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Toujours citée parmi les instruments économiques et financiers au service de la protection de l'environnement, très étudiée - notamment par les économistes de l'environnement - la fiscalité environnementale intéresse relativement peu les juristes et représente, en pratique, une part très faible des recettes fiscales des États. Ce paradoxe apparent tient, en grande partie, à la définition retenue de la notion de fiscalité environnementale. Souvent limitée aux écotaxes, cette notion est abordée de manière analytique, sur la base de critères a priori. Non seulement une telle approche ne permet pas d'embrasser les instruments fiscaux employés dans leur diversité, mais elle ne favorise pas l'émergence d'un véritable concept de fiscalité environnementale. Ce concept, que cette thèse se propose de définir, oscillant entre impératifs fiscaux et objectifs environnementaux, présente de multiples dimensions tant fiscales qu'économiques, tant politiques qu'écologiques. Une interrogation sur la pertinence des fondements (principes pollueur-payeur, de prévention, de précaution...) et des critères généralement proposés par la doctrine va révéler la nécessité de changer de paradigme, afin de parvenir à appréhender ce concept de fiscalité environnementale. Caractérisée par son efficience environnementale, la fiscalité environnementale n'a, en réalité, ni le champ d'application, ni la portée que lui prête le discours politique / Always mentioned amongst market based-instruments for cost-effective environmental policy, studied by many economists, environmental taxation is ignored by legal opinion and represent only a small amount of tax revenue. This paradox can mostly be explained by the way environnemental taxation is defined.Most of the time seen as exo-taxes, environmental taxation is tackled analytically, through the criteria established prima facie. Using this way of reasoning is not only insufficient to show all the ways the environment can be protected with environmental taxation, but is also preventing the emergence of a real concept of environmental taxation. This concept, that we are trying to define, is multidimensional ; it can be seen from different angles : legal, economic, political and/or scientific.Questioning the foundations of environmental taxation (principles such as the polluter-pay principle, the prevention principle, the precautionary principle...) and the way professors of law define it, will show that a paradigm shift is needed, to bring a concept of environmental taxation into light. Marked by its environmental efficiency, environmental taxation does not actually include the issues, nor has the beneficial consequences that politicians may imagine

Climate policy has been mainly studied with economic models that assume representative, rational agents. However, it aims at changing behavior associated with carbon-intensive goods that are often subject to bounded rationality and social preferences, such as status and imitation. Here we use a macroeconomic multi-agent model with such features to test the effect of various policies on both environmental and economic performance. The model is particularly suitable to address distributional impacts of climate policies, not only because populations of many agents are included, but also as these are composed of different classes of households driven by specific motivations. We simulate various policy scenarios, combining in different ways a carbon tax, a reduction of labor taxes, subsidies for green innovation, a price subsidy to consumers for less carbon-intensive products, and green government procurement. The results show pronounced differences with those obtained by rational-agent model studies. It turns out that demand-oriented subsidies lead to lower unemployment and higher output, but perform less well in terms of carbon emissions. The supply-oriented subsidy for green innovation results in a significant reduction of carbon emissions with a slight reduction of unemployment. / Series: WWWforEurope

綠色稅制改革始於1990年代，在此前歐美主要稅收所得來源為所得稅，隨著歐美國家面臨經濟與財政困境，課稅項目漸漸地轉向環境稅，最先實施的國家為北歐國家，目前我國正面臨經濟衰退，且新政府上任後，增稅政策屢屢遭到民眾的反彈，有些學者認為，環境稅有辦法達成「雙重紅利」，既能增進環境品質且改善所得分配，不失為一向好的課稅工具。 本研究以民國100年行政院主計處的「產業關聯表」與「家庭收支調查報告」估計綠色稅制改革的所得重分配效果，利用投入產出分析法，估計環境稅對於消費支出項目價格影響，再將環境稅稅收金額作為所得稅減免與移轉收入減免用途，最後估計吉尼係數，觀察實施綠色稅制改革後的所得重分配效果。 實證結果顯示，環境稅是一具有累退性質之租稅，故單純課徵環境稅會造成所得分配惡化，且課徵越高之金額，所得分配惡化越嚴重；實施綠色稅制改革後，所得分配都較原始值平均，且綠色稅制改革金額越大之方案，改善所得分配效果則越好。

Cette thèse de doctorat étudie, dans un cadre théorique, l’incidence des politiques fiscales environnementales au regard de l’hétérogénéité des travailleurs. Elle analyse la construction de politiques fiscales en fonction de trois objectifs : réduire les émissions de pollution, améliorer l’efficacité, et réduire les inégalités. Cette thèse est constituée d’une introduction et de trois chapitres (articles académiques) qui chacun décline cette question sous différents aspects. Le premier chapitre s’intéresse aux choix éducatifs et analyse l’impact des taxes environnementales sur l’efficacité et l’équité au travers ces choix d’éducation. Le second chapitre se concentre sur l’impact des taxes environnementales dans un contexte d’imperfection du marché du travail (chômage involontaire frictionnel). Le troisième chapitre est consacré aux disparités régionales en matière de salaire, d’emploi et de préférence pour les biens polluants. / This Ph.D. dissertation studies the incidence of environmental taxation between heterogeneous workers. In a theoretical framework, it analyses the design of environmental fiscal policy in regards with three competing goals : reducing emissions, improving economic efficiency, and limiting economic inequality. It consists of an introduction and three chapters (essays), each of them focusing on a different aspect of the problem. The first chapter uses a model with endogenous education and looks at how environmental taxation can affect efficiency and equity through its effects on educational choices. The second chapter focuses on the impact of green taxes on inequalities and unemployment using a search-friction model. The third one deals with regional disparities in regards with unemployment, wages and preferences.

The first essay studies the Marginal Cost of Funds in the existence of tax evasion. We develop a general equilibrium model of tax evasion, including the expected utility of taxpayers and three different revenue-raising government policies. In this rich model environment, we analytically derive the marginal cost of funds (MCF) for the alternative policy instruments. We consider two main fiscal reforms: the revision in the nonlinear tax scheme and the changes in enforcement mechanism (the audit and penalty rates). First, we derive the MCF for the tax reform and find its key determinants. The derived MCF is greater than the previous ones since it includes a "risk-bearing cost" as well as tax distortion. The reform in enforcement mechanism generates MCFs in different forms. Two more MCFs with respect to audit and penalty rates are presented. Finally, we compare these three different MCFs in numerical example and provide some policy implications. The second essay explores optimal tax structure in the presence of status effect. When the consumption of certain goods affects one's social status, this externality creates two opposite effects in a society. Seeking higher status through “positional goods" gives individuals much incentive to supply labor but still allocates income for less “nonpositional goods" as well. In this case, differential taxes on positional goods work as corrective instruments to internalize the social cost stemming from status seeking. Furthermore, the differential taxes generate revenue that can be used to alleviate preexisting income tax distortion. Thus, the differential taxes on positional goods could give so called “double dividend." I develop a game-theoretic model in which each individual with a different labor productivity unknown to the others engages in a status-seeking game, and the government has a revenue requirement. Then I show that, under a condition in which utility is separable between positional goods and leisure, a revenue-neutral shift in the tax mix away from nonlinear income taxes towards positional-good taxes enhances welfare. Hence, the differential taxes on positional goods are necessary together with the nonlinear income taxes for an optimal tax structure. The third essay explores the impact of increasing capital mobility on regional growth and environment. I develop an endogenous growth model in which each local government competes against the others, to induce imperfectly mobile stock of capital into its region. Then I show that an increase in capital mobility generates “tax importing" due to which each locality experiences a higher growth rate and more degraded environment. That is, the increasing mobility dampens the capital tax and transfers the burden of pollution abatement to the locality. This finding supports the hypothesis of “race to the bottom" in environmental standards. Identifying a reduction in overall welfare of residents, I consider two alternative federal interventions in the model: uniform environmental standard and requirement of lump sum transfer or tax. Both of these federal instruments enhance the residents' welfare. / text

本論文由三篇獨立論文組成，討論的議題為經濟成長與環境保護。第一篇論文以環境顧至耐曲線研究1992至2004年中國大陸經濟發展與空氣品質的關係。第二篇論文分析綠色租稅改革的健康效果，與其對最適環境稅率的影響。第三篇論文研究在經濟體系扭曲之下的次佳最適排放稅稅率。 / This dissertation consists of three independent essays which focus on the issue of economic growth and environmental protection. The first essay examines the relationship between economic development and air quality by examining Environmental Kuznets Curves from 1992 to 2004 for Mainland China. The second essay analyzes the health effect of green tax reform and its impact on the optimal environmental taxes. The third essay examines the optimal second-best environmental tax rate in the presence of pre-existing distortions by taxing emissions.

The study focussed on the research question namely: “How will the introduction of new ecological taxes impact the South African agricultural sector?” To answer the question, eight international eco-taxes were selected and further investigated. The nature and history of each eco-tax was examined. The effects or expected effects (where implementation have not yet taken place) of the eco-taxes on the agricultural sectors of the foreign countries, were then considered. The study continued by considering the possible impact on South African agriculture, should these taxes be implemented in South Africa. This was accomplished by extrapolating the foreign effects previously investigated. Mindful of findings, recommendations were then made of what eco-taxes could be implemented which will not impede South African agriculture. It was concluded that the British Climate Change Levy and Climate Change Agreement scheme, Australian Carbon Farming Initiative and Swedish meat consumption tax could be considered for implementation. / Financial Accounting / M. Phil (Accounting Science)