Orientador: Eduardo Granado Monteiro da Silva / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T21:32:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AzimonteBottan_Carla_D.pdf: 5780687 bytes, checksum: c105a917353cb055367bebe92b8875af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Nesta tese de doutorado empregamos a união de diferentes técnicas com intuito de estudar as correlações entre as propriedades magnéticas, elétricas e cristalinas em alguns óxidos de metais de transição de interesse atual. Dentre eles se encontram os compostos da família das perovskitas duplas A2FeReO6 (A = Ba, Ca) e o multiferróico DyMn2O5. Esses materiais apresentam extraordinário potencial para aplicações e otimizações de novos dispositivos baseados nos materiais parentes ferroelétricos e ferromagnéticos. Realizamos medidas de dicroísmo circular magnético de raios-x, difração de raios-x e magnetização-dc. Esses dados, conjuntamente com resultados prévios de difração de nêutrons e cálculos de teoria de banda, mostraram um incipiente ordenamento orbital no sistema meiometal Ba2FeReO6, onde os elétrons de condução se encontram na fronteira da transição metalisolante. Para o composto Ca2FeReO6, a união dessas técnicas nos proporcionou um maior entendimento sobre a transição metal-isolante (TMI ~ 150 K), levando à proposta de um mecanismo até então nunca descrito para uma transição deste tipo, onde há competição entre um estado colinear otimizando a interação de Dupla Troca e um estado não colinear e localizado estabilizado pela energia magnetocristalina do Re. No multiferróico DyMn2O5, as medidas de difração anômala de raios-x com aplicação de campo elétrico, fundamentadas na teoria dos pares de Friedel, possibilitaram pela primeira vez a verificação experimental do deslocamento atômico médio dos íons de Mn nessa estrutura que leva à ferroeletricidade, até então não identificado por medidas convencionais de difração de raios-x ou nêutrons. De maneira geral, o trabalho descrito nesta tese esteve focado no estudo dos acoplamentos magnetocristalino e magnetoelétrico em materiais meio-metálicos que apresentam magnetoresistência de tunelamento e em multiferróicos. O desenvolvimento desta área é condição básica e necessária para viabilizar uma nova geração de dispositivos relacionados à spintrônica / Abstract: In this doctoral thesis, different techniques were employed to study the correlations between electrical, magnetic and crystalline properties in some transition metal oxides of current interest, such as the double perovskite family A2FeReO6 (A = Ba, Ca) and the multiferroic DyMn2O5. These materials offer extraordinary potential for the application and optimization of new devices based on ferroelectric and ferromagnetic related materials. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), x-ray diffraction and dc-magnetization measurements were performed. These data, associated with previous neutron results and band structure calculations, show an incipient orbital order in half-metallic Ba2FeReO6 where the conduction electrons are in the proximity of a metal-insulator transition. For the Ca2FeReO6 compound, the combination of these techniques provided insight into the metal-insulator transition (TMI ~ 150K), leading to the proposal of a new mechanism for this type of transition, according to which a competition between a double-exchange-like collinear state and a localized non-collinear state stabilized by the Re magnetocrystaline energy takes place. In the multiferroic DyMn2O5, anomalous x-ray diffraction experiments with the application of electric fields, and an interpretation based on Friedel pairs theory, allowed us to see, for the first time, the experimental confirmation of Mn ferroelectric atomic displacements in this structure leading to the ferroelectricity, so far unidentified by conventional x-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction experiments. In summary, the research described in this thesis was focused in the study of the magnetocrystalline and magnetoelectric coupling in half-metallic materials with tunneling magnetoresistance, as well as in multiferroics. Further development of this area is a basic and necessary condition to bring life to a new generation of devices related to spintronics / Doutorado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Doutor em Ciências

Orientador: Eduardo Granado Monteiro da Silva / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T10:44:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GarciaFlores_AliFrancisco_D.pdf: 13566833 bytes, checksum: e4298b0e0c3ed24044ce44f96adc43dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Nesta tese são investigados dois sistemas magneticamente frustrados, a série de compostos isolantes RMn2O5 (R = Eu, Bi, Dy) e o composto intermetálico GdAI3, além do material isolante não frustrado de perovskita dupla Sr2CoUO6. O estudo destes sistemas foi realizado utilizando principalmente a técnica de Espectroscopia Raman e complementado por medidas de susceptibilidade magnética. Para o sistema RMn2O5(R = Eu, Bi, e Dy) apresentamos um estudo dos fônons ópticos de baixa e alta freqüência. Todos os cristais estudados mostraram deslocamentos anômalos nas freqüências dos fônons abaixo de uma nova temperatura característica, T* ~ 60-65 K. O sinal e magnitude dos deslocamentos dos fônons parecem estar correlacionados com o raio iônico de R. Por exemplo, analisando os fônons de alta freqüência, observamos amolecimento dos fônons para R = Bi e um endurecimento para R = Dy, e um comportamento intermediário para R = Eu no intervalo de temperatura entre TC / TN e T*, onde TC e TN são as temperaturas de transição ferrolétrica e antiferromagnética, respectivamente. Já para os fônons de baixa freqüência é observado um amolecimento dos fônons para R = Bi e um endurecimento para R = Eu e Dy na mesma região paramagnética, (TC/TN < T < T* ). Anomalias dos fônons foram também identificadas abaixo de TN ~ 40-43 K, refletindo o início de uma ordem magnética e/ou ferroelétrica de longo alcance da subrede de Mn. Medidas complementares de susceptibilidade magnética dc (x(T)) para o cristal RMn2O5 no intervalo de temperatura entre 2 e 800 K revelaram uma temperatura de Curie-Weiss q CW = -253(3) K, apresentando um grande parâmetro de frustração ( q CW = TN). A curva do inverso de x (T), subtraindo o termo diamagnético, sofre um desvio do comportamento de Curie-Weiss devido a correlações magnéticas abaixo de temperaturas da ordem de ~ qCW . Também, um aspecto interessante é a derivada do inverso da susceptibilidade, a qual mostra pontos de in exfleao a ~ 160 K e ~ T*, sendo esta última, a temperatura abaixo da qual as anomalias dos fônons foram observadas. Estes dados magnéticos dão apoio a nossas interpretações de medidas Raman, onde deslocamentos anômalos de fônons abaixo de T* são associados ao acoplamento spin-fônon, em um cenário de fortes correlações magnéticas. Portanto, nossos resultados sustentam uma frustração magnética significante, introduzindo uma nova temperatura característica T* e sugerindo um comportamento interessante para as correlações magnéticas na fase paramagnética neste sistema RMn2O5 (R = Eu, Bi, e Dy). No material GdAl3 as interações entre o grau de liberdade de spin e os deslocamentos atômicos foram estudadas por meio do espalhamento Raman polarizado em função da temperatura. Neste composto a camada de Gd 4 f 7é esférica, indicando que os efeitos de campo cristalino são de ordem superiores. O estudo do acoplamento spin-rede pode fornecer evidências do mecanismo de troca e o grau de correlações magnéticas neste sistema. Nossas medidas de espalhamento Raman em superfícies frescas mostraram fônons com comportamento de freqüência convencional, enquanto que superfícies crescidas naturalmente e polidas apresentam anomalias na freqüência dos fônons abaixo de uma temperatura característica T** ~ 50 K. Tais anomalias são possivelmente devido a uma modulação da energia magnética pelas vibrações da rede em uma fase paramagnética fortemente correlacionada. Um estado de spin totalmente correlacionado imediatamente acima de TN é deduzido de nossos resultados neste sistema frustrado. Também, sugerimos que o acoplamento spin-fônon em metais pode depender das condições de superfície da amostra devido a que anomalias dos fônons foram observadas só nas amostras de superfícies envelhecidas. Finalmente, para a perovskita dupla Sr2CoUO6, os modos Raman de primeira e alta ordem foram estudos em função da temperatura. Nossos dados de espalhamento Raman revelam a existência de duas temperaturas características, T1 ~ 150 K e T2 ~ 300 K, onde são observados comportamentos não convencionais das intensidades dos espectros Raman e um amolecimento anômalo na freqüência de um fônon de alta freqüência abaixo de T2. Estas anomalias sugerem a possibilidade de transições de fase estruturais e/ou eletrônicas a essas temperaturas características. Baseado nas modificações relevantes dos espectros Raman e o comportamento quase constante das posições dos modos de alta ordem com a temperatura, sugerimos uma contribuição do mecanismo Franck-Condon neste sistema / Abstract: In this thesis we present an investigation of two magnetically frustrated systems, namely the RMn2O5 series (R = Eu, Bi, Dy) and the intermetallic compound GdAl3, in addition to the double perovskite compound Sr2CoUO 6. These systems were studied mainly using the Raman spectroscopy technique and complemented with magnetic susceptibility measurements. For the system RMn2O5 (R = Bi, Eu, and Dy), we present a study of the low- and high-frequency optical phonons. All studied materials show anomalous phonon shifts below a new characteristic temperature, T*~ 60-65 K. The sign and magnitude of such shifts appear to be correlated with the ionic radius of R. For instance, the high-energy phonons evolve from softenings for R = Bi to hardenings for R = Dy, and show an intermediary behavior for R = Eu in the temperature range between TC/TN and T*. On the other hand, the low-frequency anomalous phonon behaviors show softenings for R = Bi and hardening for R = Eu and Dy in the same paramagnetic range ( TC/TN < T < T*). Additional phonon anomalies were identified below ~ TN ~ 40-43 K, re ecting the onset of long-range ferroelectric and/or magnetic order of the Mn sublattice. Complementary dc-magnetic susceptibility [x(T)] measurements for BiMn2O5 up to 800 K yield a Curie-Weiss temperature q CW = -253(3) K, revealing a fairly large frustration ratio ( q CW / TN). Deviations of the inverse magnetic suceptibility, substracting the diamagnetic term, from a Curie-Weiss paramagnetic behavior due to magnetic correlations were observed below temperatures of the order of q CW . An interesting feature is the derivative of the inverse susceptibility, which shows in ection points at ~ 160 K and ~ T*. Supported by x(T) data, the anomalous Raman phonons shifts below T* are interpreted in terms of the spin-phonon coupling, in a scenario of strong magnetic correlations. Overall, these results support significant magnetic frustration, introducing a new characteristic temperature ( T*), and suggest a surprinsingly rich behavior for the magnetic correlations in the paramagnetic phase in this system. In GdAl3, the interaction among the spin degree of freedom and the atomic displacements were investigated by means of polarized Raman scattering. In this compound the Gd 4 f 7 shell is spherical, indicating that the crystal field e ect can be neglected. The spin-lattice coupling provide a fingerprint of the exchange mechanism and degree of magnetic correlations in this system. Raman scattering in fresh broken surfaces shows phonons with conventional frequency behavior, while naturally grown and polished surfaces present frequency anomalies below a characteristic temperature T** ~ 50 K. Such anomalies are possibly due to a modulation of the magnetic energy by the lattice vibrations in a strongly spin-correlated paramagnetic phase. A fully spin-correlated state inmediately above TN is inferred from our results in this frustrated system. Also, we suggest that the spin-phonon coupling in metals may depend in the surface conditions due to phonon anomalies were observed only in old-surface samples. Finally, for the Sr2CoUO6 double perovskite, the first- and higher-order Raman modes were studied as a function of temperature. Our Raman scattering results revealed the existence of two characteristic temperatures, T1 ~ 150 K e T2 ~ 300 K, where we observed unconvencional intensity behaviors of the Raman spectra and an anomalous softening of a particular high-energy mode below T2. These anomalies suggest structural and/or electronic phase transitions at such characteristic temperatures. Based on relevant modifications of the Raman spectra and the near-constant position behavior with temperature, we suggest a contribution of the Franck-Condon mechanism in this system / Doutorado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Doutor em Ciências

Orientadores: Eduardo Granado Monteiro da Silva, Juan Carlos Paredes Campoy / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T13:45:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ardito_FabioMachado1984-_M.pdf: 6352423 bytes, checksum: edd5885909fe50631ed33ee3dcd760ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Espectroscopia Raman é uma ferramenta muito versátil e poderosa na investigação de mudanças de fase estruturais ou eletrônicas, principalmente quando aliada à possibilidade de se atingir altos campos magnéticos e baixas temperaturas. Neste projeto, introduzimos uma montagem capaz de caracterizar as propriedades de transporte eletrônico simultaneamente à obtenção de espectros Raman nestas condições de temperatura e campo, visando possibilitar a verificação in-situ do comportamento macroscópico do material a ser estudado. Descrevemos aqui o procedimento de montagem experimental, configuração, automação otimização deste sistema. Níveis de ruído muito baixos foram obtidos,consistentes como esperado pelas especificações dos instrumentos utilizados. A montagem foi aplicada a dois casos de interesse à Física do Estado Sólido. Primeiramente, níveis de Landau em grafite pirolítico altamente orientado (HOPG), oriundos da quantização dos níveis de energia dos portadores de carga sob ação de um campo magnético, foram diretamente observados por espectroscopia Raman. Simultaneamente, foram realizadas medidas de magnetorresistência feito Hall no HOPG, que comprovaram a reprodutibilidade de efeitos quânticos já reportados na literatura. Também foram investigadas as origens do acoplamento spin-fônon gigante na perovskita dupla Ba2FeReO6, obtendo-se a frequência de um modo de estiramento do oxigênio, em baixas temperaturas sob um campo magnético de 1,5 tesla, simultaneamente a medidas de magnetorresistência. Estas últimas serviram como uma sonda indireta da orientação relativa dos domínios magnéticos neste material, comprovaram que as medidas de Raman com campo foram tomadas com os domínios orientados. A ausência de qualquer mudança na frequência do modo de vibração com o campo aplicado indica que o grau de liberdade orbital dos elétrons 5d do Re não é important no mecanismo de acoplamento spin- fônon neste material / Abstract: The Raman Spectroscopy is a powerful and versatile tool in the investigation of structural and electronic phases transitions, specially when allied with the possibility of reaching high magnetic fields and low temperatures. In this project, we introduce an assembly capable of characterizing electronic transport properties simultaneously to the Raman spectra acquisition, in such conditions, allowing in situ verification of the macroscopic behavior of the material under study. We describe in this dissertation the procedures of assembly, configuration, automation and optimization of such system. Very low noise levels were obtained, in agreement with the specifications of the instruments used in this system. The assembly was employed in two cases of interest for solid stat physics. First, Landau Levels in highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), due to energy quantization of charge carriers by a magnetic field, were directly observed by Raman spectroscopy. Simultaneously, magnetor sistanc and Hall effect measurements were carried out for HOPG, attesting the reproducibility of quantum effects already reported in the literature . Also, the origin of giant spin-phonon coupling into the double perovskit Ba2FeReO6 was investigated by obtaining the frequency of the oxygen stretching mode at low temperatures and under a magnetic field of 1.5 tesla, simultaneously to magnetoresistance measurements. The latter were taken as an indirect probe of the relative orientation of the magnetic domains in the material, proving that the Raman experiments with field were obtained with oriented domains. The absence of any change in the frequency of this mode with field indicat that the orbital degree of freedom of the Re 5d electrons is not important for the mechanism of spin-phonon coupling in this material / Mestrado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Mestre em Física

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Ein großes Hindernis für die Anwendbarkeit von oxidischen Perowskiten in elektrotechnischen oder spintronischen Applikationen, ist die Größe der spezifischen Temperaturen, bei der die physikalischen Phänomene, wie Ferromagnetismus oder Hochtemperatur-Supraleitung, beobachtet werden können. Die physikalischen Eigenschaften der Perowskite zeigen eine Abhängigkeit von der Ordnung der verschiedenartigen Metallionen in mehrkomponentigen Systemen. Die Abhängigkeit ergibt sich durch den Einfluss der Metallionen auf die Elektronenkonfiguration und elastischen Verspannung innerhalb des Materials. Man spricht in diesem Zusammenhang auch von der Kontrolle der Füllung und der Bandbreite der elektronischen Bänder im Material durch die Wahl der Metallionen. Die Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit ist die Präparation und Charakterisierung von künstlich A-Platz geordneten schmal- und breitbandigen Manganat Dünnfilmen als auch von natürlich B-Platz geordneten ferro-/ferrimagnetischen doppelperowskitischen Dünnfilmen. Für die Präparation der dünnen Schichten wurde die unkonventionelle Metallorganischen Aerosol Deposition (MAD) verwendet. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass diverse künstlich oder natürlich Kationengeordnete Perowskite mit der MAD Technologie präpariert werden können. Die lagenweise A-Platz Ordnung in Manganaten führt, über die Modulation der Gitterverspannung und der Elektronenbesetzung im eg-Band der Manganionen, zu modifizierten elektronischen und magnetischen Eigenschaften. In schmalbandigen CMR Manganaten wurde die PS und somit der CMR über die Ordnung beeinflusst, während in breitbandigen CMR Manganaten ein Weg aufgezeigt werden konnte, der zu Übergangstemperaturen TC > 370K führen kann. In geordneten, ferromagnetischen Doppelperowskiten wurde der Einfluss und die Anwesenheit von Antiphasen-Grenzen dargelegt. Über die Einführung einer aktiven Valenz-Kontrolle, konnte die Präparation von halbmetallischen, ferrimagnetischen Doppelperowskiten mit der MAD Technologie ermöglicht werden.

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Perovskite oxides show wide range of applications in the area of magnetism, ferroelectricity, piezoelectricity, thermoelectricity, gas sensing, catalyst development, solid oxide fuel cell, etc. This is due to flexibility in the structure and compositions that can be tuned by specific element doping. In the perovskite oxide (ABO3), large cation (A) is 12 -coordinated and smaller B-cation is 6 coordinated with oxide ions. Oxide materials are considered as better candidates for thermoelectric applications (interconversion of thermal into electrical energy) due to its non-toxicity and thermal stability at elevated temperature. These are insulating in nature and the conductivity can be increased by doping A and / or B –sites. Perovskite oxides are also used for oxygen monitoring in different applications including control and optimization of combustion of fossil fuels in industries and automobiles, biological and defines places, etc. In the present study, we focused on thermoelectric properties in single perovskite oxides of lanthanum cobaltite and calcium manganite and a double perovskite oxide of dysprosium barium cobaltite. Also, the oxygen sensing behaviour of dysprosium barium cobaltite at elevated temperatures is studied. The thesis contains seven chapters and a summary of respective chapters are given below. The first chapter outlines the basics of thermoelectric and gas sensing applications of both perovskite and double perovskite oxides. In the initial part, thermoelectric phenomena are explained. Thermoelectric effect is the conversion of thermal energy to electrical energy and vice-versa. Higher thermoelectric efficiency (η) can be achieved by maintaining a large temperature difference across the material. The efficiency depends on the thermoelectric figure of merit (zT) of material, which depends on thermopower (S), electrical resistivity (ρ) and thermal conductivity (κ) of the material and hence needs to be optimized. The latter part discusses the oxygen sensing property of distorted double perovskite 112 structure type as it shows advantages over other materials due to oxygen nonstoichiometric. Further, an overview of the relevant literature, objective and scope of the thesis are mentioned. The second chapter elucidates the materials and methods used for the present work. The materials viz. LaCoO3, CaMnO3-δ and DyBaCo2O5+δ, were selected for thermoelectric and oxygen sensing studies. Both the conventional solid state and soft chemistry methods were adopted for the synthesis of these materials. Powders were densified into pellets by hot uniaxial pressing / cold isostatic pressing and various heat treatments were carried out. Samples thus prepared were phase pure as confirmed using powder x-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement performed for structural analysis. Morphological studies were carried out using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Further Raman and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopic characterization of these materials were discussed. The transport properties viz. electrical resistivity, thermopower and thermal conductivity of compact pellets were measured at elevated temperatures. Further, the home-built apparatus for room temperature See beck measurements and chemo resistive oxygen sensing were explained in detail as a part of this work. The third chapter describes the effect of monovalent ion doping (Na+ and K+) at A-site of lanthanum cobaltite on thermoelectric properties. Lanthanum cobaltite system exhibit exotic behaviour due to commensuration phenomena of spin, lattice, charge and metal insulator transition. The synthesis, followed by structural refinements by Rietveld method using Fullprof suit program are explained. The results of the transport properties indicate that there is no appreciable change in the See beck Coefficient of K-doped samples throughout the studied temperature range. The Na-doped samples exhibit a decrease in the Seebeck value with increasing Na content at room temperature. At higher temperatures Seebeck value matches with that of the parent sample. This may be due to a change in the ratio of the concentration of Co4+/Co3+ ions which increases the configurational entropy of the system. In conclusion, the highest figure of merit (0.01) found for the Na / K- doped lanthanum cobaltite is for 15 atomic wt. % of doping amongst the studied samples. The fourth chapter explains about Tb/Nb co-doped calcium manganite for thermoelectric applications. The CaMnO3-δ shows enhanced thermoelectric properties, exhibits n-type behavior and the absolute thermopower is found to be 129 µV/K. Here, we investigated the Terbium and Niobium codoped at Ca and Mn-sites respectively. The presence of oxygen non-stoichiometry was confirmed using Raman spectroscopy (Mn3+ peak at 614 cm-1) and δ value was evaluated by iodometric titration. The thermoelectric properties of cold isostatic pressed (CIP) pellets prepared by the solid state and soft chemistry routes are compared. The non-monotonous behavior of absolute thermopower may be due to the increase of Mn3+ in the Mn4+ matrix and also the presence of oxygen defects in compounds. The thermoelectric figure of merit of solid state sample CaMnO3-δ estimated of 0.036 at 825K. The fifth chapter describes the thermoelectric properties of double Perovskite AA’B2O6 (112 type): (RE)BaCo2O5+δ. It is a disordered double perovskite with non-stoichiometry in oxygen and exhibits mixed valences of Cobalt. Resistivity of DyBaCo2O5+δ was found to be 0.09 Ω cm and Seebeck coefficient is found to be 42 µV/K. In order to improve the thermopower value, the Fe is substituted at Co-site. This varies the valences of Cobalt that in turn leads to a higher thermopower. Also, the morphology of thermally etched CIP pellets recorded and correlated with the transport properties. It shows the highest thermoelectric figure of merit of 0.25 at 773 K for 20 at wt % of Fe substituted sample. The sixth chapter explains about oxygen sensing studies of DyBaCo2O5+δ (112 type). The detailed structural and morphological characterization studies were carried out. Thermogravimetric analysis at isothermal temperature 873 K shows fast intake/release of oxygen of this disordered double perovskite structure. The higher chemo resistive oxygen sensitivity at the elevated temperature was measured. Further, the systematic study on the effect of oxygen sensing on the substitution of Fe and Cu at Co-site in DyBaCo2-xM xO5+δ was investigated. The possible bulk diffusion mechanism at higher temperature due to movement of oxygen defects were explained. The highest sensitivity was obtained for x = 0.4 at % of Fe and 0.2 at % of Cu at 973 K and 823 K respectively. The key findings and future aspects are summarized in the chapter-7.