Ungdomars droganvändning utgör ett samhällsproblem som kan medföra allvarliga konsekvenser för både individen och samhället i stort. Att arbeta drogpreventivt med ungdomar är således en prioriterad fråga på nationell nivå och skolan framhålls inneha en viktig roll i det förebyggande arbetet. Gymnasieskolan Knut Hahn i Ronneby har nominerats för sitt framgångsrika drogpreventiva arbete som bland annat utgörs av drogtester och samverkan med polis och socialtjänst. Knut Hahn har tidigare haft en problematik med droganvändning vilket resulterade i att det drogpreventiva arbetet inleddes. Aktuell processutvärdering syftar till att utvärdera Knut Hahns drogpreventiva arbete med intention att såväl kunskapsutveckla som främja processen. Det inbegriper följaktligen att undersöka vilka insatser som implementerats på gymnasieskolan Knut Hahn i förhållande till deras framtagna handlingsplan. Vidare ämnas erfarenheter och upplevelser från involverade aktörer i det drogpreventiva arbetet studeras, för att identifiera potentiella framgångsfaktorer och eventuella brister. Datamaterialet utgörs av tio semistrukturerade intervjuer med involverade aktörer. I resultatet framgår att insatserna i skolans handlingsplan har efterföljts. Därutöver framkommer det i intervjuerna att ytterligare insatser som inte omnämns i handlingsplanen genomförs. Vidare indikerar resultatet på en samstämmighet hos de involverade aktörerna avseende positiva upplevelser av det drogpreventiva arbetet på Knut Hahn. Flera framgångsfaktorer identifieras, varpå engagemang, korta kontaktvägar och långsiktighet i huvudsak framhävs. Sekretess och resursbrist lyfts i sin tur fram som hinder för ett effektivt drogförebyggande arbete. / Youth drug use is considered a societal problem which can cause serious consequences for both the individual and society at large. Drug prevention aimed towards young people is thus a prioritized issue at a national level and schools are emphasized to have an important role in the drug preventative work. Knut Hahn High School in Ronneby has been nominated for its successful drug preventative work, which includes drug tests as well as cooperation with the police and social services. The drug preventative work was initiated due to observed drug use among students at Knut Hahn. The current process evaluation aims to evaluate Knut Hahn's drug preventative work with the intention of developing knowledge in order to further the process. Consequently, the evaluation mean to investigate the implemented drug preventative measures at Knut Hahn High School in relation to their developed plan of action. Furthermore, the study aims to highlight experiences from different actors involved in the drug preventative work, in order to identify potential success factors and possible shortcomings. Ten semi-structured interviews with involved actors were conducted. The results show that the initiatives of the school's plan of action have been followed. The interviews also indicate implemented measures beyond what’s mentioned in the plan of action. Furthermore, a consensus among the actors regarding positive experiences of the drug prevention work at Knut Hahn was found. Several success factors are mentioned, whereupon commitment, effective communication and long term perspective are mainly emphasized. Secrecy and lack of resources are in turn highlighted as obstacles to effective drug preventative work.

<p>Denna studie syftar till att undersöka föräldrars upplevelser i samband med att deras barn kallas till möte med Ungdomsteamet i Örebro, vid oro för droganvändning. Med studiens syfte som utgångspunkt, valdes en kvalitativ intervjumetod och insamling av empiriskt material skedde genom semistrukturerade intervjuer via telefon. Intervjumanualen konstruerades utifrån de frågeställningar som valts och delar av den litteratur som använts i studien. Det insamlade materialet från intervjuer med sex personer utgör underlag för resultatet och tolkas främst utifrån Hübinettes litteratur om drogpreventivt arbete, stämplingsteori och ekologisk systemteori. Resultatet visar att majoriteten av respondenterna var positivt inställda till Ungdomsteamets arbetssätt, oavsett vad drogtestet visade. En del av de tillfrågade kände en viss frustration inledningsvis, på grund av att de undanhölls information om vad mötet de kallats till skulle handla om. Samtliga respondenter framhöll dock att Ungdomsteamet utförde arbetet på ett professionellt sätt och att teamets personal var både kunskapsmässigt uppdaterade och sakliga i sin framställning av ärendena vid dessa möten. Dessutom visar resultatet att föräldrarna riktar en del kritik mot skolans delaktighet i det drogförebyggande arbetet.</p> / <p>This study aims at examining experiences of parents in connection with their child being requisitioned to a meeting with Ungdomsteamet in Örebro, due to concern regarding drug use. In order to concretize the aim of this study, the following four question formulations have been used: With the aim of this study as a starting point, a qualitative interview approach was</p><p>chosen, and collection of empirical data was made through semi structured telephone interviews. The construction of the interview manual is based on the question formulations and some literature used in this study. The gathered material from interviews with six persons is the foundation for the results and is being analysed mainly through Hübinette’s literature on drug prevention, the labelling theory and ecological systems theory. The study shows that the majority of the respondents have a positive view on the approach that is used by the Ungdomsteamet, no matter the result of the drug test. Some of the respondents felt a bit frustrated in the beginning since they were not informed about the purpose of the meeting they were summoned to. All respondents stressed though that the Ungdomsteamet accomplished their job in a professional way and that they both had up-to-date knowledge and were unbiased in their way of running the meetings. The study also shows that the parents are partly critical to the way in which the school is acting in this drug prevention work.</p>

Denna studie syftar till att undersöka föräldrars upplevelser i samband med att deras barn kallas till möte med Ungdomsteamet i Örebro, vid oro för droganvändning. Med studiens syfte som utgångspunkt, valdes en kvalitativ intervjumetod och insamling av empiriskt material skedde genom semistrukturerade intervjuer via telefon. Intervjumanualen konstruerades utifrån de frågeställningar som valts och delar av den litteratur som använts i studien. Det insamlade materialet från intervjuer med sex personer utgör underlag för resultatet och tolkas främst utifrån Hübinettes litteratur om drogpreventivt arbete, stämplingsteori och ekologisk systemteori. Resultatet visar att majoriteten av respondenterna var positivt inställda till Ungdomsteamets arbetssätt, oavsett vad drogtestet visade. En del av de tillfrågade kände en viss frustration inledningsvis, på grund av att de undanhölls information om vad mötet de kallats till skulle handla om. Samtliga respondenter framhöll dock att Ungdomsteamet utförde arbetet på ett professionellt sätt och att teamets personal var både kunskapsmässigt uppdaterade och sakliga i sin framställning av ärendena vid dessa möten. Dessutom visar resultatet att föräldrarna riktar en del kritik mot skolans delaktighet i det drogförebyggande arbetet. / This study aims at examining experiences of parents in connection with their child being requisitioned to a meeting with Ungdomsteamet in Örebro, due to concern regarding drug use. In order to concretize the aim of this study, the following four question formulations have been used: With the aim of this study as a starting point, a qualitative interview approach was chosen, and collection of empirical data was made through semi structured telephone interviews. The construction of the interview manual is based on the question formulations and some literature used in this study. The gathered material from interviews with six persons is the foundation for the results and is being analysed mainly through Hübinette’s literature on drug prevention, the labelling theory and ecological systems theory. The study shows that the majority of the respondents have a positive view on the approach that is used by the Ungdomsteamet, no matter the result of the drug test. Some of the respondents felt a bit frustrated in the beginning since they were not informed about the purpose of the meeting they were summoned to. All respondents stressed though that the Ungdomsteamet accomplished their job in a professional way and that they both had up-to-date knowledge and were unbiased in their way of running the meetings. The study also shows that the parents are partly critical to the way in which the school is acting in this drug prevention work.

The objective of this thesis is to summarize the effects of drugs, especially of the cannabinoids and amphetamine type stimulants, and to analyse which of these substances leads to high-risk activities, that could endanger life, health or result in damage to property. One of these activities, an important one, is driving under the influence of drugs. Driving itself is a complex demand, involving perception, decision making, psychomotor skills, knowledge, as well as attitudes and personality characteristics. Substance use and abuse has an impact on the functioning of the brain and mental processes and therefore on the performance of the driving task. Driving under the influence of drugs is a high risk activity which endangers not only the driver but also their surroundings. In the last few years, the Czech Republic registered a rapid increase in the number of impaired drivers, namely at police check points and in car accidents. The young drivers are mostly under influence of marijuana, respectively tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Its negative effect on driving results from impaired co-ordination, slowed complex reaction time and in space and time distortion. The second group of drugs which can impair drivers is amphetamine type stimulants. Amphetamines are frequently sought by truck drivers, especially long-haul drivers, in Western Europe for its stimulative effects. In the Czech Republic the methamphetamine, Pervitin, is much more common. Intoxication is characterized by increased wakefulness, increased physical activity, increased respiration, rapid heart rate and an irregular heartbeat. The risk factors for driving are a lack of concentration and an overestimation of one{\crq}s own capabilities. After the acute phase of intoxication subsides, fatigue or states of narcolepsy may occur. Another amphetamine-based drug is methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA or Ecstasy. This synthetic substance, chemically related to mescaline, is dangerous due to its ability to regulate body temperature. On rare but unpredictable occasions, this can lead to sharp hyperthermia, resulting in liver, kidney and cardiovascular system failure, and death. It can also cause hallucinations. All common drugs are easily detectable with ``drug test-cards{\crqq}, which are used during police checks around the the world. The Czech Republic is currently testing their utilization and is preparing legislation accordingly. Utilization of these tests during random checks could help to decrease the number of fatal road accidents and could help to decrease the number of impaired drivers on the roads.

Forskningen pekar på en konflikt mellan de krav vissa arbetsgivare har på att alkohol- och drogtesta sina anställda, respektive den eventuella ovilja arbetstagare av integritetsskäl kan ha att bli testade. I detta sammanhang råder det en oklarhet om vilka attityder svenska sjömän har till att bli alkohol- och drogtestade ombord på arbetsplatsen. Syftet med denna uppsats blev därför att undersöka svenska sjömäns attityder till att genomgå slumpmässiga alkohol- och drogtester ombord. Genom intervjuer av fjorton testerfarna och testoerfarna sjömän genomfördes en kvalitativ tematisk innehållsanalys av sjömännens attityder till testerna. Resultatet visade att sjömännen till skillnad från tidigare forskning hade positiva eller neutrala attityder till testerna. De upplevde inte obehag eller en känsla av att vara övervakade eller kränkta. Stämningen på arbetsplatsen blev inte märkbart sämre och tilltron till arbetsgivaren var oförändrad. Sjömännen var väl medvetna om reglerna och rutinerna för alkohol- och drogtesterna och deltog samarbetsvilligt i testerna utan protester. Attityderna mellan de testerfarna och testoerfarna sjömännen var mycket snarlika, med den mindre skillnaden att de testoerfarna sjömännen hade mindre kunskaper om reglerna kring testerna samt antog felaktigt att stämningen på arbetsplatsen skulle bli sämre om tester skulle införas. / This thesis focuses on the relationship between the requirements that some employers have involving alcohol and drug testing of employees, and the potential resistance that employees may have to such tests as regards integrity issues. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate Swedish seafarers’ attitudes to undergoing random alcohol and drug testing on board. Through interviews with fourteen both test-experienced and non-test-experienced seafarers a qualitative thematic content analysis of seafarers’ attitudes to the tests was conducted. The results show that contrary to previous research, the seafarers had positive or neutral attitudes to the tests. The seafarers did not experience any feeling of discomfort or of being monitored and the atmosphere of the workplace and trust for the employer remained unchanged. The seafarers cooperated in the tests without protests. The attitudes of the test-experienced and the non-test-experienced seafarers were similar. One difference however was found in that the non-test-experienced seafarers had less knowledge of rules and procedures regarding the tests and believed that the atmosphere of the workplace would be negatively affected if the tests were to be introduced.

Pharmacogenetics (PGx) and personalised medicine are new disciplines that, gathering the existing knowledge about the genetic and phenotypic factors that underpin drug response, aim to deliver more targeted therapies that avoid the existing problems of adverse drug reactions or lack of drug efficacy. PGx and personalised medicine imply a shift in the way drugs are prescribed, as they require introducing diagnostic tools and implementing pre-screening mechanisms that assess patients' susceptibility to new or existing drugs. The direct benefit is an improvement in drug safety and/or efficacy. However, neither pharmacogenetics nor personalised medicine, are widely used in clinical practice. Both technologies face a number of controversies that hamper their widespread use in clinical practice. This thesis investigates the scientific; technological; social; economic; regulatory and ethical implications of PGx and personalised medicine, to understand the enablers and barriers that drive the process of technology diffusion in three conditions: autoimmune diseases, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and non-small cell lung cancer.The thesis uses concepts of the sociology of science and a qualitative approach, to explore the arguments for and against the use of the technology by different actors (pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, researchers, clinicians, regulators and patient organisations). The core of this analysis lies in the understanding of how, diagnostic testing (TPMT testing in the case of autoimmune diseases, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, and EGFR testing in the case of non-small-cell lung cancer) may affect the existing drug development and service delivery mechanisms, with a particular focus on the user-producer interactions and feedback mechanisms that underpin diffusion of medical innovations and technological change in medicine.The thesis concludes by identifying gaps in knowledge and common issues among TPMT and EGFR testing, which might be used, in the future, to inform policy on how to improve PGx service delivery through a public Health System such as the NHS.