High-dose alcohol intoxication is commonly associated with impaired inhibition, but the boundary conditions, as well as associated neurocognitive/neuroanatomical changes have remained rather unclear. This study was motivated by the counterintuitive finding that high-dose alcohol intoxication compromises response inhibition performance when working memory demands were low, but not when they were high. To investigate whether this is more likely to be caused by deficits in cognitive control processes or in attentional processes, we examined event-related (de)synchronization processes in theta and alpha-band activity and performed beamforming analyses on the EEG data of previously published behavioral findings. This yielded two possible explanations: There may be a selective decrease of working memory engagement in case of relatively low demand, which boosts response automatization, ultimately putting more strain on the remaining inhibitory resources. Alternatively, there may be a decrease in proactive preparatory and anticipatory attentional gating processes in case of relatively low demand, hindering attentional sampling of upcoming stimuli. Crucially, both of these interrelated mechanisms reflect differential alcohol effects after the actual motor inhibition process and therefore tend to be processes that serve to anticipate future response inhibition affordances. This provides new insights into how high-dose alcohol intoxication can impair inhibitory control.

Plusieurs travaux de recherche ont porté sur la consommation des adolescents. À partir d’une analyse secondaire qualitative de 30 entrevues menées auprès d’adolescents présentant des difficultés de comportements, ce mémoire vise à explorer le discours d’adolescents qui présentent des difficultés de comportements par rapport à leur perception de leur consommation et aux facteurs qui ont pu l’influencer. Le premier chapitre de ce mémoire rend compte de la diversité des facteurs d’influence jouant un rôle dans la consommation de drogue ou d’alcool d’adolescents qui présentent des difficultés de comportements selon la littérature recensée. Dans un premier temps les différents contextes de vie des jeunes sont explorés. L’approche bioécologique a pour avantage de replacer l’adolescent dans son environnement global incluant les différents niveaux d’influence. En outre, les représentations sociales, permettent de mettre en avant la perception des principaux concernés. Le deuxième chapitre consacré à la méthodologie, se base sur une collecte de données qualitatives. Le troisième chapitre expose les résultats de cette recherche qui révèlent que les jeunes participants à cette étude sont en mesure d’identifier des influences dans les différents niveaux, même si le macrosystème n’est pas présent dans leur discours. Sur le plan de la fréquence de consommation, deux profils de consommation se distinguent, l’un concerne les jeunes qui ont commencé à consommer plus tôt et dont la consommation a diminué et ceux qui débuté leur consommation plus tard et dont la consommation a augmenté. Le quatrième chapitre de ce mémoire expose de manière schématique les écrits scientifiques avec le discours des adolescents et identifie également quelques notions clefs qui ressortent du discours des adolescents. / Adolescent drug and alcohol consumption is a major concern, and the focus of much research. This paper aims to explore adolescent perception of, and influences on, drug and alcohol consumption, through a qualitative, secondary analysis of 30 interviews of adolescents with behaviour problems. The first chapter of this report reviews the literature on the various factors influencing drug and alcohol consumption in teens with behavior difficulties, including the different environments in which they live. Two theoretical constructs are used to explore adolescent consumption: the bioecological approach, which positions the teenager in the context of his or her global environment; and the theory of social representations, which highlights the internal perceptions of those concerned. The second chapter of this paper describes the qualitative methodology used in the collection and analysis of data. The third chapter presents the results of this research, which reveal that the young participants were able to identify the different factors influencing their consumption in various levels of the different contexts, even if they did not overtly describe the macrosystem. The results indicate two different profiles of consumption: one for young people who start using earlier and then later decrease their consumption; and one for those who start later, and whose consumption has continued to increase. In terms of the frequency of use, many participants in this study follow the former profile, thus they have already started reducing their consumption. Participant speech is similar to what is indicated in the literature. The fourth chapter of this study schematically presents what is indicated in the scientific literature along with what the participants say, and also identifies some of the key concepts that emerge from the adolescents’ descriptions. The paper concludes with some reflections on practice and ideas for future research.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 janelisebpazianicosta_dissert.pdf: 2457459 bytes, checksum: 519e9ac156cca4f5016a58719a8b2cb1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-15 / Introduction: The use/consumption of psychoactive substances is considered a complex phenomenon, which has biological, psychological and social origins and consequences. Objectives: Describing, analyzing and comparing socio-demographic, psychological and clinical characteristics presented by a population having a Substance Use Disorder. Casuistic and Method: A convenience sample comprising 50 adult male patients who took part in the present study were seen in a Psychosocial Attention Center Alcohol and Drugs (CAPSad) based in a medium-sized city located in São Paulo State countryside. An Identification Form containing personal and socio-demographic features, as well as a Semi-directed Interview Script, were used for people with alcohol and/or drug-related problems. Data were analyzed by means of non-parametric statistic evidences and qualitative analysis of frequency and percentage of answer category having the same semantic meaning. Results: The study group mostly comprised an adult (28-37 and 48-58 years old), negroid (62%), not engaged (72%), evangelic (44%), unemployed (59,18%) population born in areas around the target city (44,68%), with 5 to 8 years of study (42%) and a monthly family income of 3-5 minimum salaries (47,73%). 68% of these patients had been under treatment for at most a month, especially the youngest interviewed ones (18-37 years old). There has been balance between the participants directed to CAPSad and the ones who have searched for help on their own. Some of the main reasons for this search were: willingness to quit consuming, psychological and emotional problems, as well as chemical addiction. 43,18% of the patient sample were abused (esp. physically) in childhood and/or adolescence, and 74% reported having family problems involving alcohol and/or others drugs. Psychoactive substances use was a contributing factor to damages in the quality of relationship with family of origin, spouse and children. Participants reported significant changes and social repertoire and part of leisure activities was associated to the very use of substances or related activities. 76,60% declared having friends who made use of alcohol and/or other drugs. Alcohol (98%), nicotine (84%), cocaine (72%) and cannabis (72%) derivates, inhalants (48%), hallucinogens (22%) and psychotropic medicine (12%) were the most commonly consumed drugs in a lifetime found among patients. Marijuana, cocaine and crack were statistically associated to research youngest population. 64% started using substances in adolescence, mainly due to friendship, party attendance and curiosity and 38% of these youngsters already made continuous use of them in this very life stage. 66% indicated ‗group, friendship circle, friends as usage partners, 72,92% declared uninterrupted use of drugs for some days and 86% of them reported having had periods without any drug contact. The main factors encountered to relapse were loneliness, family distance, belief of being able to drink with no negative consequences, as well as of feeling fine, use willingness and pleasure and individual psychological characteristics. The most common treatments for problems with alcohol and/or other drugs were CAPSad, Hospitalization, Emergency Room, ―Alcoólicos Anônimos‖, ―Narcóticos Anônimos‖, ―Amor Exigente‖ and religion. Participants reported psychological (96%), physical (90%) and cognitive (71,92%) damages related to substance use. Conclusions: It has been observed that a great percentage of the total number of adult participants in the present study presented significant damages related to alcohol and other drugs abuse/dependence, compromising all individual s functioning areas. Although the results are not conclusive to predicting factors in childhood to drug use, considering sample characteristics varied from worse to better socioeconomics and life conditions. In adolescence, individuals with significant damages, changes and sufferings, in touch with user friends and presenting common features for abuse maintenance were predominant. We may conclude that efficient health promoting and prevention programs and more effective treatments and rehabilitation programs must take into consideration users population heterogeneity. / Introdução: Considera-se o uso de substâncias psicoativas um fenômeno complexo, com origens e consequências biológicas, psicológicas e sociais. Objetivos: Descrever, analisar e comparar características sociodemográficas, psicossociais e clínicas apresentadas por uma população com Transtornos por Uso de Substâncias. Casuística e Método: Participou da pesquisa uma amostra de conveniência com 50 pacientes adultos, sexo masculino, atendida no Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Álcool e Drogas (CAPSad) de uma cidade de médio porte do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Foram utilizados: Ficha de Identificação, contendo características pessoais e sociodemográficas e Roteiro de Entrevista Semidirigida para pessoas com problemas relacionados ao álcool e/ou outras drogas. Os dados foram analisados por meio de provas da estatística não paramétrica e por análise qualitativa a partir de frequências e porcentagens de categorias de respostas com mesma semântica de enunciados. Resultados: Pode-se destacar uma população adulta (28-37 e 48-58 anos), negróide (62%), sem companheiro(a) (72%), com 5 a 8 anos de estudos (42%), evangélica (44%), natural da região administrativa da cidade alvo do estudo (44,68%), com renda mensal familiar de 3 a 5 salários mínimos (47,73%) e desempregada (59,18%). 68% estavam em tratamento no período de ‗até um mês , principalmente os entrevistados mais jovens da pesquisa (18-37 anos). Houve equilíbrio entre participantes que foram encaminhados ao CAPSad e os que buscaram ajuda por conta própria, sendo os principais motivos: cessar o consumo, problemas psicológicos, emocionais e dependência química. 43,18% sofreram abusos (principalmente físicos) na infância e/ou na adolescência e 74% relataram possuir familiares com problemas de álcool e/ou outras drogas. Uso de substâncias psicoativas foi um fator contribuinte para prejuízos na qualidade dos relacionamentos com família de origem, cônjuge e filhos. Os participantes referiram significativa mudança e redução do repertório social e parte das fontes de lazer esteve relacionada ao próprio uso de substâncias ou atividades afins. 76,60% relataram possuir amigos que faziam uso de álcool e/ou outras drogas. Álcool (98%), nicotina (84%), derivados de coca (72%) e de canabinóides (72%), inalantes (48%), alucinógenos (22%), medicamentos psicotrópicos (12%) foram os tipos de drogas mais consumidas durante a vida. Maconha, cocaína e crack foram associadas estatisticamente à população mais jovem da pesquisa. 64% iniciaram o uso de substâncias na adolescência, sendo os principais motivos amizades, frequência em festas e curiosidade e 38% já faziam uso contínuo nessa mesma fase da vida. 66% relataram ‗turma, amigos, colegas como companheiros de uso, 72,92% uso ininterrupto de drogas por alguns dias e 86%, períodos sem o consumo. Principais fatores relacionados à recaída foram solidão, distância dos familiares, impressão de poder beber sem consequências negativas ou de estar bem, vontade e prazer no uso e características psicológicas próprias dos entrevistados. Tratamentos mais utilizados para problemas com álcool e/ou outras drogas foram CAPSad, Internação, Pronto Socorro, Alcoólicos Anônimos, Narcóticos Anônimos, Amor exigente e Religioso. 96% dos participantes relataram prejuízos psicológicos, 90% físicos, e 71,92% cognitivos, relacionados ao consumo de substâncias. Conclusões: Na vida adulta foram evidenciados, para quase a totalidade dos participantes do presente estudo, significativos prejuízos relacionados ao abuso/dependência de álcool e/ou outras drogas, em todas as áreas de funcionamento dos indivíduos. Embora os resultados não permitem evidenciar fatores considerados como preditores na infância para o início do uso de substâncias, uma vez que características da amostra foram variadas entre piores e melhores condições socioeconômicas e de vida, para a adolescência, houve predomínio de sujeitos com prejuízos relevantes, mudanças e sofrimentos, em contato com amigos usuários, demonstrando características comuns para a manutenção do abuso. Há a necessidade de programas eficazes de promoção e prevenção de saúde, tratamentos e reabilitações mais efetivos que levem em consideração a heterogeneidade da população usuária.

Patriarchal discourse has lead to the marginalisation of women, children and teenagers. The aims of this research were to deconstruct patriarchal discourse; to empower teenagers to speak out for themselves; to facilitate teenagers' identifying, questioning and 'interviewing' of important problems in their lives, and to let teenagers' voices be heard by adults. Post-modern social construction discourse, post-modern and feminist theologies were used to challenge patriarchal discourse. A narrative, pastoral approach was used to assist teenagers to accomplish these aims. Using externalisation, three problems (Depression; Drugs and Alcohol; Verbal, Physical and Sexual Abuse) were exposed for what they really are, and how they influence many teenagers' lives. Alternative stories of how teenagers stand up against these problems were told. The teenagers decided to inform parents and teachers of their lived experiences in three letters. These three interesting, innovative letters are included in this dissertation. / Practical Theology / M. Th. (Practical Theology with specialisation in Pastoral Therapy)

Patriarchal discourse has lead to the marginalisation of women, children and teenagers. The aims of this research were to deconstruct patriarchal discourse; to empower teenagers to speak out for themselves; to facilitate teenagers' identifying, questioning and 'interviewing' of important problems in their lives, and to let teenagers' voices be heard by adults. Post-modern social construction discourse, post-modern and feminist theologies were used to challenge patriarchal discourse. A narrative, pastoral approach was used to assist teenagers to accomplish these aims. Using externalisation, three problems (Depression; Drugs and Alcohol; Verbal, Physical and Sexual Abuse) were exposed for what they really are, and how they influence many teenagers' lives. Alternative stories of how teenagers stand up against these problems were told. The teenagers decided to inform parents and teachers of their lived experiences in three letters. These three interesting, innovative letters are included in this dissertation. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Practical Theology with specialisation in Pastoral Therapy)