Thesis (M. Tech. ) - Central University of Technology, Free State, 2006 / Antibiotics have been used on animals since the Second World War for therapeutic purposes. The risks associated with the use of antibiotics in food animals are enormous, due to the possibility of resistance of organisms caused by the usage of low levels of antibiotics. The goals of this study were to determine the prevalence of antibiotic residues in C grade milk cows, and to determine the practices and knowledge of producers regarding the use of antibiotics as well as the knowledge and habits of consumers. In the study the presence of antibiotic residues was tested by means of microbiological inhibition testing. Fifteen percent of all tested samples tested positive for the presence of antibiotic residues. Eleven samples that tested positive on the microbiological inhibition test were sent to the Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute for confirmation. The knowledge of the consumer as well as that of the producer was tested by means of a questionnaire and then processed statistically. Producers were, in general, fairly ignorant regarding the withdrawal period of antibiotic residues. Age and the combination of age and reproduction were the common reasons for the selling of milk cows. Both the sampling and the questionnaires proved that the presence of antibiotic residues is higher than that stated in literature. The selling of the animals was mostly by auction or directly to the abattoirs. Consumer practices regarding the antibiotic residues were mostly in order, although consumers did not have knowledge regarding antibiotic residues. High temperatures, for example in the frying or grilling of meat, will reduce the presence of antibiotic residues because these effects have an influence on the presence of antibiotic residues (Rose et al., 1995). Almost 75% of consumers describe antibiotics in a positive manner. Milk and meat are regarded as posing the greatest risk for the origin of antibiotic residues. A lack of general knowledge regarding antibiotic residues was noteworthy, especially from the consumers of Thaba ’Nchu and Heidedal. The wrong usage of antibiotics by medical practitioners and consumers will certainly have consequences. Most of the consumers (112/227 respondents) indicated that they always completed a course of antibiotics. Forty-nine respondents indicated that they had already used antibiotics and that the therapy was unsuccessful. Antibiotic residues are still present so the risk to the consumer is still viable. Improved sampling and monitoring at abattoirs both for local and export abattoirs is necessary. The “farm to fork” concept and financial incentives by way of subsidies for residue-free products is a positive step. South African consumers are not quality conscious and further studies are necessary to improve the quality and safety of meat.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-09T12:28:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-07-02Bitstream added on 2015-04-09T12:48:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000814121.pdf: 324467 bytes, checksum: b90dffc443f1382d92128453529fed90 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Coordenadoria de Assistência Técnica Integral (CATI) / The sanitary practices of beef cattle farmers have immediate reflections on animal health and bring potential risks to public health and the environment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify the risk perception in 90 farmers from 66 towns in the State of São Paulo, in matters related to the purchase and management of veterinary products. Through qualitative approach, personal interview ─ using open and closed questions, and multiple correspondence analysis, it was verified tendencies of associations between socioeconomic factors and the perception of the farmers. The addressed issues were about the observation of the grace period of veterinary products, the mention of the grace period of two veterinary products in use in the property, which criterion is used to decide on the purchase of veterinary products, the estimating of body weight or actual weighing of animals upon deworming and whether the person who administer the veterinary products has received any kind of training or not. Farmers with complete or incomplete elementary education tend to adopt practices judged as improper or unsuitable; they do not estimate body weight or conduct the actual weighing of animals upon deworming and do not take part in training activities for the administration of products. Farmers with secondary education tend not to observe the grace period of products and spontaneously name price or quality as criterion to decide on the purchase of products. On the other hand, farmers with higher education correctly answered the grace period of two veterinary products, tend to estimate or weight the animals upon administration of products and participate or develop training activities. When the farmers were grouped according to the total number of their herd, the tendencies revealed that professional advice is the criterion employed by farmers with herds of up to 100 animals; however, they do not estimate body weigh... / Coordenadoria de Assistência Técnica Integral (CATI): PSAA 45/10

Orientador: Felix Guillermo Reys Reys / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T21:39:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_RenataCabrerade_M.pdf: 696928 bytes, checksum: 7026171fdbd90be240a19f0afb58a12c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A presença de resíduos de medicamentos veterinários em níveis acima dos limites máximos (LMR) estabelecidos apresentam riscos à saúde humana. O conhecimento da dimensão da exposição da população a esses compostos é necessário para garantir a proteção do consumidor. Para tanto, é imprescindível que métodos de análise validados estejam disponíveis, para assegurar a confiabilidade dos resultados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e validar métodos analíticos para a determinação de resíduos de estreptomicina e diidroestreptomicina em leite e empregá-los na análise de amostras comercializadas na região de Campinas, São Paulo. Os métodos analíticos desenvolvidos e validados incluem o ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA) e a cromatografia líquida associada à espectrometria de massas em tandem (LCMS/MS QToF). A validação analítica foi realizada de acordo com as recomendações da Comunidade Européia e IUPAC. Os seguintes parâmetros foram avaliados: seletividade, curva analítica, linearidade, sensibilidade, precisão (repetibilidade intra e inter-dias), exatidão e limites de detecção e de quantificação. Os resultados do procedimento de validação dos métodos de ELISA e LC-MS/MS demonstraram que estes são adequados para a análise de triagem e confirmatória, respectivamente, de resíduos de estreptomicina e diidroestreptomicina em leite pasteurizado, em níveis de concentração inferiores ao LMR estabelecido para essas substâncias (200 µg kg-1). Nas amostras analisadas não foram encontrados resíduos de estreptomicina e diidroestreptomicina em níveis detectáveis / Abstract: Veterinary drugs pose a risk to human health when there residual levels in foods exceed the maximum residue limit (MRL). Knowledge of the extent of human exposure to these compounds is necessary to provide consumer protection. To achieve this, it is essential that validated analytical methods are available to ensure reliable results. The aim of the present work was to develop and validate analytical methods for the analysis of streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin residues in milk, and to employ these methods for analysis of samples marketed in the region of Campinas, São Paulo. The developed and/or validated methods include enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS QToF). Method validation was performed according to the recommendations established by European Community and IUPAC. The following parameters were evaluated: analytical curve, linearity, sensitivity, precision (intra and inter-day repeatability), accuracy and the detection and quantification limits. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of ELISA and LCMS/MS methods for trial and confirmatory analyses, respectively, of streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin in milk at concentrations below the established MRL (200µg kg-1). In the analyzed samples streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin were not found at detectable levels / Mestrado / Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

Orientador: Luzia Helena Queiroz / Co-orientador: Iveraldo dos Santos Dutra / Banca: Marcos Franke Pinto / Banca: Samir Issa Samara / Resumo:As práticas sanitárias dos produtores rurais da bovinocultura de corte têm reflexos diretos na saúde animal e riscos potenciais para a saúde coletiva e meio ambiente. Neste sentido, o objetivo do trabalho foi o de avaliar a percepção de risco de 90 produtores rurais, de 66 municípios do Estado de São Paulo, em questões relacionadas à aquisição e modo de emprego dos produtos veterinários. Por meio de abordagem qualitativa, entrevista pessoal, utilizando-se de questões abertas e fechadas, e da análise de correspondência múltipla pode-se verificar as tendências de associações entre fatores socioeconômicos e a percepção dos produtores rurais. As questões abordadas foram sobre a observação do período de carência dos produtos veterinários, a menção do período de carência de dois produtos veterinários em uso na propriedade, qual o critério que usa para decidir a compra dos produtos veterinários, a realização da estimativa de peso ou pesagem efetiva dos animais na vermifugação e se quem aplica os produtos veterinários fez algum tipo de treinamento. Produtores com escolaridade completa ou incompleta no ensino fundamental tendem a adotar práticas julgadas impróprias ou inadequadas, como a não realização da estimativa de peso ou a pesagem efetiva dos animais por ocasião da vermifugação e não participam de atividades de treinamento na aplicação de produtos. Produtores rurais com o grau de escolaridade no ensino médio tendem a não observar o período de carência dos produtos e nomeiam espontaneamente o preço ou a qualidade como critério para decidir a compra dos produtos. Em contrapartida, produtores com grau de escolaridade no ensino superior acertaram o período de carência de dois produtos veterinários, tendem a estimar ou pesar os animais quando da aplicação dos produtos e participar ou desenvolver atividades...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract:The sanitary practices of beef cattle farmers have immediate reflections on animal health and bring potential risks to public health and the environment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify the risk perception in 90 farmers from 66 towns in the State of São Paulo, in matters related to the purchase and management of veterinary products. Through qualitative approach, personal interview ─ using open and closed questions, and multiple correspondence analysis, it was verified tendencies of associations between socioeconomic factors and the perception of the farmers. The addressed issues were about the observation of the grace period of veterinary products, the mention of the grace period of two veterinary products in use in the property, which criterion is used to decide on the purchase of veterinary products, the estimating of body weight or actual weighing of animals upon deworming and whether the person who administer the veterinary products has received any kind of training or not. Farmers with complete or incomplete elementary education tend to adopt practices judged as improper or unsuitable; they do not estimate body weight or conduct the actual weighing of animals upon deworming and do not take part in training activities for the administration of products. Farmers with secondary education tend not to observe the grace period of products and spontaneously name price or quality as criterion to decide on the purchase of products. On the other hand, farmers with higher education correctly answered the grace period of two veterinary products, tend to estimate or weight the animals upon administration of products and participate or develop training activities. When the farmers were grouped according to the total number of their herd, the tendencies revealed that professional advice is the criterion employed by farmers with herds of up to 100 animals; however, they do not estimate body weigh... / Mestre

De nombreuses molécules médicamenteuses ne sont pas traitées efficacement par les techniques classiques utilisées dans les stations d'épuration et s’accumulent dans les milieux naturels. L’objectif de cette thèse a été de développer un procédé d’oxydation avancée utilisant un plasma non thermique généré par décharge électrique pour le traitement de molécules médicamenteuses et d’identifier le schéma de dégradation d’une des molécules d’étude, à savoir le paracétamol. Les traitements ont été réalisés à l’aide de deux réacteurs : un réacteur multi-pointes avec le plasma au contact direct du liquide à traiter et un réacteur fil-cylindre avec le plasma en amont du liquide à traiter. Des taux de conversion supérieurs à 80% ont pu être obtenus avec des rendements énergétiques, qui peuvent atteindre 8g/kWh et 39 g/kWh pour le paracétamol et l’ésoméprazole, respectivement. La décharge électrique créée entre une pointe et le liquide a été caractérisée par la spectroscopie d’émission optique afin d’observer la présence des espèces oxydantes produites par le plasma et d’estimer la température du milieu faiblement ionisé. Les espèces produites dans le liquide lors de la dégradation du paracétamol et de l’ésoméprazole qui ont été identifiées par la technique HRMS, entre autres, sont principalement des acides carboxyliques ainsi que des produits azotés. L’identification des voies de production pour la formation des principaux produits ont été étudiés particulièrement à l’aide de nombreuses méthodes chimiques comme HPLC/MS, MS/MS, et de différents marquages de paracétamol. Il a été prouvé que les principaux acides carboxyliques produits proviennent de la rupture du cycle aromatique. En conclusion, cette étude nous a permis d’obtenir des rendements énergétiques de traitement des deux molécules d’étude comparables à ceux retrouvés en littérature, et surtout d’établir un chemin de dégradation du paracétamol. / Many drug molecules are not effectively treated by conventional techniques used in wastewater treatment plants and accumulate in natural environments. The objective of this thesis was to develop an advanced oxidation process using a non-thermal plasma generated by electric discharge for the treatment of drug molecules (paracetamol and esomeprazole). The NTP treatments were carried out using two reactors: a multiple needle-to-plate reactor with the plasma in direct contact with the liquid to be treated and a wire-cylinder reactor with the plasma up stream of the liquid to be treated. Conversion rates higher than 80% have been obtained with energy yields, which can reach 8 g/kWh and 39 g/kWh for paracetamol and esomeprazole, respectively. The electrical discharge created between the need leand the liquid has been characterized by optical emission spectroscopy to observe the presence of the oxidative species produced by the plasma and to estimate the temperature of the ionized medium. The species produced in the liquid during the degradation of paracetamol and esomeprazole have been identified by the HRMS technique. The produced species, are mainly carboxylic acids as well as nitrogen products. The identification of production pathways for the formation of the main products has been studied particularly using numerous chemical methods such as HPLC/MS, MS/MS, and different labelling of paracetamol. It has been proven that the main carboxylic acids produced come from the breaking of the aromatic ring. In conclusion, this study allowed us to obtain energy efficiencies of treatment of the two study molecules comparable to those found in literature, and especially to establish a pathways of degradation of paracetamol.

This thesis deals with coagulation treatment of surface water with content of humic matters, drug residues and turbidity. Commonly used coagulants (ferrous and aluminous sulphate) and natural biopolymer based on chitosan that not yet used in the Czech Republic had been studied. The aim of this work was to found the optimal application of chitosan in water treatment and comparison of its coagulation efficiency with standard inorganic coagulants. Theoretical part of the thesis contains occurrence, classification, composition, properties and importance of humic matters and drug residues and furthermore properties of chitosan and its using in water treatment. Experimental part summarizes the obtained results from the laboratory coagulation tests with inorganic coagulants and with chitosan leading to determination of its optimal dose. Other coagulation experiments were focused on finding the possibilities of combine the two coagulants (ferrous sulphate and chitosan) and to find their optimum doses and suitable ratio. The influence of pH on water treatment with using coagulation was also studied.

Σκοπός: Ο προσδιορισμός των επιπέδων συγκέντρωσης καταλοίπων κτηνιατρικών παρασιτοκτόνων ουσιών (ανθελμινθικών), σε νωπό γάλα μηρυκαστικών από περιοχές της Νοτίου Ελλάδος και η εκτίμηση της πρόσληψής τους από τον άνθρωπο. Συγκεκριμένα εξετάσθηκαν οι ουσίες, Albendazole, Febantel, Fenbendazole, Mebendazole και κάποιοι μεταβολίτες τους (Albendazole sulfoxide, Albendazole sulfone, Fenbendazole sulfone) στο νωπό γάλα προβάτων, αιγών και βοοειδών. Μέθοδοι: Χημική ανάλυση δειγμάτων γάλακτος, με τη βοήθεια Υγρής Χρωματογραφίας Υψηλής Απόδοσης και ανιχνευτή Συστοιχίας Διόδων, Υπεριώδους (UV). Χρήση βάσης δεδομένων σχετικά με την εκτίμηση της ημερήσιας κατανάλωσης γάλακτος και Φέτας (λήψη προσωπικών συνεντεύξεων, συμπλήρωση ερωτηματολογίων, συχνοτήτων κατανάλωσης τροφίμων, από δείγμα 723 μαθητών ηλικίας 10-12 ετών, από τη Νότια Ελλάδα). Αποτελέσματα: 34 από τα 123 δείγματα γάλακτος βρέθηκαν να περιέχουν κατάλοιπα των διερευνώμενων ουσιών, εκ των οποίων τα 11 υπερέβαιναν τα θεσπισμένα από την Ε.Ε. ανώτατα επιτρεπτά όρια καταλοίπων. Η Εκτιμώμενη Ημερήσια Πρόσληψη των ουσιών αυτών, από το εξετασθέν δείγμα πληθυσμού, κυμαίνεται από 0,4-15,9% της Αποδεκτής Ημερήσιας Πρόσληψης, ανάλογα με την ουσία και το τρόφιμο (νωπό αγελαδινό γάλα ή τυρί Φέτα). Υπάρχει γεωγραφική διακύμανση στη συχνότητα εμφάνισης των καταλοίπων η οποία είναι ιδιαίτερα αυξημένη σε περιοχές οι οποίες στερούνται επαρκών υπηρεσιών ελέγχου τροφίμων. Συμπεράσματα: Από την παρούσα εργασία προκύπτει ότι 11.4% των δειγμάτων γάλακτος, περιέχει κατάλοιπα ανθελμινθικών ουσιών, σε επίπεδα συγκεντρώσεων που υπερβαίνουν το ανώτατο επιτρεπτό όριο (έως και 7 φορές για τη Febantel). Το εύρημα αυτό, εγείρει ερωτήματα για την πλήρη εφαρμογή της Ο.Κ.Π.. Ωστόσο η κατανάλωση νωπού γάλακτος το οποίο περιέχει κατάλοιπα των υπό διερεύνηση ενώσεων, στα προαναφερθέντα επίπεδα συγκεντρώσεων, δεν οδηγεί σε υπέρβαση της Ανώτερης Ημερήσιας Πρόσληψης. Από την άλλη πλευρά, είναι απαραίτητο να τονιστεί ότι οι ουσίες αυτές είναι δυνατό να ανιχνευθούν και σε άλλα τρόφιμα ζωικής προέλευσης για τα οποία δεν έχουν θεσπιστεί MRLs και συνεπώς δε διεξάγονται οι αντίστοιχοι έλεγχοι. Κατά συνέπεια, είναι απαραίτητη η εκπαίδευση των κτηνοτρόφων σε θέματα Ο.Κ.Π., η εντατικοποίηση των ελέγχων και η στελέχωση των κρατικών υπηρεσιών, έτσι ώστε να αντισταθμίζονται οι ελλείψεις των νόμων και να αποφευγονται πιθανές δυσμενείς συνέπειες για τη δημόσια υγεία. / Aim: The determination of the concentration levels, of veterinary parasiticide drug (anthelmintics) residues, in ruminants’ raw milk, from regions of Southern Greece, and the residues’ intake estimation for humans. In particular, the investigated, residues were Albendazole, Febantel, Fenbendazole, Mebendazole and some of their metabolites (Albendazole sulfoxide, Albendazole sulfone, Fenbendazole sulfone), in sheep, goat and bovine raw milk. Methods: Chemical analysis of raw milk samples with High Performance Liquid Chromatography and UV Diode Array Detector. A databank concerning the daily consumption of milk and feta cheese was utilized (personal interviews and filling in of food frequency questionnaires, from a population sample of 723 pupils aged from 10-12 years old, in Southern Greece). Results: 34 out of the 123 milk samples, were found to contain residues of the investigated compounds and 11 of the contaminated samples, contained residues, exceeding the EU established MRLs. The Estimated Daily Intake for these residues resulting from the interviewed population sample, was ranging from 0,4 to 15,9% of the Acceptable Daily Intake, depending on the substance and the kind of food (raw bovine milk or feta cheese). There is a geographical variation concerning the residue occurrence, which is high in regions where food control agencies are poorly staffed. Conclusions: The present study indicates that 11.4% of milk samples analysed, contains concentration levels of anthelmintic residues above the maximum residue limit (up to 7 times for Febantel). This finding raises questions about the full implementation of Good Veterinary Practice. However, consumption of raw milk containing the aforementioned concentration levels of the compounds under investigation, does not result to exceedance of the Acceptable Daily Intake. On the other hand, it is necessary to emphasize that these substances are possible to be detected in other foods of animal origin for which no MRLs have been established and therefore the respective controls are not carried out. Consequently, training of stock-farmers on GVP, intensification of controls and staffing of government agencies, are needed to counterbalance deficiencies of laws and avoid potential adverse effects on public health.

Les Résidus de Médicaments (RM) sont des molécules biologiquement actives et leur présence dans l'environnement peut induire des effets sur les écosystèmes. Afin de caractériser l'impact écotoxicologique lié à l'utilisation de ces molécules dans la région toulousaine, 26 RM ont été recherchés dans les eaux usées de deux Stations de Traitement des Eaux Usées (STEU) de la ville de Toulouse et dans le milieu récepteur de leurs rejets, la Garonne. Dans la Garonne, les prélèvements ont été réalisés en amont et en aval des effluents des STEU afin d'étudier l'impact de ces effluents sur le risque associé à la présence de ces RM dans le fleuve. Le risque écotoxicologique potentiel a été évalué en comparant, pour chacun des RM étudiés, les concentrations mesurées in situ (exposition) et les concentrations écotoxiques (danger). Ces comparaisons ont permis la définition de quotient de risque (RQ) en fonction du temps et de l'espace. Les résultats des analyses ont montré que, malgré le fait que la plupart des molécules soient détectées dans la Garonne en amont des rejets des STEU, certains RM ont présenté des concentrations significativement plus importantes dans la Garonne en aval des rejets. Ces résultats soulignent l'impact des effluents toulousains sur le risque associé à la la présence de RM dans la Garonne. Dans le cadre de ces travaux de recherches une base de données (BDD) a été développée qui intègre 1/ des données d'écotoxicité issues de la littérature scientifique (1237 données issues de bio-essais, modélisations et bio-marqueurs et 382 Predicted No Effect Concentrations (PNEC)) ; 2/ des données d'exposition à l'échelle de l'agglomération toulousaine (125 échantillons récoltés). L'étude des RQ, à partir des plus basses PNEC actuellement disponibles dans la BDD, a montré des risques écotoxicologiques potentiels liés à la présence de 7 RM dans la Garonne sur les 26 recherchés. Ces 7 RM sont, dans l'ordre décroissant des pourcentages d'occurrence des risques associés, Carbamazépine (anti-épileptique) (100%), Clarithromycine (100%), Diclofénac (anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens (AINS)) (100%), Estrone (hormone sexuelles) (100%), Ofloxacine (antibiotiques) (93%), Ibuprofène (AINS) (62%) et Propranolol (cardiovasculaire) (31%). L'étude des concentrations écotoxiques inclues dans la BDD ont montré des variabilités intramoléculaires importantes. Pour l'évaluation des risques environnementaux (ERE), la réglementation européenne recommande d'utiliser une seule donnée d'écotoxicité pour définir le seuil toxique requis pour l'ERE (PNEC). Ces variabilités intramoléculaires démontrent que le déploiement de la démarche proposée par la réglementation pour l'ERE peut générer une sous-estimation des risques écotoxicologiques. De plus, la variabilité temporelle des données d'exposition engendre, pour les 7 RM identifiés comme potentiellement dangereux, 1/ l'alternance des périodes à risque et à non risque pour le Ibuprofène, Ofloxacine et Propranolol; 2/ des risques avérés quelle que soit la période considérée pour la Carbamazépine, Clarithromycine, Diclofénac et Estrone. Ces résultats suggèrent que, la variabilité des concentrations, qu'elles soient prédites (PEC) ou mesurées (MEC), doit être prise en compte pour mesurer l'impact de la présence de RM sur les écosystèmes aquatiques. Avec un meilleur accès aux soins de santé et une population vieillissante menant à une poly-médication, la production, l'utilisation et l'élimination des produits pharmaceutiques devraient augmenter. De par le rôle des médicaments dans la santé publique et les impacts potentiels sur les écosystèmes, cette problématique associée à la présence de RM dans les milieux aquatiques doit être prise en charge par une action concertée afin de prévenir, réduire et gérer l'introduction des RM dans l'environnement. / Drug residues (DR) are biologically active molecules and their environmental occurrence can produce negatives effects on the ecosystems. In order to identify the ecotoxicological impact linked to their use in the Toulouse area, 26 DR were searched in two waste water treatment plant (WWTP) of Toulouse, inlet and outlet, and into the natural water receiving the WWTP releases, the Garonne river. In the Garonne river, sampling were carried out upstream and downstream of WWTP outlets in order to study impact of their releases on the ecotoxicological risks linked to the DR occurrence in the river. Ecotoxicological risks were estimated with the ratio between measured environmental concentrations (exposure) and environmental hazard threshold (hazard) for each drug. These ratios allowed to define hazard quotients (HQ) according to time and space. Despite the fact that most of DR were detected in the Garonne upstream of WWTP releases, some of them showed significant greater concentrations downstream the WWTP releases. For these last ones, results highlight that WWTP releases are responsible for the ecotoxicological risks linked to the presence of DR in the Garonne river. As part of this study, a database was made, including 1/ ecotoxicity data coming from scientific literature (1237 data provided from bioassays, modellings and biomarkers and 382 Predicted No Effect Concentrations (PNEC)); 2/ exposition data from Toulouse city (125 collected samplings). Since the lowest PNEC available in the database, the HQ study showed ecotoxicological risks linked to the occurrence of 7 DR in the Garonne among the 26 searched. In the decreasing order of the risks percentage occurrence, these 7 DR are Carbamazepine (antiepileptic) (100%), Clarithromycin (antibiotic) (100%), Diclofenac (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)) (100%), Estrone (sexual hormone) (100%), Ofloxacin (antibiotic) (93%), Ibuprofen (NSAID) (62%) and Propranolol (cardiovascular) (31%). The ecotoxicity concentrations integrated in the database showed important intra-molecular variabilities. For environmental risk assessment (ERA), european regulation recommends to use only one ecotoxicity data to define the environmental threshold required for the ERA (PNEC). These intra-molecular variabilities demonstrate that implementation of the ERA process proposed by regulation could create under-estimations of the ecotoxicological risks. Moreover, exposure data temporel variability for the 7 DR identified as potentially hazardous causes 1/ alternation of risked and non-risked periods for Ibuprofen, Ofloxacin and Propranolol; 2/ proven risks whatever the considered period for Carbamazepine, Clarithromycin, Diclofenac and Estrone. These results suggest that concentrations variability, whether predicted (PEC) or measured (MEC), should be taken into account to assess the DR impact on the aquatics ecosystems. With better access to health care and an ageing population leading to a multiple medication, the production, the use and the pharmaceuticals elimination should increase. Because of their role in the public health and their potential impact on the ecosystems, the presence of DR in the aquatic environments is an issue that should be taken in hand by a concerted action in order to prevent, reduce and manage DR release in the environment.

The novel hypothesis that antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) function by modulating the mammalian immune system was tested. Sampling methods to characterize the mucosa-associated microbiota of the murine intestine by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis indicated that direct plug extraction was superior to wash methods. Using T-RFLP analysis, non-therapeutic administration of chlortetracycline (CTC) and sulfamethazine to beef cattle did not affect the composition of bacterial communities associated with intestinal mucosa and in digesta, with exception of those associated with mucosa of the proximal jejunum. Similarly, oral administration of non-therapeutic concentrations of CTC did not affect the mucosa-associated microbiota of the murine intestine. Oral administration of nontherapeutic concentrations of CTC prevented weight loss, reduced pathologic changes, modulated transcription levels of inflammatory cytokines in C. rodentium-infected mice, and did not consistently affect the colonic microbiota. These findings support the hypothesis that AGP primarily function by modulating the intestinal immune system. / xiv, 160 leaves ; 29 cm