The Domain Name System (DNS) provides a mapping between host names and Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. Hosts that are configured using the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) can have their assigned IP addresses updated in a Dynamic DNS (DDNS). DNS and DDNS are critical components of the Internet. Most applications use host names rather than IP addresses, allowing the underlying operating system (OS) to translate these host names to IP addresses on behalf of the application. When the DDNS service is unavailable, applications that use DNS cannot contact the hosts served by that DDNS server. Unfortunately, the current DDNS implementation cannot continue to operate under failure of a master DNS server. Although a slave DNS server can continue to translate names to addresses, new IP addresses or changes to existing IP addresses cannot be added. Therefore, those new hosts cannot be reached by the DDNS. A new architecture is presented that eliminates this single point of failure. In this design, instead of storing resource records in a flat text file, all name servers connect to a Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) directory to store and retrieve resource records. These directory servers replicate all resource records across each other using a multi-master replication mechanism. The DHCP servers can add records to any of the functioning DNS servers in event of an outage. In this scheme, all DNS servers use the anycast Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). This allows any of the DNS servers to answer queries sent to a single IP address. The DNS clients always use the same IP address to send queries. The routing system removes routes to non-functional name servers and delivers the request to the closest (according to network metrics) available DNS server. This thesis also describes a concrete implementation of this system that was created to demonstrate the viability of this solution. A reference implementation was built in a laboratory to represent an Internet Service Provider (ISP) with three identical regions. This implementation was built using Quagga as the BGP routing software running on a set of core routers and on each of the DNS servers. The Berkeley Internet Name Daemon (BIND) was used as an implementation of the DNS. The BIND Simplified Database Backend (SDB) interface was used to allow the DNS server to store and retrieve resource records in an LDAP directory. The Fedora Directory Server was used as a multi-master LDAP directory. DHCP service was provided by the Internet Systems Consortium's (ISC) DHCP server. The objectives for the design were high-availability, scalability and consistency. These properties were analyzed using the metrics of downtime during failover, replication overhead, and latency of replication. The downtime during failover was less than one second. The precision of this metric was limited by the synchronization provided by the Network Time Protocol (NTP) implementation used in the laboratory. The network traffic overhead for a three-way replication was shown to be only 3.5 times non-replicated network traffic. The latency of replication was also shown to be less than one second. The results show the viability of this approach and indicate that this solution should be usable over a wide area network, serving a large number of clients. / Master of Science

This thesis presents the implementation and validation of a new methodology developed by Glegg et al. (2004) for solving the trailing edge noise problem. This method is based on the premises that the noise produced by a surface can be computed by the integral of the cross product between the velocity and vorticity fields, of the boundary layer and shed vorticity (Howe (1978)). To extract the source terms, proper orthogonal decomposition is applied to the velocity cross spectrum to extract modes of the unsteady velocity and vorticity. The new formulation of the trailing edge noise problem by Glegg et al. (2004) is attractive because it applies to the high frequencies of interest but does not require an excessive computational effort. Also, the nature of the formulation permits the identification of the modes producing the noise and their associated velocity fluctuations as well as the regions of the boundary layer responsible for the noise production. The source terms were obtained using the direct numerical simulation of a turbulent channel flow by Moser et al. (1998). Two-point velocity and vorticity statistics of this data set were obtained by averaging 41 instantaneous fields. For comparisons purposes, experimental boundary layer data by Adrian et al. (2000) was chosen. Statistical reduction of 50 velocity fields obtained by particle image velocimetry was performed and analysis of the two-point correlation function showed features similar to the DNS data case. Also, proper orthogonal decomposition revealed identical dominant modes and eddy structures in the flow, therefore justifying considering the channel flow as an external boundary layer for noise calculations. Comparison of noise predictions with experimental data from Brooks et al. (1989) showed realistic results with the largest discrepancies, on the order of 5 dB, occurring at the lowest frequencies. The DNS results are least applicable at these frequencies, since these correspond to the longest streamwise lengthscales, which are the most affected by the periodicity conditions used in the DNS and also are the least representative of the turbulence in an external boundary layer flow. Most of the noise was shown to be produced by low-frequency streamwise velocity modes in the bottom 10% of the boundary layer and locations closest to the wall. Only 6 modes were required to obtain noise levels within 1 dB of the total noise. Finally, the method for predicting spatial velocity correlation from Reynolds stress data in wake flows, originally developed by Devenport et al. (1999, 2001) and Devenport and Glegg (2001), was adapted to boundary-layer type flows. This method, using Reynolds stresses and the prescription of a lengthscale to extrapolate the full two-point correlation, was shown to produce best results for a lengthscale prescribed as proportional to the turbulent macroscale. Noise predictions using modeled two-point statistics showed good agreement with the DNS inferred data in all but frequency magnitude, a probable consequence of the modeling of the correlation function in the streamwise direction. Other quantities associated to noise were seen to be similar to the ones obtained using the DNS. / Master of Science

The main aim of the presented diploma thesis was to record objective and subjective changes after therapy with DNS concept in a group of 13 people with LBP. Moiré projection topography was used to record postural changes after 5.5 week therapeutic intervention. It was not clear, whether DNS exercise would help them to achieve visible postural changes and whether this technique is able to record these changes, which would mean that it is a suitable option for objectivisation of therapies focusing on correction of stabilisation and postural functions. Pedoscan was used for further objectivisation of the effect of DNS concept. The chosen correlate of the mentioned objective evaluation was Oswestry disability index, evaluating limitations of common everyday activities resulting from pain in the lower back, and the Numeric pain scale. Patients underwent 5 hour-long physiotherapeutic lessons, the recommended frequency of exercises in the household environment was 3-4 times per day. The probands exercised with the use of DNS concept according to the individual examination findings, especially in the area of the integrated spine stabilisation system. The data were statistically elaborated by Wilcoxon Signed-Rand test, which a non-parametric variant of the pair T-test. It is obvious from the results that...

The main target of this thesis was to detect objective changes in the implementation of four postural locomotor tests DNS and during walking. The movements were recorded using the optical MoCap - the kinematic analysis Qualisys. The particular interest of the investigation was to determine the current stabilization of the spine system in individual subjects aged 25 to 55 years, which was documented by means of the angular deflection of each segment, the flat segment deviation or the shift of the marker in a coordinate system. The measurement results were compared between ten individuals with LBP and ten persons without any difficulty who were placed into the control group. The data were collected using the software QTM and Visual3D and subsequently were statistically processed. A statistically significant difference was observed during walking when comparing the angular deflection of the pelvis to the chest at the rotation and lateroflexion (ř). The significant difference of the pelvis shift toward the chest during flexion and rotation (ř) was showed in a deep squat test, but the difference was not confirmed in lateroflexion (ř). Furthermore, no statistical difference of the lateral deflection of the same segment (pelvis or chest) (cm) in patients with LBP compared to all subjects during the...

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’étude de l’accélération de particules fluides et inertielles en déplacement dans une turbulence soumise à un gradient de vitesse moyen. L’objectif est de récupérer des données de référence afin de développer des modèles LES stochastiques pour la prédiction de l’accélération de sous-maille et l’accélération de particules inertielles dans des conditions inhomogènes. La modélisation de l’accélération de sous-maille est effectuée à l’aide de l’approche LES-SSAM introduite par Sabel’nikov, Chtab et Gorokhovski[EPJB 80:177]. L’accélération est modélisée à l’aide de deux modèles stochastiques indépendants : un processus log-normal d’Ornstein-Uhlenbeck pour la norme d’accélération et un processus stochastique Ornstein-Uhlenbeck basé sur le calcul de Stratonovich pour les composantes du vecteur d’orientation de l’accélération. L’approche est utilisée pour la simulation de particules fluides et inertielles dans le cas d’une turbulence homogène isotrope et dans un cisaillement homogène. Les résultats montrent une amélioration des statistiques à petites échelles par rapport aux LES classiques. La modélisation de l’accélération des particules inertielles dans le cisaillement homogène est effectuée avec l’approche LES-STRIP introduite par Gorokhovski et Zamansky[PRF 3:034602] et est modélisée avec deux modèles stochastiques indépendants de manière similaire à l’accélération de sous-maille. Nos calculs montrent une amélioration de l’accélération et de la vitesse des particules lorsque le modèle STRIP est utilisé. Enfin dans une dernière partie, nous présentons une équation pour décrire la dynamique de particules ponctuelles de taille supérieure à l’échelle de Kolmogorov dans une turbulence homogène isotrope calculée par DNS. Les résultats sont comparés avec l’expérience et montrent que cette description reproduit bien les propriétés dynamiques des particules. / The main objective of this thesis is to study the acceleration of fluid and inertial particles moving in a turbulent flow under the influence of a homogeneous shear in order to develop LES stochastic models that predict subgrid acceleration of the flow and acceleration of inertial particles. Subgrid acceleration modelisation is done in the framework of the LES-SSAM approach which was introduced by Sabel’nikov, Chtab and Gorokhovski[EPJB 80:177]. Acceleration is predicted with two independant stochastic models : a log-normal Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process for the norm of acceleration and an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process expressed in the sense of Stratonovich calculus for the components of the acceleration orientation vector. The approach is used to simulate fluid and inertial particles moving in a homogeneous isotropic turbulence and in a homogeneous sheared turbulence. Our results show that small scales statistics of particles are better predicted in comparison with classical LES approach. Modelling of inertial particles acceleration is done in the framework of the LES-STRIP which was introduced by Gorokhovski and Zamansky[PRF 3:034602] with two independant stochastic models in a similar way to the subgrid fluid acceleration. Computations of inertial particles in the homogeneous shear flow present good predicitons of the particles acceleration and velocity when STRIP model is used. In the last chapter, we present an equation to describe the dynamic of point-like particles which size is larger than the Kolmogorov scale moving in a homogeneous isotropic turbulence computed by direct numerical simulation. Results are compared with experiments and indicate that this description reproduces well the properties of the particles dynamic.

In this work, a DNS code was developed to investigate problems on transition in subsonic compressible boundary layer on a flat plate. Code validation tests were performed for linear and nonlinear stages of transition, on incompressible and compressible regimes. The focus of the present work is to investigate natural transition in subsonic boundary layers modeled by wave packets; and perform a preliminary study of transition induced by white noise. Three main problems were considered, namely, a DNS simulation and analysis of the ex- periment (MEDEIROS; GASTER, 1999b) of wave packet evolution on incompressible boundary layer, the influence of compressibility on wave packet evolution at subsonic Mach numbers and finally, a preliminary study of the evolution of a white noise perturbation in the boundary layer at Mach 0.2 and Mach 0.9. Comparisons between numerical and experimental results show remarkably good agreement in the linear and nonlinear stages, in both, spatial and Fourier spaces. A numerical simulation of this experiment and the analysis carried out is not available in the literature for wave packets in the incompressible boundary layer. The nonlinear modal analysis performed established the existence of tuned fundamental and subharmonic resonance of H-type and K-type in the packet. Influence of compressibility in the wave packet evolution was here investigated in boundary layers at Mach 0.7 and Mach 0.9. There are no works reported in the literature on wave packets in compressible subsonic boundary layer. In the linear regime, the oblique modes were the most unstable for Mach > 0.7, as expected by the results of the literature. In the nonlinear regime, strong streaks were observed, associated with low frequency modes that eventually decay downstream. An isolated wave packet at Mach 0.9 showed nonlinear amplification only in the subharmonic band, which may be associated to H-type or detuned resonance. However this packet has a relatively stable character. On the other hand, at Mach 0.9 spanwise interaction of wave packet pairs were more unstable than the isolated case, because stable modes for the isolated packet evolution becomes unstable in the wave packet interaction. This scenario evidenced the presence of oblique transition. Finally, the nonlinear evolution of the same white noise disturbance at Mach 0.2 and Mach 0.9 were observed to be completely different. In the incompressible boundary layer localized lambda vortex structures were observed, that could be associated to the local presence of H-type and/or K-type resonance. In the compressible regime, longitudinal vortex structures distributed across the entire domain seemed to be linked to oblique transition. In the white noise evolution, compressibility seems to have a stronger effect than in the wave packet evolution. In the conditions considered, the wave packet interaction appear to be a better representation of white noise compressible transition scenario. / No presente trabalho, um código DNS (Direct Numerical Simulation) foi desenvolvido para abordar problemas de transição para turbulência em camada limite subsônica compressível em uma placa plana. Foram realizados testes de validação de código , nos regimes linear e não linear do processo de transição, nos regimes incompressível e compressível. O foco do presente trabalho é estudar transição natural modelada por meio de pacotes de onda em camada limite compressível subsônica, e realizar uma análise preliminar da transição induzida por ruído branco. Três assuntos principais foram considerados: uma simulação DNS e uma análise comparativa com o experimento (MEDEIROS; GASTER, 1999b) sobre a evolução de um pacote de ondas em camada limite incompressível, a influência da compressibilidade na evolução de pacotes de ondas no regime subsônico, e por último, um estudo preliminar da transição induzida por ruído branco em Mach 0.2 e Mach 0.9. As comparações realizadas entre a solução numérica e os dados experimentais mostram uma boa concordância, nos regimes linear e não linear, tanto no espaço físico quanto no espaço de Fourier. A simulação numérica deste experimento e a análise realizada neste trabalho, não são encontradas na literatura para o regime incompressível. A análise modal não linear aplicada aos resultados, permitiu identificar a presença das ressonâncias tipo H e tipo K no pacote de ondas. A influência da compressibilidade na evolução dos pacotes de onda foi estudada em Mach 0.7 e Mach 0.9. Na literatura não há trabalhos sobre pacotes de ondas no regime sub- sônico. No regime linear da transição, os modos oblíquos resultam ser os mais instáveis para Mach > 0.7, como era de esperar, de acordo com os resultados da literatura. No regime não linear, foram observadas estrias de moderada amplitude, associadas com modos de baixa frequência que acabam decaindo. O pacote de ondas em Mach 0.9 apresentou amplificação não linear somente na banda subharmônica, que pode ser associada com transição tipo H ou ressonância dessintonizada. No entanto, o comportamento geral neste regime é estabilizante. Por sua vez, a interação entre pacotes de ondas em Mach 0.9 mostrou um comportamento desestabilizante, pois a interação acaba gerando amplificação não linear em modos que decaem no pacote isolado. Os modos amplificados sugerem a presença do mecanismo de transição oblíqua. Finalmente, a evolução da mesma perturbação constituída por ruído branco em Mach 0.2 e Mach 0.9, resultaram ser completamente diferentes. Na camada limite incompressível foram observados vórtices tipo lambda, que poderiam ser gerados pela presença localizada das ressonâncias tipo H e/ou tipo K. No regime compressível foram observados vórtices distribuidos em todo o domínio, o que sugere a presença da transição oblíqua. Na transição gerada por ruído branco a compressibilidade teve uma influência maior que no pacote de ondas. Nas condições estudadas, a interação entre pacotes de ondas parece ser uma melhor representação do ruído branco no regime compressível.

Submitted by PPG Engenharia e Tecnologia de Materiais (engenharia.pg.materiais@pucrs.br) on 2018-04-27T17:37:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 main_old.pdf: 8825994 bytes, checksum: 363343ed7cc0b9cad81c747d8ce8c193 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sheila Dias (sheila.dias@pucrs.br) on 2018-05-10T12:31:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 main_old.pdf: 8825994 bytes, checksum: 363343ed7cc0b9cad81c747d8ce8c193 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-10T12:49:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 main_old.pdf: 8825994 bytes, checksum: 363343ed7cc0b9cad81c747d8ce8c193 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The present work uses a numerical computational methodology and the concept of gravity current to determine the effect of the variable properties on a sediment flow. Through two different numerical approaches, it compares the advantages of using an ILES or DNS in order to reduce computational time and still keep physics of the problem. Four different cases are compared, with and without variable properties, totaling eight simulations. To verify the code a case (CASE 0) was simulated based on the article of cite espath13 by varying the coefficient of dynamic viscosity and the fall velocity using a DNS methodology. For CASE I, the effect of the ILES methodology was verified with the same parameters of CASE 0. Finally, to increase the concentration and the Reynolds number, CASES II and III use sediment parameters such as coal and pume in Boussinesq approach. It was observed that the effect of the variable fall velocity helps to reduce the velocity of the front and maintains more material in suspension for longer time periods, being this effect observed in experimental cases, which demonstrates the even greater approximation of numerical simulations with cases real. / Com o objetivo de determinar qual o efeito do da varia??o do coeficiente de viscosidade din?mica e da velocidade de queda num escoamento com sedimentos, o presente trabalho faz uso de uma metodologia num?rica computacional e do conceito de corrente de gravidade. Por meio de duas abordagens num?ricas distintas, compara as vantagens de utilizar uma abordagem do tipo ILES com DNS, afim de reduzir o tempo computacional e ainda manter grande parte do efeito da f?sica no problema. S?o comparados quatro casos distintos, com e sem propriedades vari?veis, totalizando oito simula??es. Para verificar o c?digo, foi simulado um caso (CASO 0) baseado no artigo de Espath et al. (2013) variando o coeficiente de viscosidade din?mica e a velocidade de queda utilizando uma metodologia DNS. Para o CASO I, foi verificado o efeito da metodologia ILES, com os mesmos par?metros do CASO 0. Por fim, para aumentar a concentra??o e, por consequ?ncia, o n?mero de Reynolds, os CASOS II e III utilizaram par?metros de sedimentos como carv?o e pume na aproxima??o de Boussinesq. Foi observado que o efeito da velocidade de queda vari?vel auxilia na redu??o da velocidade da posi??o da frente e mant?m mais material em suspens?o por mais tempo, sendo tal efeito observado em casos experimentais, o que demonstra a aproxima??o ainda maior das simula??es num?ricas com casos reais.

Dans cette thèse on s'intéresse aux jets en écoulement transverse dans une configuration générique de celle du refroidissement par effusion de chambres de combustion aéronautiques. L'amélioration des modèles de paroi avec transfert de masse passe par une meilleure connaissance de l'interaction entre les jets et l’écoulement principal. Nous avons donc réalisé la simulation numérique directe d'un jet issu d'un perçage incliné avec ou sans giration, pour des écoulements isothermes, turbulents et à bas nombre de Mach, dans un contexte compressible. Pour cela nous avons travaillé avec la bibliothèque AeroSol d'éléments finis continus et discontinus sur maillage hybride. En particulier nous nous sommes intéressés à la stabilité des flux numériques pour le compressible instationnaire associés à la méthode de Galerkin discontinue lorsque le nombre de Mach tend vers zéro. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence des comportements instables lors de l'utilisation de discrétisation temporelle explicite que nous avons corrigés en proposant un nouveau flux. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons effectué les développements nécessaires à la réalisation des calculs. Nous nous sommes en particulier intéressés à la génération d'un champ de vitesse turbulent synthétique par la méthode SEM (Synthetic Eddy Method) que nous avons implantée dans AeroSol et validée. Grâce aux outils de post-traitement développés, nous avons conduit l'analyse de nos résultats. Dans le cas sans giration, les comparaisons avec les résultats expérimentaux et les résultats de simulations RANS que nous avons obtenus en parallèle sur la configuration du banc d'essai MAVERIC sont encourageants. La structure moyenne d'ensemble du jet est notamment correctement reproduite. En ce qui concerne la cas avec giration, le comportement attendu de déflexion successive du jet dans les deux plans caractéristiques (plan d'injection et plan de l'écoulement transverse) est bien reproduit et illustre tout le potentiel prévisionnel de la librairie de calcul que nous avons contribué à développer. / In this work we are interested in jet in crossflow in a generic configuration to the one used in effusion cooling for combustion chambers. Improved wall models with mass transfer requires a better knowledge of the interaction between the jets and the main flow. We therefore carried out the direct numerical simulation of a jet issuing from an inclined hole with or without gyration, for isothermal turbulent flow at low Mach number, in a compressible context. To achieved this, we worked with the continuous and discontinuous finite element library : AeroSol on hybrid grid. In particular we studied the stability of numerical flux for the unsteady compressible flow associated with discontinuous Galerkin method when the Mach number tends to zero. We were able to demonstrate unstable behavior when using explicit time discretization and we corrected them by providing a new flux. In a second time, we have performed the necessary development to achieve the calculations. We have been especially interested in the generation of a synthetic turbulent velocity field using the SEM method (Synthetic Eddy Method) that we have implemented in aerosol and validate. Thanks to the developed post-processing tools, we have conducted an analysis of our results. In the case without gyration, comparisons with experimental results and the results of RANS simulations we obtained on the Maveric test-bench configuration are encouraging. The mean flow of the jet is correctly reproduced. In the case with gyration, the expected behavior of successive deflection of the jet in both planes (injection plane and transverse plane of the flow) is reproduced and shows all the potential of the AeroSol library we helped to develop.

Occupational risk management can be a catalyst in generating superior returns for all stakeholders on a sustainable basis. A number of companies in South Africa have implemented Cardinal Rules of Safety adopted from international companies to ensure the safety of their employees. The purpose of this study was to measure the impact of the cardinal rules on employee safety behaviour implemented at power stations in Mpumalanga. The empirical study was done by using a questionnaire as measuring instrument. The questionnaire was developed from a literature review and contains questions and items relevant to the initial research problem. The questionnaire comprised of five–point Likert scale type questions.The convenience sampling method was applied identifying 90 participants at three different power stations in Mpumalanga taking part in the study. Statistical analysis was performed by the Statistical Consulting Service of the North–West University using SPSS. Cronbach’s alpha co–efficients was used to determine the reliability of the factors. Descriptive statistics (Mean, standard, deviation, were used in the compiling of the profile of the results. While Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient was calculated to identify practically significant associations between variables and factors The research findings suggest that there is practical significant correlation between the factors that were measured. The opinion given by respondents suggests that cardinal rules of safety were implemented, given all the necessary support by management and enforced throughout the organisation. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Biochemistry))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Occupational risk management can be a catalyst in generating superior returns for all stakeholders on a sustainable basis. A number of companies in South Africa have implemented Cardinal Rules of Safety adopted from international companies to ensure the safety of their employees. The purpose of this study was to measure the impact of the cardinal rules on employee safety behaviour implemented at power stations in Mpumalanga. The empirical study was done by using a questionnaire as measuring instrument. The questionnaire was developed from a literature review and contains questions and items relevant to the initial research problem. The questionnaire comprised of five–point Likert scale type questions.The convenience sampling method was applied identifying 90 participants at three different power stations in Mpumalanga taking part in the study. Statistical analysis was performed by the Statistical Consulting Service of the North–West University using SPSS. Cronbach’s alpha co–efficients was used to determine the reliability of the factors. Descriptive statistics (Mean, standard, deviation, were used in the compiling of the profile of the results. While Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient was calculated to identify practically significant associations between variables and factors The research findings suggest that there is practical significant correlation between the factors that were measured. The opinion given by respondents suggests that cardinal rules of safety were implemented, given all the necessary support by management and enforced throughout the organisation. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Biochemistry))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.