Tax systems in Latin America have played a very important role as the main, and in some cases the only, means of obtaining revenue to finance the major public expenditure that is necessary for the work of the states through time. Below is a short review of the main aspects of tax systems in the región, with emphasis on the impact of taxes on income in force in the majorLatin American countries, as well as a brief explanation of the network of agreements to avoid double taxation that are in force in each of them. / Los sistemas tributarios en América Latina han jugado un rol muy importante como los principales, y en algunos casos los únicos, medios de obtención de ingresos públicos para financiar los ingentes gastos públicos necesarios para el quehacer de los estados a través de los tiempos. A continuación se presenta una pequeña reseña de los principales aspectos delos sistemas tributarios en la región, con énfasis en el impacto de los impuestos a la renta vigentes en los principales países de América Latina. Asimismo, se incluye una breve explicación de la red de convenios para evitar la doble imposición, vigentes en cada uno de dichos países.

This work provides a basic orientation in matters of taxation of non-residents - natural persons in the Czech Republic. At the beginning are explained the concepts, methods to avoid double taxation, and examines the various categories of income taxation of individuals and also affects the social and health insurance. In the practical part are a questions addressed to the specific practical examples, including file and completing tax return, social security and health insurance reports and other related forms. In conclusion are mentioned the news regarding the taxation of non-natural persons and author´s proposals. The work shows the possibility to limit tax evasion carry out the transition from the system of automatic oneself declaration to the tax international refund system. There are added also useful attachments.

In the current globalization state, emerges an important problem referred to tax deferral, committed by those who, taking advantage of their belonging to entities domiciled abroad, are able to avoid paying taxes for what the yearn. In these cases, the governments are theo nes impaired, because they do not perceive the incomes they should. This is the reason why a Fiscal Transparency Regime is proposed, so that those incomes can be assessed. In this article, the author analyses the recent incorporation of that transparency regime to Peruvian legislation and accomplishes to build a scheme that, while comparing national legislation with other regimes abroad, permits to explain its main characteristics, as well as its benefits and deficiencies. / En el contexto de la globalización, surge el problema del diferimiento de impuestos por parte de aquellos que, aprovechándose de ser partícipes en entidades domiciliadas en Estados de baja o nula imposición, evitan el pago de impuestos sobre las rentas obtenidas por ellos. Éstos son casos en los que el Estado se ve perjudicado, pues no percibe todos los ingresos que le corresponden. Es por este motivo que se propone, a nivel mundial, un régimen de transparencia fiscal internacional que permita gravar estas rentas. En el presente artículo, la autora hace un análisis de la reciente incorporación de dicho régimenal Perú y logra, a través de la comparación con legislaciones extranjeras, construir un esquema que permite explicar sus características, así como sus beneficios y deficiencias.

Esta dissertação tem o objetivo de analisar a figura dos juros sobre o capital próprio, especialmente para definir a sua natureza jurídica e adequada qualificação no âmbito dos acordos para evitar a dupla tributação. Para tanto, além de fazermos uma digressão sobre o histórico de tal figura e os motivos da sua instituição, visando entendê-la melhor, estudamos, sob a perspectiva do Direito Tributário e também do Direito Comercial, as diferentes formas de remuneração do capital financiado por meio de capital próprio e de capital de terceiros, quais sejam: os dividendos e os juros remuneratórios. Analisamos detalhadamente as regras tributárias aplicáveis ao pagamento de juros sobre o capital próprio e também aquelas que definem a sua forma de cálculo. Comparamos as particularidades dos juros sobre o capital próprio às figuras dos dividendos e dos juros remuneratórios, de modo a definir a sua natureza jurídica como espécie de remuneração de sócios, diversa dos dividendos. Criticamos alguns aspectos das correntes atualmente existentes sobre o assunto, justificando a nossa posição. Analisamos, também, a forma adequada de qualificação dos juros sobre o capital próprio nos acordos para evitar a dupla tributação, especialmente em relação à Convenção Modelo da Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE). Ao final, concluímos que, a despeito de os juros sobre o capital próprio terem natureza de remuneração de sócios diversa da figura dos dividendos, para fins de aplicação dos acordos para evitar a dupla tributação, devem ser qualificados como dividendos. / This dissertation aims at analyzing the interest on equity, especially to define its nature and proper qualification within the treaties to avoid double taxation. For this purpose, in addition to the history of the interest on equity and the reasons that justified its creation, we study, from a Corporate Law and also Tax Law standpoint, the different kinds of remuneration of equity and debt, which is: dividends and interests. We also analyze in details the tax rules applicable to the payment of the interest on equity and the ones that provide for its calculus. We compare the specificities of the interest on equity with the dividends and interests, in order to define its nature as a kind of equity remuneration, which may not be associated to dividends. In this regard, we criticize specific aspects of the existing understandings on the issue, justifying our opinion. Moreover, we analyze the proper qualification of the interest on the equity within the treaties to avoid double taxation, in particular the Model Tax Convention of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). We conclude that, even though the interest on equity is a kind of equity remuneration, which is different from the dividends, for the purposes of applying treaties to avoid double taxation, it should be qualified as dividends.

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / Over the years, the world economy has experienced growth in foreign direct investments (FDI), with the role of developing countries becoming more evident as both recipients and investors alike. The proliferation of international investment has also led to more bilateral investment treaties (BITs) with their complex and often duplicated rules. The increase in BITs of this complex nature has thus resuscitated a less publicly debated course, although recently discussed within the United Nations Conference for Trade and Development (UNCTAD), is there need for multilateral agreement on investment (MAI), hosted within the multilateral institution(s)? Since the late 1990s, the discussion as to whether international investments require the MAI has been characterised by diverging interests of developed and developing countries, with neither willing to concede. Even in the immediate post-War II period, this standoff between developed and developing countries has dominated a discourse on whether there is a need for an international agreement on international investment. Yet developing countries, or African countries classified as least developing, continue to be left out of MAI discussions. For example, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 1990's proposed plurilateral agreement excluded African countries.

This thesis deals with international taxation, which is becoming an increasingly important issue due to the globalization of world economy in recent decades. International taxation is a broad topic including a variety of problems concerning it. Among the most important recognized phenomena are International double taxation and tax evasion. The conclusion of bilateral tax treaties seems to be the most efficient instrument for their solutions so far. Model Tax Conventions have been prepared by international organizations for the purposes of coordination of structure, wording and interpretation of numerous bilateral agreements. The OECD Model Treaty and the UN Model Treaty are widespread worldwide, being legally non- binding models for negotiations of bilateral agreements. In addition to those, the proposal of a new multilateral European Union Treaty has appeared. It should be signed by all members of the European Union, and it would replace all bilateral agreements concluded between the EU member states. Within the global community of other states and nations, the Czech Republic has an open and liberal economy. Therefore, it is necessary for the Czech Republic to have all international tax issues ensured with each economic partner. Over the past twenty years, the Czech Republic has concluded 67 out...

Over the last 10 years the South African fiscus has introduced numerous changes to the Income Tax Act (ITA) which affect the income tax implications of persons ceasing to be a resident of South Africa. The two main changes were: - The introduction of a world-wide basis of taxation for residents - The introduction of capital gains tax (CGT) as part of the ITA The aim of this treatise was to identify the income tax implications of persons ceasing to be a resident of South Africa. Resulting from this research, several issues in the ITA have been identified, and the two major ones are summarised below. Firstly, upon the emigration of the taxpayer, there is a deemed disposal of a taxpayer’s assets in terms of paragraph 12 of the Eighth Schedule. It is submitted that the resulting exit tax may be unconstitutional for individuals. It is recommended that South Africa should adopt the deferral method within its domestic legislation for individuals who are emigrating. The deferral method postpones the liability until the disposal of the asset. Secondly, on the subsequent disposal of assets by former residents where there was no exit charge in terms of the exemption under paragraph 12(2)(a)(i) of the Eighth Schedule. Depending on the specific double tax agreement (DTA) that has been entered into with the foreign country, taxpayers have been given vii the opportunity to minimise or eliminate the tax liability with regard to certain assets. This should be of concern from the point of view of the South African government. Further issues noted in this treatise were the following: - It is submitted that the term ‘place of effective management’ has been incorrectly interpreted by SARS in Interpretation Note 6. - It is further submitted that the interpretation by SARS of paragraph 2(2) of the Eighth Schedule is technically incorrect. The above issues that have been identified present opportunities to emigrants to take advantage of the current tax legislation. It is further recommended that taxpayers who are emigrating need to consider the South African domestic tax law implications, respective DTA’s, as well as the domestic tax laws of the other jurisdiction, not only on the date of emigration but also on the subsequent disposal of the respective assets.

The major topic of this thesis is tax and accounting aspects of different types of foreign market entrance. Basic types of foreign market entrance and their accounting and tax comprehension are defined in the first chapter. The second chapter is focused on legal point of view of the foreign entities business in Czech Republic and there are defined the main differences in foreign entities business by czech corporate entity and branch. The main differences of these subjects from the tax point of view are established in the third chapter, tax registration, tax duty origin, tax base, double taxation, mutual relations and transfer pricing. The fourth chapter is focused on the accounting duties both subjects, their differences and transactions accounting in practice of branch and its founder, foreign entity, in centralized and separated accounting system.

The thesis is focused on holding companies legislation in the Czech Republic and related issue of tax optimization in the international business environment. First aim of this thesis is to map control and influence relations and therefrom arising legal obligations within Tescoma Group. Second aim is to explore Tescoma Group from the point of view of tax optimization and to compare advantages and disadvantages of alternative structures of the group.

The thesis is focused on international double taxation and its implications for international business activity. At first, it focuses on double taxation definition, the reasons of its occurrence and its impacts. The next part deals with bilateral double taxation treaties and their principles, including a comparison of Model conventions developed by the OECD and the UN. The last chapter focuses on the areas of transnational corporations activity that are most impacted by tax matters, such as the form of their presence in the foreign market, transfer pricing and international labour hire. The basic principles of international tax planning are explained as well.