This dissertation is a descriptive grammar of Guna, a Chibchan language of Panama with an approximate 40,000 speakers. The aim of the dissertation is to provide a description of the language that is linguistically relevant and at the same time straightforward and readable for a wider audience that may include the community of Guna speakers. This work fills a gap that exists in the literature for Guna. Great work has been done about Guna in diverse areas and disciplines. However, as the Guna population seeks to become more involved in their own representation (Howe 2010), there exists a great need for a document that bridges the understanding of Guna linguistics with the community's efforts of language maintenance and revitalization. In order to accomplish this, chapters are written in such a way that topics can be easily located, linguistic concepts are fully explained, and the language used to describe specific linguistic phenomena is straightforward. The dissertation is organized as follows: Chapter 1 introduces the reader to the academic and cultural context in which the dissertation was written and the methodology used in data collection and writing; Chapter 2 describes the phonology of the language and explains different orthographies that have surfaced for Guna; Chapter 3 presents the roots/bases and the formatives that attach to them; Chapter 4 builds on the previous chapter to describe phrases that have nouns and modifiers as heads; Chapter 5 discusses verbal morphology; Chapter 6 gives a description of sentence formation, which includes different syntactic phenomena such as type of predicates, word order, and pragmatically determined word orders; Chapter 7 serves as a bridge between Chapters 6 and 8 as it describes serial verb constructions, structures with two verbs that function as one predicate; and Chapter 8 is an account of clause combinations in the language. Although Guna is still spoken and learned by children, its dwindling percentage of native speakers makes it an endangered language. Therefore, this grammar is a contribution to the field of linguistics and to the efforts of revitalization and maintenance within the community. / text

Investiga a interface teórico-prática entre terminologia, ontologia filosófica, ontologia computacional e linguística documentária e os subsídios que oferecem para a construção de informações documentárias. Foram estabelecidos como objetivos específicos, a análise das condições de produção, desenvolvimento, implementação, uso e integração de ontologias com base no referencial teórico da ciência da informação; a investigação sobre a contribuição das ontologias para o desenvolvimento de tesauros e vice-versa; a discussão acerca do fundamento filosófico da aplicação de ontologias com base no estudo das categorias ontológicas presentes na filosofia clássica e nas propostas contemporâneas. Defende que a compreensão das ontologias por meio da teoria comunicativa da terminologia colabora para a organização de um acesso menos quantitativo (sintático) e mais qualitativo (semântico) à informação. Observa que, conquanto compartilhem alguns objetivos comuns, ainda há pouco diálogo entre a ciência da informação (e, no seu interior, a linguística documentária) e a ciência da computação. Defende que as ontologias concretas e as ontologias filosóficas não são eventos completamente independentes que guardam entre si apenas a similaridade de denominação e constata que a discussão sobre categorias e categorização na ciência da computação, nem sempre possui a ênfase que recebe na ciência da informação no âmbito dos estudos sobre representação do conhecimento. A abordagem do rizoma, de Deleuze e Guattari, foi tratada como provocadora de reflexões sobre a validade do modelo hierárquico arborescente e sobre as possibilidades de sua ampliação. Conclui que a construção de ontologias não pode prescindir do tratamento terminológico-conceitual, como compreendido pela terminologia e pela ciência da informação, acumulado nos referenciais teóricos e nas metodologias para construção de linguagens documentárias e que, por outro lado, a construção de linguagens documentárias mais flexíveis não pode ignorar o modelo de representação das ontologias, com mais predisposição para a formalização e para a interoperabilidade. / Investigates theoretical and practical interfaces between terminology, philosophical ontology, computational ontology and documentary linguistics and the subsidies that they offer for the construction of documentary information. It was established as specific objectives, the analysis of the production, development, implementation and use of ontologies based on the information science theories, the research on the contribution of ontologies for the development of thesauri and vice versa and the discussion of the philosophical foundation of the application of ontologies based on the study of ontological categories present in classical philosophy and in the contemporary proposals. It argues that the understanding of ontologies through the communicative theory of terminology contributes to the organization of a less quantitative access (syntactic) and more qualitative (semantic) of information. Notes that, in spite of sharing some common goals, there is little dialogue between the information science (and, inside it, the documentary linguistics) and computer science. It argues that the computational and philosophical ontologies are not completely independent events, which have among themselves only the similarity of name, and notes that the discussion of categories and categorization in computer science, does not always have the emphasis it receives in information science in studies on knowledge representation. The approach of Deleuze and Guattari\'s rhizome, was treated as instigator of reflections on the validity of the hierarchical tree model structure and the possibilities of its expansion. It concludes that the construction of ontologies can not ignore the terminological and conceptual analysis, as it\'s understood by the terminology and by the information science accumulated in the theoretical and methodological basis for the construction of indexing languages and, on the other hand, the construction of flexible indexing languages can not ignore the representational model of ontologies which are more capable for formalization and interoperability.

Investiga a interface teórico-prática entre terminologia, ontologia filosófica, ontologia computacional e linguística documentária e os subsídios que oferecem para a construção de informações documentárias. Foram estabelecidos como objetivos específicos, a análise das condições de produção, desenvolvimento, implementação, uso e integração de ontologias com base no referencial teórico da ciência da informação; a investigação sobre a contribuição das ontologias para o desenvolvimento de tesauros e vice-versa; a discussão acerca do fundamento filosófico da aplicação de ontologias com base no estudo das categorias ontológicas presentes na filosofia clássica e nas propostas contemporâneas. Defende que a compreensão das ontologias por meio da teoria comunicativa da terminologia colabora para a organização de um acesso menos quantitativo (sintático) e mais qualitativo (semântico) à informação. Observa que, conquanto compartilhem alguns objetivos comuns, ainda há pouco diálogo entre a ciência da informação (e, no seu interior, a linguística documentária) e a ciência da computação. Defende que as ontologias concretas e as ontologias filosóficas não são eventos completamente independentes que guardam entre si apenas a similaridade de denominação e constata que a discussão sobre categorias e categorização na ciência da computação, nem sempre possui a ênfase que recebe na ciência da informação no âmbito dos estudos sobre representação do conhecimento. A abordagem do rizoma, de Deleuze e Guattari, foi tratada como provocadora de reflexões sobre a validade do modelo hierárquico arborescente e sobre as possibilidades de sua ampliação. Conclui que a construção de ontologias não pode prescindir do tratamento terminológico-conceitual, como compreendido pela terminologia e pela ciência da informação, acumulado nos referenciais teóricos e nas metodologias para construção de linguagens documentárias e que, por outro lado, a construção de linguagens documentárias mais flexíveis não pode ignorar o modelo de representação das ontologias, com mais predisposição para a formalização e para a interoperabilidade. / Investigates theoretical and practical interfaces between terminology, philosophical ontology, computational ontology and documentary linguistics and the subsidies that they offer for the construction of documentary information. It was established as specific objectives, the analysis of the production, development, implementation and use of ontologies based on the information science theories, the research on the contribution of ontologies for the development of thesauri and vice versa and the discussion of the philosophical foundation of the application of ontologies based on the study of ontological categories present in classical philosophy and in the contemporary proposals. It argues that the understanding of ontologies through the communicative theory of terminology contributes to the organization of a less quantitative access (syntactic) and more qualitative (semantic) of information. Notes that, in spite of sharing some common goals, there is little dialogue between the information science (and, inside it, the documentary linguistics) and computer science. It argues that the computational and philosophical ontologies are not completely independent events, which have among themselves only the similarity of name, and notes that the discussion of categories and categorization in computer science, does not always have the emphasis it receives in information science in studies on knowledge representation. The approach of Deleuze and Guattari\'s rhizome, was treated as instigator of reflections on the validity of the hierarchical tree model structure and the possibilities of its expansion. It concludes that the construction of ontologies can not ignore the terminological and conceptual analysis, as it\'s understood by the terminology and by the information science accumulated in the theoretical and methodological basis for the construction of indexing languages and, on the other hand, the construction of flexible indexing languages can not ignore the representational model of ontologies which are more capable for formalization and interoperability.

Teotepec Chatino is a Zapotecan language of the Otomanguean stock, spoken in the Southeastern Sierra Madre, in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico. Although other varieties of the Chatino language family have been described - Panixtlahuaca (Pride, 1963; Pride and Pride, 2004), Yaitepec (Rasch, 2002), Quiahije (Cruz, E, 2004; Cruz, E. et al., 2008), Tataltepec (Pride and Pride, 1970; Pride, 1984), Zacatepec (Villard, 2008), Zenzontepec (Campbell, 2009; Carleton, 2000) - there are no previous descriptions of Teotepec Chatino. Among the many interesting features of Teotepec Chatino is an inventory of twelve lexical tones. These tones distinguish between lexical items and have grammatical func- tions. The basic word order is VSO, however the language exhibits the alternative orders of SVO and OVS. These orders have specific semantic and pragmatic functions. The language has aspectual prefixes and some derivational patterns. There is verbal and nominal com- pounding which plays an important role in the formation of complex concepts. Animate direct objects are optionally marked by 7įᴿ ‘to’. The presence or absence of this marker with nominal constituents encodes whether an object is alienably or inalienably possessed. Teotepec Chatino has a vigesimal number system - a common areal feature of other languages in the region. There is a complex set of motion verbs that encode spatial orientation and reference. There are several constructions that result in complex sentences. These include relative clauses, complement clauses, adverbial clauses and conjunctions. There are a number of interesting temporal adverbs that are used to define different time events. The description and analysis of these aspects of Teotepec Chatino is based on data gathered through elicitation and oral texts. This work is a preliminary sketch of the language and should not be considered exhaustive. / text

L’objectif premier de cette thèse est de contribuer à la documentation et à la description d’une langue indigène en danger de disparition au Mexique et parallèlement, à sa revitalisation, en apportant aux locuteurs de cette langue des outils pour l’enseignement et la transmission de la langue.La langue étudiée dans cette thèse est le tének (parfois écrit teenek ; connu également comme le huastèque/wastek) – une langue maya parlée dans l’Etat de San Luis Potosí au Mexique. Bien qu’elle ne soit pas officiellement reconnue comme étant en danger d’extinction à court terme, le destin du ténekdemeure toutefois incertain dans le moyen terme. Ce fait est dûment démontré dans la première partie de lathèse, où l’on remet en question la classification des langues dites en voie de disparition, en révélant l’étendue du risque encouru par beaucoup d’autres langues indigènes.Les locuteurs de maya tének sont séparés des autres locuteurs de langues mayas par plus de 700km,tout en étant en contact avec des locuteurs de langues indigènes d’autres familles de langues mésoaméricaines(notamment uto-aztèque et otomangue). Cette situation ambivalente d’isolement endogène etde contact exogène fait de la documentation du tének contemporain un sujet d’étude particulièrement intéressant du point de vue typologique. Son isolement par rapport aux autres langues mayas contribue àfaire du tének une langue conservatrice maintenant certains liens privilégiés avec le proto-maya, mais par ailleurs, ce même isolement, associé au contact avec d’autres langues méso-américaines non maya, a conduit le tének à innover et à évoluer de manière originale, par rapport aux tendances typologiques de son groupe phylogénétique. Un exemple d’une innovation marquante de ce genre est, sur le plan morphosyntaxique, le système de l’inverse, fondé sur une hiérarchie de marqueurs personnels – un paramètre typologique original, qui a été développé par le tének comme une innovation périphérique, et qui s’avère unique à l’intérieur de la famille maya. Un autre exemple est la classification des substantifs, qui diffère de celle des autres langues mayas. La complexité de la structure verbale tének nous fournit également de nombreux traits intéressants : elle se manifeste par des marqueurs d’aspects primaires(accompli, inaccompli, etc.) et également d’aspects secondaires (exhaustif, intensif, résultatif, etc.), plusieurs marqueurs antipassifs (dont un est utilisé pour exprimer la réciprocité, ce qui est un phénomène plutôt inhabituel pour une langue maya), et plus d’un moyen pour exprimer le passif et la voix moyenne.Toutes ces caractéristiques sont examinées en détail dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, en fondant l’argumentation sur des données de première main, collectées sur le terrain dans le cadre de ce projet, à la fois sous forme d’élicitation, de collecte et de transcription de mythes et textes oraux.La troisième et dernière partie de la thèse est dédiée à la présentation de certains outils et méthodes de documentation originaux et participatifs, qui ont servi non seulement pour le travail de terrain, mais également dans des ateliers organisés afin de collecter des données pour ce projet aussi bien que pour fournir aux locuteurs et/ou aux enseignants du tének des moyens de lutter contre la disparition de la langue et la détresse pédagogique due au manque de moyens pour se former sur leurs langues autochtones.Certains des résultats obtenus grâce à ces méthodes sont également présentés ici. Cette partie de la thèse examine aussi la façon dont l’éducation bilingue et interculturelle au Mexique travaille à la protection des langues natives mexicaines. / The principal objective of this thesis is to document and describe an endangered indigenous language of Mexico and, in parallel, to provide tools to its speakers for the teaching and transmission of said language, thereby contributing to efforts for its revitalisation.As documented within the thesis, Tének (sometimes written Teenek; also known by thename Huastec/Wastek) is a Mayan language spoken in the state of San Luis Potosí, Mexico, and although it is not officially recognised as being in any particular danger of extinction, its destiny is quite uncertain in the mid-term. This is duly demonstrated within the first part of the thesis, thereby questioning the classification of endangered languages, and revealing the extent to which manymore languages are at risk than apparent.The Maya Tének are separated from the other Mayan language speakers by more than 700km, but are in close contact with indigenous language speakers of other origins (namely Uto-Aztec and Otomanguean). This configuration of isolation/contact creates, typologically speaking, aparticularly interesting object of study. Its isolation from the other Mayan languages means thatTének is and has remained a conservative language displaying close links with the proto-language,yet this same situation of isolation, coupled with its contact with languages of other origins, hasforced Tének to innovate and to evolve in other ways. One such example is the classification of nouns which differs from other Mayan languages. Another Tének development is its morphological inverse system based on a hierarchy of person markers which is unique within the Mayan family.The complex verb structure of Tének also presents some interesting features : it has both primary aspect markers (completive, incompletive, etc.) and secondary aspect markers (exhaustive,intensive, résultative, etc.), several antipassive markers (one of which is used to express reciprocity,which is in itself unusual for a Mayan language), more than one way to express the passive as well as the middle voice. All of these features are examined in detail within the second part of this thesis based on original materials collected in the field within the framework of this project both via elicitation and the collection and transcription of stories.The third and final part of the thesis is dedicated to the presentation of some of the original and creative documentation methods and tools used both for fieldwork and in organised workshop sessions in order to collect data for this project as well as to provide means by which the speakersand/or teachers of Tének can fight against the loss of the language. Some of the results of the work accomplished via these methods are presented here too. This part of the thesis also takes a look at how bilingual and intercultural education in Mexico is shaped and the actions taken toward protecting Mexican native languages.This thesis was developed as an experimental project in documentary linguistics; this particular paradigm of linguistics is revealing itself to be more and more important as languages continually disappear but remains as yet a little explored domain within the field of linguistics inFrance.

Submitted by Priscilla Araujo (priscilla@ibict.br) on 2016-08-01T18:30:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Andressa Dissertação revisado final.pdf: 4886535 bytes, checksum: 71a740b74fdd0e882c089bc407c1a6cf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-01T18:30:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Andressa Dissertação revisado final.pdf: 4886535 bytes, checksum: 71a740b74fdd0e882c089bc407c1a6cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-30 / Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar diálogos interdisciplinares da Arquivologia nos discursos sobre a representação da informação no contexto arquivístico, focando na função Classificação de Documentos e na necessidade de interlocução com a Linguística Documentária e, consequentemente, com a Ciência da Informação. O trabalho busca analisar estas possíveis conexões a partir do mapeamento da produção científica do GT 2 do Encontro Nacional de Pesquisa em Ciência da Informação (Enancib) – Organização e Representação do Conhecimento – aborda a questão em ambientes informacionais que incluem a produção documental e informacional em arquivos, além de abordar aspectos interdisciplinares relacionados a estes processos. Junto com esses dados também será utilizada uma análise da estrutura curricular dos cursos de Arquivologia no Brasil para identificar em que eixos temáticos a Arquivologia estabelece diálogos com a Ciência da Informação. O resultado é a identificação de áreas de interseção e vizinhanças epistêmicas entre a Arquivologia e outros campos do saber senão a História, a Administração e a Ciência da Computação, a fim de incentivar estudos futuros sobre essas relações. / This study aims to identify the interdisciplinary dialogues of the Archival Science in the discourses on information representation in the archival context, focusing on Document classification and the need for entering into dialogue with the Documentary Linguistics and hence with Information Science. The work aims to analyze these possible connections from the mapping of the scientific production of Enancib WG#2 - Knowledge Organization and Representation - which addresses the issue in information environments that include documentary and informational production in archives, in addition to addressing interdisciplinary issues related to these processes. Along with these data will be also used an analysis of the curricular structure of Archival Science courses in Brazil in order to identify which are the thematic axes used by the Archival Science to establish dialogues with the Information Science. The result is the identification of areas of epistemic intersection between Archival Science and other areas than History, Administration and Computer Science, in order to encourage future studies on these relations.

This dissertation presents the first full grammatical description of unprompted (spontaneous) speech in pidgin Chinook Jargon [synonyms Chinúk Wawa, Chinook]. The data come from a dialect I term ‘Kamloops Chinúk Wawa’, used in southern interior British Columbia circa 1900. I also present the first historical study and structural analysis of the shorthand-based ‘Chinuk pipa’ alphabet in which Kamloops Chinúk Wawa was written, primarily by Salish people. This study is made possible by the discovery of several hundred such texts, which I have transliterated and analyzed. The Basic Linguistic Theory-inspired (cf. Dixon 2010a,b) framework used here interprets Kamloops Chinúk Wawa as surprisingly ramified in morphological and syntactic structure, a finding in line with recent studies reexamining the status of pidgins by Bakker (e.g. 2003a,b, forthcoming) among others. Among the major findings: an unusually successful pidgin literacy including a widely circulated newspaper Kamloops Wawa, and language planning by the missionary J.M.R. Le Jeune, O.M.I. He planned both for the use of Kamloops Chinúk Wawa and this alphabet, and for their replacement by English. Additional sociolinguistic factors determining how Chinuk pipa was written included Salish preferences for learning to write by whole-word units (rather than letter by letter), and toward informal intra-community teaching of this first group literacy. In addition to compounding and conversion of lexical roots, Kamloops Chinúk Wawa morphology exploited three types of preposed grammatical morphemes—affixes, clitics, and particles. Virtually all are homonymous with and grammaticalized from demonstrably lexical morphs. Newly identified categories include ‘out-of-control’ transitivity marking and discourse markers including ‘admirative’ and ‘inferred’. Contrary to previous claims about Chinook Jargon (cf. Vrzic 1999), no overt passive voice exists in Kamloops Chinúk Wawa (nor probably in pan-Chinook Jargon), but a previously unknown ‘passivization strategy’ of implied agent demotion is brought to light. A realis-irrealis modality distinction is reflected at several scopal levels: phrase, clause and sentence. Functional differences are observed between irrealis clauses before and after main clauses. Polar questions are restricted to subordinate clauses, while alternative questions are formed by simple juxtaposition of irrealis clauses. Main-clause interrogatives are limited to content-question forms, optionally with irrealis marking. Positive imperatives are normally signaled by a mood particle on a realis clause, negative ones by a negative particle. Aspect is marked in a three-part ingressive-imperfective-completive system, with a marginal fourth ‘conative’. One negative operator has characteristically clausal, and another phrasal, scope. One copula is newly attested. Degree marking is largely confined to ‘predicative’ adjectives (copula complements). Several novel features of pronoun usage possibly reflect Salish L1 grammatical habits: a consistent animacy distinction occurs in third-person pronouns, where pan-Chinook Jargon 'iaka' (animate singular) and 'klaska' (animate plural) contrast with a null inanimate object/patient; this null and 'iaka' are non-specified for number; in intransitives, double exponence (repetition) of pronominal subjects is common; and pan-Chinook Jargon 'klaksta' (originally ‘who?’) and 'klaska' (originally ‘they’) vary freely with each other. Certain etymologically content-question forms are used also as determiners. Kamloops Chinúk Wawa’s numeral system is unusually regular and small for a pidgin; numerals are also used ordinally in a distinctly Chinook Jargon type of personal name. There is a null allomorph of the preposition 'kopa'. This preposition has additionally a realis complementizer function (with nominalized predicates) distinct from irrealis 'pus' (with verbal ones). Conjunction 'pi' also has a function in a syntactic focus-increasing and -reducing system. / Graduate