Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2017-05-09T13:27:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Simone de Novaes Costa Pereira_.pdf: 2594210 bytes, checksum: 40aa0222aecb8da7a5496942ef9f2246 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-09T13:27:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Simone de Novaes Costa Pereira_.pdf: 2594210 bytes, checksum: 40aa0222aecb8da7a5496942ef9f2246 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-21 / Nenhuma / A presente dissertação tem como objetivo conhecer o modo de ser da animação do desenho por meio da compreensão e observação dos princípios fundamentais Disney da animação cinematográfica. O método intuitivo, praticado por Henri Bergson, constitui o principal alicerce deste trabalho, no sentido de promover um estudo que tem como propósito compreender os modos de ser e de agir do objeto, tendo em conta suas duas tendências, virtual e atual. O conjunto dos doze princípios fundamentais é estudado a partir de uma abordagem tecnocultural, cujo enfoque reside na tentativa de apreender como técnicas e sensibilidades se transformam mutuamente. O conceito de imagem-movimento de Deleuze é fundamental na pesquisa, uma vez que os princípios são considerados tendo em conta uma dimensão relativa, referente às formalidades das operações no cinema, e uma dimensão absoluta, na qual se manifestam os regimes da imagem-movimento. A observação da dimensão absoluta se dá a partir da cartografia dos princípios, de acordo com a elaboração de duas constelações – Máscaras e Mecanicismos – em cenas de quatro longas-metragens de animação, quais sejam: Branca de Neve e os Sete Anões (EUA, 1937), Toy Story (EUA, 1995), A Viagem de Chihiro (Japão, 2001) e O Menino e o Mundo (Brasil, 2013). / The present dissertation aims to know the way of being of the drawn animation through the understanding and observation of the Disney’s fundamental principles of the cinematographic animation. The intuitive method, practiced by Henri Bergson, constitutes the main foundation of this work, in the sense of promoting a study whose purpose is to understand the ways of being and acting of the object, taking into account its two tendencies, virtual and current. The set of twelve fundamental principles is studied from a technocultural approach, whose focus lies in the attempt to learn how techniques and sensibilities transform each other. Deleuze's concept of image-movement is fundamental in the research, since the principles are considered taking into account a relative dimension, referring to the formalities of the operations in the cinema, and an absolute dimension, in which the regimes of the image-movement manifest themselves. The observation of the absolute dimension is based on the cartography of the principles, according to the elaboration of two constellations - Masks and Mechanics - in scenes of four animated feature films, namely: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (USA, 1937 ), Toy Story (USA, 1995), Spirited Away (Japan, 2001) and Boy and the World (Brazil, 2013).

Les premiers comptes rendus de l’histoire du cinéma ont souvent considéré les premiers dessins animés, ou vues de dessins animés, comme des productions différentes des films en prise de vue réelle. Les dessins animés tirent en effet leurs sources d’inspiration d’une gamme relativement différente d’influences, dont les plus importantes sont la lanterne magique, les jouets optiques, la féérie, les récits en images et les comics. Le dessin animé n’en demeure pas moins fondamentalement cinématographique. Les vues de dessins animés de la décennie 1900 ne se distinguent ainsi guère des scènes à trucs sur le plan de la technique et du style. D’abord le fait de pionniers issus de l’illustration comique et du croquis vivant comme Émile Cohl, James Stuart Blackton et Winsor McCay, le dessin animé s’industrialise au cours de la décennie 1910 sous l’impulsion de créateurs venant du monde des comics, dont John Randolph Bray, Earl Hurd, Paul Terry et Max Fleisher. Le processus d’institutionnalisation par lequel le dessin animé en viendra à être considéré comme une catégorie de film à part entière dépend en grande partie de cette industrialisation. Les studios de dessins animés développent des techniques et pratiques managériales spécifiquement dédiées à la production à grande échelle de films d’animation. Le dessin animé se crée ainsi sa propre niche au sein d’une industrie cinématographique dont il dépend toutefois toujours entièrement. Ce phénomène d’individuation repose sur des formules narratives et des personnages récurrents conçus à partir de modèles issus des comics des années 1910. / This dissertation focuses on the institutionalization and industrialization of drawn animation. Animated cartoons are usually seen as being quite different from live action films. They were modelled on traditions found in the realm of magic lantern, opitcal toys, phantasmagoria and comics. Yet, cartoons were fundamentally filmic by nature. Technically and aesthetically, animated films were considered as a category of trick films. In the 1910s, after the pioneering work of Emile Cohl, James Stuart Blackton and Winsor McCay, who were also famous for their work as cartoonists and lightning sketch artists, the nascent industry of animated cartoons recruited talent from the comic strip and the illustration industries, including John Randolph Bray, Earl Hurd, Paul Terry and, later, Max Fleischer. The institutionalization of animated cartoons — that is, the process through which cartoons gained enough visibility so they could be legitimately considered a new category of films — is the result of their industrialization. Animated cartoons studios developed techniques and work management practices that were specific to their needs. While largely dependent on the moving picture industry, animated cartoons created their own niche. This phenomenon of individuation relied heavily on narrative formulas and recurring characters modelled after famous comics of the 1910s.

Les premiers comptes rendus de l’histoire du cinéma ont souvent considéré les premiers dessins animés, ou vues de dessins animés, comme des productions différentes des films en prise de vue réelle. Les dessins animés tirent en effet leurs sources d’inspiration d’une gamme relativement différente d’influences, dont les plus importantes sont la lanterne magique, les jouets optiques, la féérie, les récits en images et les comics. Le dessin animé n’en demeure pas moins fondamentalement cinématographique. Les vues de dessins animés de la décennie 1900 ne se distinguent ainsi guère des scènes à trucs sur le plan de la technique et du style. D’abord le fait de pionniers issus de l’illustration comique et du croquis vivant comme Émile Cohl, James Stuart Blackton et Winsor McCay, le dessin animé s’industrialise au cours de la décennie 1910 sous l’impulsion de créateurs venant du monde des comics, dont John Randolph Bray, Earl Hurd, Paul Terry et Max Fleisher. Le processus d’institutionnalisation par lequel le dessin animé en viendra à être considéré comme une catégorie de film à part entière dépend en grande partie de cette industrialisation. Les studios de dessins animés développent des techniques et pratiques managériales spécifiquement dédiées à la production à grande échelle de films d’animation. Le dessin animé se crée ainsi sa propre niche au sein d’une industrie cinématographique dont il dépend toutefois toujours entièrement. Ce phénomène d’individuation repose sur des formules narratives et des personnages récurrents conçus à partir de modèles issus des comics des années 1910. / This dissertation focuses on the institutionalization and industrialization of drawn animation. Animated cartoons are usually seen as being quite different from live action films. They were modelled on traditions found in the realm of magic lantern, opitcal toys, phantasmagoria and comics. Yet, cartoons were fundamentally filmic by nature. Technically and aesthetically, animated films were considered as a category of trick films. In the 1910s, after the pioneering work of Emile Cohl, James Stuart Blackton and Winsor McCay, who were also famous for their work as cartoonists and lightning sketch artists, the nascent industry of animated cartoons recruited talent from the comic strip and the illustration industries, including John Randolph Bray, Earl Hurd, Paul Terry and, later, Max Fleischer. The institutionalization of animated cartoons — that is, the process through which cartoons gained enough visibility so they could be legitimately considered a new category of films — is the result of their industrialization. Animated cartoons studios developed techniques and work management practices that were specific to their needs. While largely dependent on the moving picture industry, animated cartoons created their own niche. This phenomenon of individuation relied heavily on narrative formulas and recurring characters modelled after famous comics of the 1910s.