, higher trade cost could enhance consumers' welfare by inducing competitors to collaborate. We extend our model to endogenise location choice by the firms where collaboration requires co-location (due to the benefit of local spillovers or joint investment in key infrastructures). Unlike the original model, we find that an increase in trade costs can discourage collaboration. In both circumstances, we find that an increase in trade cost can improve consumer surplus. The second type of collaboration considered in this thesis is licensing. We extend the standard licensing literature to an environment where firms compete in the domestic as well as foreign market. We examine how trade cost affects the licensing decision as well as the optimal payment mechanism. We find that an increase in trade costs reduces the possibility of licensing. Concerning the payment mechanism, we find that (i) either royalty or (ii) a two-part tariff (involving a fixed fee as well as royalty payments) is optimal. An increase in trade costs reduces the likelihood of royalty only being the optimal payment mechanism.

For companies, the cost of acquiring a new customer is several times the cost of retaining an existing customer. Furthermore, the purchasing power of an existing customer is usually more predominant than a new one. Therefore, more and more companies attempt to establish long-term relationships with customers in order to make them patronize again or do other useful behaviors. The concept of consumer-company identification (C-C identification) has been used to qualify the deep, meaningful, and long-term relationships between consumers and companies. This research analyzes the antecedents and consequences of C-C identification. We suggest that high identity distinctiveness and identity prestige may lead to high C-C identification. Also, high C-C identification should enhance consumers¡¦ repurchase intention and word-of-mouth (WOM). Our survey with questionnaire conducted to investigate and collect data is sent to the consumers who have shopping experience recently in department stores of Taiwan. The valid sample with questionnaire returned is 294. We analyze the results by using structural equation modeling (SEM) and find that identity distinctiveness and identity prestige have a positive relationship with C-C identification separately. Moreover, C-C identification also has a positive effect to repurchase intention and WOM. Eventually, the managerial implications of this study may help corporate managers to ponder their marketing strategies or even improve their firms¡¦ performance.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the underlying mechanism of memory distrust as a function of repeated checking in a nonclinical student sample. Recent literature proposes that repeated checking increases familiarity with the material checked. Then, familiarity makes the recollections less vivid and detailed. Afterwards, this condition promotes distrust in memory. Before the experimental phase of the study, Padua Inventory- Washington State University Revision (PI-WSUR) and demographic information form were applied to the 381 students (232 female, 149 male) university students. Then, 84 students were selected according to their PI-WSUR scores. The students scored half standard deviation below the mean of the group were assigned to the low OCD group (N= 42) and the students scored half standard deviation above the mean were assigned to the high OCD group (N= 42). In the experimental phase of the study, an interactive computer animation was developed to test repeated checking behavior. Before the experiment, participants were randomly assigned to two groups: primed with feedback group and primed with no feedback group. In the experiment, participants were all asked to carry out checking rituals on a virtual gas ring. Each participant performed turning on, turning off and checking processes for 15 trials. However, half of the participants in the primed with feedback group were given feedback indicating that the checking activity was successful and complete and half of the participants in the primed with no feedback group were not given any feedback. The data are analyzed by 2 (Group: Low OCD group - High OCD Group) X 2 (Feedback condition: Primed with Feedback Group - Primed with no Feedback Group) Between Subjects ANOVA. Results showed that participants in the primed with feedback group had significantly higher scores on both memory confidence for the last checking trial of the gas rings and overall outcome confidence for all fifteen checking trials than participants in the primed with no feedback group. There was no significant group main effect and interaction effect (group x feedback condition) for the level of memory confidence and overall outcome confidence. There were also no significant group and feedback condition main effects and interaction effect for the level of vividness and detail of the recollections of the last checking behavior. Results are discussed in the light of the related literature.

<p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1993, härtill 4 uppsatser.</p> / digitalisering@umu