An evaluation was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of patient record plans which had been in use in two community pharmacies for periods of 6 and 9 years. A retrospective study of potential tetracycline interactions demonstrated that, numerically, the nonprescription drugs represented the greatest potential danger. Although in the past, non-prescription medications were not routinely recorded, it is concluded that both prescribed and non-prescribed drugs should be entered on patient record charts and screened for potential interactions. The routine recording and screening of patient allergies and disease states on the patient record plan was shown to be of value in several instances in one pharmacy. A comparison of drug sensitivities 'flagged' on pharmacy records and physician's records showed that the pharmacist often had on record more allergies than did the physician. Using the patient record plan to determine the theoretical time of the last dose of an antibiotic, two surveys were undertaken to determine if a written reinforcement of verbal instructions and patient involvement in a follow-up interview could help improve self-administration habits in ambulatory patients. It was found that more patients did, in fact, follow, their dosage regimen and fewer patients discontinued their course of therapy without justification. Seventeen steps were defined in a dispensing procedure used in one of the pharmacies operating with a patient record plan. These could be further divided into those functions which could be performed by a non-professional assistant and those which were to be done only by a pharmacist. The time required for the individual pharmacist to perform all 17 steps was compared to the time required for a (pharmacist and non-professional assistant) team to do the same functions. Pharmacist time per prescription appeared to be reduced 40 to 50% by the team approach. / Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of / Graduate

La perfusion intraveineuse occupe une large place dans les services de soins cliniques. Les patients reçoivent de nombreux médicaments simultanément dans la même voie centrale, où des problèmes de compatibilité entre les médicaments peuvent survenir. La maitrise de ces incompatibilités médicamenteuses, génératrices de particules, représente donc un enjeu majeur dans la prise en charge des patients polymédiqués.La première partie de ce travail est une analyse de la littérature portant sur les incompatibilités médicamenteuses et leurs principales conséquences sur le plan clinique. A ce titre, un chapitre est dédié à l’ensemble des moyens de prévention de ces problèmes, parmi lesquels l’usage de filtres en ligne de perfusion ou de dispositifs de perfusion multi-lumières.La première partie de nos travaux expérimentaux est consacrée à l’évaluation de la filtration terminale comme stratégie de prévention de l’administration de particules aux patients. Dans ce contexte, nos travaux ont porté sur le noircissement des filtres en ligne observé dans un service de réanimation néonatale. L’objectif était de définir la nature de l’incompatibilité en cause et de s’assurer, dans un second temps, de l’efficacité des filtres malgré les phénomènes de noircissement. Les filtres ont été examinés par microscopie électronique et comptage particulaire. Un aminogramme de la nutrition parentérale a également été réalisé. Une interaction spécifique a été mise en évidence entre un acide aminé (la cystéine) et un oligoélément (le cuivre) dans les poches. De plus, le maintien de la fonction des filtres en ligne a été démontré.La seconde partie de nos travaux est axée sur l’évaluation de l’intérêt d’un dispositif médical multi-lumières innovant dans la prévention des incompatibilités médicamenteuses. Le premier travail mené dans cette thématique a montré in vitro son intérêt à prévenir la survenue d’incompatibilités physiques entre plusieurs associations médicamenteuses, allant de deux à six médicaments administrés simultanément. Nos résultats indiquent que la conception de ces nouveaux dispositifs de perfusion et notamment leur géométrie interne permet de minimiser le temps de contact entre les produits, et ainsi d’améliorer la compatibilité entre les produits, au même titre que le type de solution d’hydratation. Le second travail consistait à poursuivre l’évaluation de ces dispositifs de perfusion multi-lumières en reproduisant un protocole de perfusion utilisé habituellement en hématologie pédiatrique et associant plusieurs médicaments incompatibles à l’origine de précipité. Un comptage particulaire réalisé de manière dynamique a permis de montrer que l’emploi de ces dispositifs permettait de réduire significativement la charge particulaire administrée aux patients, en comparaison avec les dispositifs standard de perfusion (rampes de robinets).Les résultats de l’ensemble de nos travaux sont prometteurs pour l’amélioration de la prise en charge des patients. Ils doivent être maintenant confirmés au travers d’une étude clinique. / Intravenous infusions are extensively used in clinical wards. Patients simultaneously receive many drugs through a limited number of venous accesses, thus increasing the risk of physical drug incompatibilities. Preventing incompatibility is therefore important for the safe administration of injectable drugs of polymedicated patients.The first part of this work consisted in analysing published literature on drug incompatibilities and their clinical consequences. This chapter includes a review of tools preventing drug incompatibilities, which include in-line filtration or the use of multi-lumen infusion sets.The first part of our experimental work is dedicated to the evaluation of terminal in-line filtration for preventing the injection of drug particles to patients. In this context, our research has focused on the blackening of in-line filters, which have been observed during the infusion of binary parenteral nutrition (BPN) delivered in a neonatal intensive care unit. The purposes of our study were, first, to examine the elemental content of precipitates isolated from infused BPN bags and so determine the main physicochemical interactions occurring in them and, second, to evaluate the blackening effect of in-line filters on filtration capacity. Filter membranes were examined by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersion spectroscopy. Amino acid (AA) profiles were obtained from BPN mixtures to determine the concentrations of each AA. A specific interaction was identify between cysteine and copper in our BPN. Despite the gradual blackening of in-line filters during BPN bag infusion, the filter membranes continued to filter solutions efficiently and safely.The second part of our work focused on the assessment of the impact of new multilumen infusion access devices on the occurrence of known drug incompatibility.The first study used a well-documented incompatible combination of two to six drugs and three different carrier fluids. The multilumen infusion access device was able to prevent the occurrence of drug incompatibilities in nearly half of the drug combinations tested. This study confirmed that the characteristics of an infusion device have an impact on drug physical incompatibilities. The main hypothesis is those fluid dynamics differ according to infusion device and accesses, which modify the contact time between drugs and the infusion vehicle.The second in vitro study focused on a pediatric multidrug protocol for patients diagnosed with lymphoblastic leukemia and receiving allogeneic transplantation. A dynamic particle count test was used over 24 hours to evaluate the overall particulate contamination. The use of a multi-lumen infusion set reduces significantly overall particulate contamination compared to the standard infusion set.These results pave the way to performing a randomized controlled clinical trial assessing the multilumen infusion access device.

Ce travail de doctorat s’inscrit dans un projet de recherche destiné à évaluer la charge particulaire issue des incompatibilités physico-chimiques d’origine médicamenteuse de patients admis en réanimation pour un état de choc septique ou un syndrome de détresse respiratoire aigüe. Le corollaire est de faire le lien avec la survenue de certaines complications (syndrome inflammatoire et dysfonction d’organe) susceptibles de menacer le pronostic vital. En effet, la dysfonction microcirculatoire caractéristique de ces patients pourrait être majorée par la contamination particulaire aboutissant ainsi à une aggravation de l’hypo-perfusion tissulaire et à la survenue du syndrome de défaillance multi viscérale.La première partie de ce travail a consisté en une analyse de la littérature portant sur les incompatibilités médicamenteuses et leurs principales conséquences cliniques sous forme d’une revue systématique. Un des messages essentiels est l’intérêt grandissant de la filtration en ligne comme moyen de prévention de la contamination particulaire bien mis en évidence par certains essais contrôlés randomisés en particulier pédiatriques.La seconde partie de ce travail était de mener, dans une première phase, une étude d’observation clinique au lit du malade des dispositifs de perfusion intraveineux habituellement utilisés et des médicaments le plus souvent administrés à ces patients de réanimation du CHU de Lille. La deuxième phase consistait à reproduire in vitro le montage de perfusion utilisé en clinique avec les différentes solutions médicamenteuses dans le but de quantifier la charge particulaire à laquelle sont exposés les patients. Le comptage particulaire a été réalisé de manière dynamique, selon une technique innovante, grâce à un analyseur de particule connecté au montage de perfusion.Ce travail nous a permis finalement d’évaluer le risque particulaire pour ces patients fragiles et de proposer une stratégie de prévention des incompatibilités médicamenteuses. / Our PhD work aimed to evaluate the particulate exposure induced by drug incompatibilities in patients admitted in ICU for a septic shock or acute respiratory distress syndrome. The purpose was to establish a link with the occurrence of certain complications (inflammatory syndrome and organ dysfunctions) susceptible to aggravate life threatening. Indeed, the microcirculatory dysfunction characteristic of these patients could be increased by the particulate contamination, compromising tissue perfusion and leading to the occurrence of multi organ failureThe first part of this study consisted in a systematic literature review on the clinical implications of drug incompatibilities. One of the essential messages is the growing interest of inline filtration to prevent particulate contamination, highlighted by randomized controlled trials especially in pediatric ICU.The second part of the study was to conduct, in a first phase, an observational study, at the ICU patients’ bedsides, of the commonly used intravenous drugs and infusion sets. The second phase was to reproduce in vitro the previous observed infusion lines using the observed drugs combination, in order to quantify the particulate exposure, during a simulated 6-hour infusion period. The particle counting was performed using an innovative dynamic image analysis device.Our work indicates the amount of particulate matter potentially administered to critically-ill adult patients and paves the way to a strategy of prevention of drug incompatibilities.

Submitted by Fabiana Gonçalves Pinto (benf@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-04-04T17:45:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Leandro Silva Dias.pdf: 1153525 bytes, checksum: 8458e50ad0b542866cb54c89ea0006de (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-04T17:45:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leandro Silva Dias.pdf: 1153525 bytes, checksum: 8458e50ad0b542866cb54c89ea0006de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Conselho Regional de Enfermagem - RJ / Mestrado Profissional em Enfermagem Assistencial / A terapia com vários fármacos é a regra na quimioterapia antineoplásica e no tratamento de determinadas doenças infecciosas. Nesses casos os objetivos consistem na melhora da eficácia terapêutica e no retardo da emergência de células malignas ou de microrganismos resistentes aos efeitos dos fármacos disponíveis. Nas prescrições, das crianças internadas com patologias oncológicas, identificou-se como principal quimioterápico o Metotrexato (MTX), perfazendo um total de 3 a 4 doses por prescrição no tratamento de linfomas não Hodgkin e leucemias linfoides agudas. A interação farmacológica ocorre, quando um fármaco interfere com outros, alterando o efeito esperado, podendo ser prejudicial, á medida que causa aumento de riscos ao paciente. As interações farmacêuticas, também chamadas incompatibilidades medicamentosas, caracterizam-se por ocorrerem in vitro, isso é antes da administração no organismo, quando misturado dois ou mais fármacos em uma mesma seringa, equipo de soro ou outros recipientes. Objeto de estudo: As incompatibilidades físico-químicas dos medicamentos durante o ciclo de infusão do MTX endovenoso na clientela pediátrica com LLA e Linfoma não Hodgkin. Hipotese: O aprazamento de medicamentos concomitante a infusão do Metotrexato (MTX), realizado pelo enfermeiro, podem causar incompatibilidades que diminuem ou potencializam o efeito terapêutico deste quimioterápico. Objetivos: Traçar o perfil do tratamento farmacológico das crianças com LLA e LNH, durante o ciclo do MTX internadas na unidade pediátrica; verificar a prevalência das incompatibilidades físico-químicas entre os medicamentos administrados via endovenosa nas crianças com LLA e LNH, internadas na UP; estabelecer diretrizes para a Gerência do Cuidado de Enfermagem à crianças com LLA e LNH em uso de MTX endovenoso com a criação de um protocolo de aprazamento e administração. Foi um estudo observacional transversal, com abordagem quantitativa dos dados. A mostra foi composta por 13 pacientes com LLA e LNH, que atenderam os critérios de inclusão deste estudo, dos quais emergiram 86 prescrições. Os dados foram coletados no período de janeiro de 2008 à dezembro de 2011 e sofreram estatística descritiva e foi calculado a prevalência das incompatibilidades medicamentosas. O sexo masculino apresentou 61,5% da amostra, enquanto o feminino 38,5%; LLA com 85,6% e LNH com 15,2%; 100% de acessos centrais monolumen. Os eletrólitos apresentaram o maior numero de doses administradas, seguido do antiemético, e dos quimioterápicos. A interação medicamentosa do tipo farmacêutica, de maior prevalência foi a entre o cloridrato de ondansetrona e o bicarbonato de sódio a 8,4%, seguida da entre o cloridrato de midazolan e o bicarbonato de sódio. A pesquisa contribui para que o enfermeiro, se aproprie ainda mais dos conhecimentos relacionados a farmacocinética, farmacodinâmica e farmacêutica, assim como sobre as reações adversas medicamentosas, para que possam realizar a gerência do cuidado, no que tange toda a dinâmica da terapia medicamentosas, ou seja, uma assistência de enfermagem segura, livre de danos, sejam eles temporários ou permanentes, assegurando que os pacientes permaneçam o mínimo possível no ambiente hospitalar, assim como ter uma terapêutica medicamentosa com o resultado final que é a prevenção ou cura de doenças, e também eficácia nos tratamentos paliativo / Therapy with multiple drugs is the rule in cancer chemotherapy and in the treatment of certain infectious diseases. In such cases the objectives consist in improving the therapeutic efficacy and delay the emergence of malignant cells or microorganisms resistant to the effects of available drugs. In the prescriptions of children with oncological diseases, was identified as the main chemotherapeutic methotrexate (MTX), making a total of 3 to 4 doses per prescription in the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphomas and acute lymphoid leukemias. The pharmacological interaction occurs, when a drug interferes with other, changing the desired effect and may be harmful, as will cause the patient to increased risks. The drug interactions, also called drug incompatibilities, characterized by occur in vitro that is prior to administration in the body, when two or more components mixed in one syringe, serum catheter or other containers. Object of study: The physico-chemical incompatibilities of drugs during the course of intravenous infusion of MTX in pediatric clients with ALL and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Hypothesis: The scheduling of drugs concomitant infusion of methotrexate (MTX), performed by the nurse, can cause incompatibilities that reduce or enhance the therapeutic effect of chemotherapy. Objectives: To describe the pharmacological treatment of children with ALL and NHL, during the cycle of MTX admitted to the pediatric unit and verify the prevalence of physical and chemical incompatibilities between drugs administered intravenously in children with ALL and NHL, admitted in UP; establish guidelines for the Management of Nursing Care for children with ALL and NHL in MTX intravenously with the creation of a protocol for scheduling and administration. It was an observational cross-sectional quantitative data approach. The show was comprised of 13 patients with ALL and NHL, who met the study inclusion criteria, 86 of which emerged prescriptions. Data were collected from January 2008 to December 2011 and suffered descriptive statistics and calculated the prevalence of drug incompatibilities. The male group showed 61.5% of the sample, while females 38.5%, 85.6% with ALL and NHL with 15.2%, 100% hits central monolumen. Electrolytes showed the highest number of doses administered, followed by an anti-emetic, and chemotherapy. The type of pharmaceutical drug interaction, was the most prevalent of the ondansetron hydrochloride and sodium bicarbonate to 8.4%, followed by between midazolam hydrochloride and sodium bicarbonate. The research contributes to the nurse, to appropriate further knowledge related to pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmaceutical, as well as on adverse drug reactions so that they can carry out care management, regarding the dynamics of drug therapy, or is a safe nursing care, free of damage, whether temporary or permanent, ensuring that patients remain as little as possible in the hospital environment, as well as having a drug therapy with the end result is the prevention or cure of diseases, and also effective in the palliative treatment