No description available.

PURPOSE: This study examined medication use by individuals with tinnitus who were seeking help for their tinnitus by means of a psychological intervention. METHOD: This study used a cross-sectional survey design and included individuals with tinnitus enrolled in an Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy trial ( = 439). Study participants provided demographic details, completed various structured questionnaires and provided details about the medications used. The self-reported medications were classified using the United States Pharmacopeial Medicare Model Guidelines v7.0. RESULTS: Current medication use was reported by 67% ( = 293) of the study participants. Those currently using medication were older; had consulted their primary care physician, had greater tinnitus severity, depression, anxiety, and insomnia when compared with those not reporting any current medication use. The top 10 medication used included cardiovascular agents ( = 162; 55.3%), antidepressants ( = 80; 27.3%), electrolytes/minerals/metals/vitamins ( = 70; 23.9%), respiratory tract/pulmonary agents ( = 62; 21.2%), anxiolytics ( = 59; 20.1%), hormonal agents/stimulant/replacement/modifying (thyroid; = 45; 15.4%), gastrointestinal agents ( = 43; 14.7%), analgesics ( = 33; 11.3%), blood glucose regulators ( = 32; 10.9%), and anticonvulsants ( = 26; 8.87%). Some associations between type of medication used and demographic or tinnitus-related variables were noted especially for the cardiovascular agents, electrolytes/minerals/metals/vitamins, and anxiolytics. CONCLUSIONS: This exploratory study indicated a large percentage of patients using medication and a range of medications. Further studies are required to assess the effects of such medications on the tinnitus percept and concurrent medication moderate treatment effects.

Paget's disease of the bone is characterized by a focal increase in the rate of bone turnover, which goes through phases of activity and quiescence. Most patients are asymptomatic. The two cardinal features are pain and deformities, and many complications may arise. Diphosphonates and calcitonin are the main therapeutic modalities.

The diagnosis and treatment of respiratory tract infections in ambulatory adults is challenging. The prevalence of these conditions outstrips the medical profession's efficiency and effectiveness in dealing with them. However, selecting diagnostic techniques that identify causative organisms and therapeutic agents targeted to those organisms should lead to a reduction in the morbidity and mortality associated with these illnesses.

<p>Integrating laboratory information into prescribing tasks may improve medication safety. This thesis addresses several methodological issues in the progress of two studies: a systematic review of randomized trials addressing the impact of drug-lab safety alerts on adverse drug events and changes in prescribing or lab monitoring and a randomized trial using an electronic survey to compare prescribing decisions in complex clinical scenarios including integrated lab data with those in which the lab data were available on request. The systematic review found 32 studies; 10 addressed multiple drug-lab combinations, and 22 addressed single drug-lab combinations, including 14 targeting anticoagulation. We report a benefit of anticoagulation-related alerts (OR of an adverse event (bleeding or thrombosis) 0.88 (95% CI 0.78-1.00) and improved prescribing in multi-drug studies (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.19-4.17), but substantial study heterogeneity precluded combining studies of other drugs. Methodological issues addressed in the RCT include medication selection, scenario design, recruitment, and assessment of the representativeness of the sample. We selected medications for study scenarios that are commonly prescribed by Canadian primary care physicians, and are associated with clinically important harm that may be preventable through laboratory monitoring. Data sources included IMS Brogan data on prescribing patterns and the Discharge Abstracts Database (DAD) and the National Ambulatory Care Reporting System (NACRS) from 2006-2007 to 2008-2009. Our study had 148 completed surveys. The study sample differed from the population of Ontario family physicians by gender, and use of electronic medical records. We found no difference in prescribing decisions (OR 1.21, 95% CI 0.84-1.75) between the study groups and no predictors of improved prescribing decisions. The lack of demonstrated impact of integrating lab data into clinical decision-making may be related to the study being underpowered, to a true lack of clinical benefit, or to a lack of discriminatory power in the scenarios.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

No / Objectives Previous studies have demonstrated that intravesical administration of apaziquone (EOquin) has ablative activity against superficial bladder cancer marker lesions with 8 out of 12 complete responses recorded. We present a comparison between the rates of tumor recurrence before and after treatment with apaziquone. Methods The rate of tumor recurrence after treatment with apaziquone was compared with each patient's historical record of recurrences obtained from a retrospective analysis of the patients' case notes. The time to each recurrence event before apaziquone treatment and the time to the first recurrence after apaziquone treatment were recorded, and the data were analyzed using a population-averaged linear regression model using Stata Release, version 9.2, software. Results Of the eight complete responses obtained in the Phase I study, tumor recurrence occurred in 4 patients and the remaining 4 patients remained disease free after a median follow-up of 31 months. The time to the first recurrence after apaziquone treatment was significantly longer (P <0.001) compared with the historical pattern and recurrence interval before apaziquone. Before apaziquone instillation, the mean ± SE recurrence rate and tumor rate per year was 1.5 ± 0.2 and 4.8 ± 1.2, respectively, and these decreased to 0.6 ± 0.25 and 1.5 ± 0.8, respectively, after apaziquone treatment (P <0.05). Conclusions The results of this study indicate that early recurrences after treatment with apaziquone are infrequent and the interval to recurrence is significantly greater compared with the historical recurrence times for these patients. Larger prospective randomised trials are warranted to confirm these results. Aapaziquone (EOquin, USAN, E09, 3-hydroxy-5-aziridinyl-1-methyl-2[indole-4,7-dione]¿prop-¿-en-¿-ol) belongs to a class of anticancer agents known as bioreductive drugs that require metabolism by cellular reductases to generate a cytotoxic species.1 Although it is chemically related to mitomycin C, apaziquone has a distinctly different mechanism of action and preclinical activity profile.1 and 2 The initial optimism generated by its preclinical activity profile rapidly evaporated after the demonstration that intravenously administered apaziquone was clinically inactive against a range of solid tumors in Phase II clinical trials.3 and 4 Several possible explanations were considered for its lack of efficacy, but poor drug delivery to the tumor because of the rapid pharmacokinetic elimination of apaziquone in conjunction with relatively poor penetration through avascular tissue was considered to be the principal reason.5 On the basis of the rationale that intravesical administration would circumvent the problem of drug delivery and any apaziquone absorbed into the blood stream would be rapidly cleared,6 a Phase I-II clinical pilot study of intravesical administration of apaziquone to superficial bladder tumors was established.7 The results of that trial demonstrated that intravesically administered apaziquone has ablative activity against superficial bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) marker lesions.7 These results were confirmed and extended in a Phase II clinical trial of 47 patients with superficial bladder TCC, in which complete responses were obtained in 67% of patients.8 Because all the enrolled patients in the original trial7 had had multiple recurrences after previous intravesical chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy, the purpose of the present study was, first, to report the recurrences that occurred after apaziquone treatment and, second, to study the effect of apaziquone instillation on the recurrence rate by statistically comparing these results with the historical pattern of recurrences for each patient before treatment with apaziquone.

Moricizine is a novel phenothiazine antiarrhythmic agent that depresses the activity of ectopic foci, has a low incidence of adverse effects relative to other agents, and is useful in treating pediatric atrial ectopic tachycardia. A study was conducted to determine the pharmacokinetics of moricizine in children after oral administration. Moricizine was isolated from frozen serum obtained from four male patients (ages 7, 8, 9, and 18 years) receiving the drug for supraventricular tachycardia and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection according to an established protocol. Peak serum levels were between 400 and 2000 ng/mL. Elimination of moricizine did not follow simple single-compartment pharmacokinetics. In three patients we observed an increase or slower decline in blood level occurring after 4 hours. Because of the paroxysmal nature of the tachycardias, decreases in patient heart rate could not be correlated with moricizine blood level. These results suggest that the pediatric pharmacokinetics of moricizine excretion are complex and may differ from those seen in adults.

No description available.

<p>UVOD: Savremenim dijagnostičkim i terapijskim dostignućima, kao i unapređenjem preventivnih mera produžen je životni vek ljudi. Starenje stanovni&scaron;tva je fenomen koji zahvata ceo svet. Povećanje broja starijeg stanovni&scaron;tva je udruženo sa porastom broja obolelih od karcinoma u ovoj starosnoj grupi, jer je starenje samo po sebi riziko faktor za nastanak karcinoma. Incidenca pojave karcinoma naglo raste od 50-te godine života sa vrhom u 80-toj godini života. U osoba starijih od 65 godina se dijagnostikuje 58% svih karcinoma, a 30% u starijih od 70 godina. Godine starosti nisu kontraindikaciija za sprovođenje hemioterapije kod starih bolesnika sa karcinomom. Starenje je povezano sa izmenjenom farmakodinamikom i farmakokinetikom antitumorskih lekova i povećanom osetljivo&scaron;ću normalnog tkiva na toksične komplikacije, te je odluka kliničara kod davanja hemioterapije ovoj starosnoj kategoriji bolesnika sa karcinomom uvek vrlo kompleksna i zahteva dobru procenu i odgovarajuću selekciju bolesnika za ovaj tretman. MATERIJAL I METODE: Doktorska disertacija obuhvata rezultate delom restrospektivnog, a delom prospektivnog opservacionog istraživanja sprovedenog u periodu 01.01.2011. do 31.12.2013.godine u Institutu za plućne bolesti Vojvodine u Sremskoj Kamenici, u kojem je praćeno 152 bolesnika starosti 65 i vi&scaron;e godina kod kojih je dijagnostikovan nemikrocelularni karcinom bronha u uznapredovalom stadijumu bolesti, a koji su lečeni kombinovanim hemioterapijskim režimom na bazi platine. Kao prognostički faktori su uzeti: starosna dob bolesnika (grupa mlađih od 75 godina i starih 75 i vi&scaron;e godina), pol, navika pu&scaron;enja cigareta (pu&scaron;ač, nepu&scaron;ač, biv&scaron;i pu&scaron;ač), navika konzumiranja alkohola, performans status (prema ECOG-Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group skali) u momentu postavljanja dijagnoze, patohistolo&scaron;ki tip tumora (adenokarcinom, skvamozni karcinom, drugo), stadijum bolesti (IIIb, IV), veličina tumora (manje od 6 cm i 6 cm i vi&scaron;e), TNM status prema klasifikaciji tumora (7.revizija), parametri krvne slike (vrednosti leukocita, hemoglobina, trombocita), biohemijski parametri (vrednosti laktat-dehidrogenaze (LDH), alkalne fosfataze, aspartat- aminotransferaze (AST), alanin-aminotransferaze (ALT), kalijuma, natrijuma, bilirubina) na početku terapije, komorbiditeti u momentu postavljanja dijagnoze (broj komorbiditeta po sistemima, Charlson index), simptomi bolesti (ka&scaron;alj, hemoptizije, otežano disanje, bol u grudnom ko&scaron;u, promuklost, smetnje gutanja, sindrom gornje &scaron;uplje vene, bol u kostima, simptomi od strane centralnog nervnog sistema, povi&scaron;ena telesna temperatura), gubitak na telesnoj masi (vi&scaron;e od 5% u prethodnih 6 meseci), indeks telesne mase (&lt;18,5kg/m&sup2; pothranjen, 18,5-24,9kg/m&sup2; normalno uhranjen, 25-29,9kg/m&sup2; prekomerna telesna masa, ˃30kg/m&sup2; gojaznost). Svi potencijalni prognostički faktori su evaluirani univarijantnom analizom, a potom su svi faktori rizika za koje je utvrđena značajnost analizirani primenom multivarijantne logističke regresije, u cilju prepoznavanja nezavisnih prediktora za dvogodi&scaron;nje preživljavanje. Za otkrivanje nezavisnih prediktora preživljavanja na dve godine je primenjena binarna logistička regresiona analiza, a kao potencijalni prediktori su bile sledeće varijable: starost ispod 75 godina, pu&scaron;ačka navika, patohistolo&scaron;ki tip karcinoma, stadijum bolesti IV, T4 status, M1b status, prisustvo respiratornog komorbiditeta, otežano disanje, bol u grudima. Kumulativno preživljavanje je prikazano Kaplan-Meier-ovim krivama. Primenom multivarijantne Cox- regresione analize su dobijeni nezavisni prediktori kumulativnog preživljavanja. Iz dobijenih prognostičkih faktora koji se izdvajaju kao nezavisni prediktori za preživljavanje su kreirani matematički modeli za dvogodi&scaron;nje preživljavanje. CILJ ISTRAŽIVANJA: Utvrditi uticaj pojedinih prognostičkih faktora na dvogodi&scaron;nje preživljavanje ovih bolesnika i iz toga izvesti matematički model za stratifikaciju ovih bolesnika u odnosu na dvogodi&scaron;nje preživljavanje. REZULTATI: Analizom prognostičkih faktora je utvrđeno da grupa bolesnika starih 75 godina i vi&scaron;e ima ne&scaron;to duže dvogodi&scaron;nje preživljavanje od grupe bolesnika mlađih od 75 godina, ali bez statističke značajnosti, bolesnici sa tumorom veličine 6 cm i vi&scaron;e imaju kraće dvogodi&scaron;nje preživljavanje u odnosu na bolesnike sa tumorom manjim od 6 cm, bolesnici kod kojih je u momentu postavljanja dijagnoze T status tumora bio T4, a M status M1b imaju kraće dvogodi&scaron;nje preživljavanje, bolesnici kod kojih je na početku tretmana u laboratorijskim nalazima bila prisutna anemija i povi&scaron;ene vrednosti LDH imaju kraće dvogodi&scaron;nje preživljavanje, prisustvo vi&scaron;e komorbiditeta utiče na kraće preživljavanje, bolesnici sa gubitkom na telesnoj masi većim od 5% u periodu 6 meseci pre postavljanja dijagnoze bolesti imaju kraće dvogodi&scaron;nje preživljavanje. Kreirana su dva matematička modela (jedan za preživljavanje na 2 godine i jedan za kumulativno preživljavanje) za stratifikaciju gerijatrijskih bolesnika sa uznapredovalim stadijumom nemikrocelularnog karcinoma bronha lečenih hemioterapijom na bazi platine u odnosu na dvogodi&scaron;nje preživljavanje. ZAKLJUČAK: Dobijeni matematički modeli za preživljavanje gerijatrijskih bolesnika sa uznapredovalim stadijumom nemikrocelularnog karcinoma bronha lečenih hemioterapijom na bazi platine na jednostavan način stratifikuju bolesnike u odnosu na preterapijske prognostičke faktore za razliku od sveobuhvatne gerijatrijske procene koja je vremenski zahtevna procedura i zahteva obučen kadar.</p> / <p>INTRODUCTION: Nowadays life expectancy is prolonged due to modern diagnostic and therapy achievements, as well as promotion of preventive measurements. Aging of population is a phenomenon in the whole world. Increasing number of elderly population is accompanied with the increased number of diagnosed cancer in this age group, because the aging themselves is a risk factor for development of cancer. The appearance of cancer rapidly rises from the age of fifty with the peak at the age of eighty. 58% of cancer diagnoses are in the people older than sixty-five years and 30% in people older than seventy years. The age is not contraindication for chemotherapy treatment in older patient with cancer. The aging is associated with disturbed pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of antitumor drugs and increased susceptibility of normal tissue for toxic complications, therefore clinical decision for introducing chemotherapy is very complex and requires good assessment and proper selection of the patients for this treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This doctoral thesis includes results of partly retrospective and partly prospective observational research conducted in the period 01.01.2011. until 31.12.2013. at the Institute for pulmonary diseases of Vojvodina in Sremska Kamenica, which includes 152 lung cancer patients 65 and more years old with diagnosed non-small cell lung cancer in advanced stage treated with combined platinum based chemotherapy regimen. These prognostic factors are included: age of patients (group &lt;75 years, group &ge;75 years old), sex, smoking cessation (smoker, former smoker, non smoker), alcohol consuming habit, performance status (according to the ECOG-Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group scale) in the moment of confirmed diagnosis, pathohistological type of tumor (adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, other), stage of disease (IIIb, IV), tumor size (&lt;6cm and &ge;6cm), TNM status according tumor classification (7th revision), blood count parameters (leucocyte, hemoglobin level, thrombocyte), biochemical parameters (lactate-dehydrogenase level (LDH), alkaline phosphatase level, aspartate aminotransferase level (AST), alanine aminotransferase level (ALT), potassium level, sodium level, bilirubin level) on the start of the chemotherapy, comorbidities at the moment of diagnosis (number of comorbid conditions, Charlson index), symptoms of the disease (cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea, chest pain, hoarseness, swallowing difficulties, caval venae compression symptoms, bone pain, central nervous symptoms, increased body temperature), weight loss (˃ 5% in the previous 6 months), body mass index (&lt;18,5kg/m&sup2; underweight 18,5-24,9kg/m&sup2; normal weight, 25-29,9kg/m&sup2; overweight , ˃30kg/m&sup2; obese). All potential prognostic factors were evaluated with univariante analysis, and after that all factors with confirmed significance were analysed with multivariante logistic regression, in order to identify independent predictors for 2-year survival. Binary logistic regression analysis was applied for identifying independent predictors for 2-years survival and those variables were analysed : age &lt;75 years, smoking cessation, pathohistological type of cancer, stage of disease IV, T4 status, M1b status, presence of respiratory comorbidity, dyspnea, chest pain. Cumulative survival of those patients was shown with Kaplan-Meier prognostic curves. Two mathematical model for 2-year survival was created from the factors confirmed as independent predictors for survival. AIM: This research objectives were to determine the influence of certain prognostic factors on 2-years survival of those patients and to create mathematical model for stratification of those patients related to 2-years survival. RESULTS: Univariante analysis confirmed that the group of patients older than 75 years and more have had better 2-year survival than group of patient younger than 75 year, but without the statistically significance, patients with tumor size &ge;6cm have had worst 2-year survival in comparison with patients with tumor size &lt;6cm, patients with tumor status T4 at the moment of diagnosis and M status M1b have had the shorter 2-year survival, patients with anemia and increased LDH level on the start of the chemotherapy treatment have had shorter 2-year survival, the presence of more comorbid conditions at the moment of diagnosis influence on shorter 2-year survival, patients with weight loss more than 5% in the previous 6 months have had shorter 2-year survival. Two mathematical models were created (one for 2-year survival and the other for the cumulative survival) for stratification of elderly patients with advanced staged non-small cell lung cancer treated with combined platinum based chemotherapy regimen related to 2-year survival. CONSLUSION: Created mathematical models for stratification of elderly patients with advanced staged non-small cell lung cancer treated with combined platinum based chemotherapy regimen more easily stratify patients compared to pretreatment prognostic factors as opposed to comprehensive geriatric assessment which is time-consuming procedure and requires trained personnel.</p>

A leishmaniose é uma doença negligenciada causada por protozoários parasitos do gênero Leishmania sp. e transmitida por vetores. Esta doença pode apresentar formas clínicas que variam de lesões cutâneas simples que podem desaparecer espontaneamente até a forma visceral, a qual acomete órgãos como baço, fígado, medula óssea e linfonodos, e pode levar a morte se não tratada corretamente. Além disso, de acordo com a Organização Mundial da Saúde as leishmanioses são endêmicas em 98 países. O tratamento ainda é feita principalmente com dois medicamentos, os antimoniais pentavalentes e anfotericina B, os quais causam uma série de efeitos secundários, além disso, relatos de resistência a esses fármacos têm sido publicados. Além disso, medicamentos alternativos aprovados para uso, como a miltefosina e pentamidina, também possuem sérios efeitos colaterais e nem sempre são efetivos para todas as espécies do parasito e/ou formas clínicas. Estes fatos demonstram que é necessário o desenvolvimento de fármacos alternativos para a quimioterapia das leishmanioses. Nesse sentido, o reposicionamento de fármacos se mostra como uma importante estratégia para o desenvolvimento de novas alternativas terapêuticas para a leishmaniose, pois fármacos já liberados para o uso em humanos podem ser reutilizados, diminuindo o tempo de desenvolvimento e custos empregados para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos. Leishmania sp. possui como um dos principais lipídios o ergosterol, cuja rota metabólica é complexa e envolve uma série de enzimas, as quais, se corretamente bloqueadas poderão suprimir a produção do ergosterol e, portanto, a viabilidade de parasitos. Considerando estes aspectos, o presente estudo objetivou investigar a ação leishmanicida de fármacos que possuem ação inibitória em enzimas da via de esteróis como o fármaco anti-hiperlipidêmico rosuvastatina (inibidor da enzima 3-hidroxi-3-metil-glutaril-CoA redutase) e, os antifúngicos voriconazol, tiaconazol, fenticonazol (inibidores da enzima 14 alfa-metilesterol 14-demetilase), naftifina e tolnaftato (inibidores da enzima esqualeno epoxidase), e por fim a nistatina que age diretamente sobre ergosterol. O potencial contra formas promastigotas e amastigotas intracelulares de L. (L.) amazonensis, L. (L.) infantum e L. (V.) braziliensis foram avaliados, e então foram investigadas possíveis alterações ultraestruturais, fisiológicas em promastigotas de L. (L.) amazonensis (formação de poros de membrana, e alteração do potencial de membrana mitocondrial) ou nas células hospedeiras (produção de óxido nítrico, peróxido de hidrogênio, e mudanças no pH intracelular). O fenticonazol, tioconazol, nistatina e o tolnaftato foram capazes de eliminar as formas promastigotas e amastigotas intracelulares, sendo a nistatina, o tolnaftato e o fenticonazol os mais seletivos para amastigotas das três espécies de parasitos estudados. Por outro lado, rosuvastatina, voriconazol e a naftifina não apresentaram ação contra formas amastigotas intracelulares. Além disso, os fármacos com atividade leishmanicida alteraram morfologicamente e fisiologicamente a mitocôndria do parasito. Apesar de não haver estímulo da produção de H2O2 ou NO por parte dos fármacos analisados, o fenticonazol foi capaz de alcalinizar macrófagos hospedeiros infectados. Considerando que estes fármacos foram capazes de inibir o crescimento de multi-espécies do parasito no interior dos macrófagos, esses resultados sugerem que medicamentos antifúngicos podem ser interessantes alvos para reposicionamento da quimioterapia das leishmanioses tegumentar e visceral / Leishmaniosis is a neglected disease caused by parasitic protozoa belonging to the genus Leishmania sp. and transmitted by vectors. This disease presents different clinical forms ranging from single lesion, that can heal spontaneously, to the visceral form, that affects the spleen, liver, bone marrow and lymph nodes, and may lead to death if not properly treated. Additionally, according to the World Health Organization, leishmaniosis is endemic to 98 countries. The treatment is still carried out with two main drugs, antimonials and amphotericin B that induce side effects; in addition, reports about the emergence of parasite resistance have been published. Besides, alternative drugs such as miltefosine and pentamidine still have serious side effects and are not always effective to treat all Leishmania species and/or clinical form. In this regard, drug repurposing has been considered an important strategy to develop new therapeutic alternatives to leishmaniasis chemotherapy, since drugs already approved to human use may be reused, decreasing time and costs needed for the research of new drugs. Leishmania sp. possesses ergosterol as the main membrane lipid, and the metabolic pathway to produce this lipid is complex and involves different enzymes, which if correctly inhibited may suppress ergosterol production and, therefore, parasite viability. Considering these aspects, the aims of this study is to investigate the leishmanicidal potential of drugs who inhibit enzymes of the ergosterol pathway, such as the anti-hyperlipidemic drug rosuvastatin (inhibitor of the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase), the antifungals voriconazole, tioconazole, fenticonazole, (inhibitors of the 14 Alpha-methylsterol 14-demethylase), naftifine and tolnaftate (inhibitors of squalene epoxidase), and nystatin, that acts directly on ergosterol. The anti-promastigote and anti-amastigote potentials of drugs against L. (L.) amazonensis, L. (L.) infantum and L. (V.) braziliensis were evaluated; ultrastructural and physiological alterations of L. (L.) amazonensis promastigotes (membrane pore formation and mitochondrion membrane potential alterations) and host macrophages (nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide productions and changes to intracellular pH) were investigated. Fenticonazole, tioconazole, nystatin and tolnaftate were capable to eliminate promastigote and amastigotes, being the most selective drugs nystatin, tolnaftate and fenticonazole to all studied species amastigotes. Rosuvastatin, voriconazole and naftifine were unable to eliminate amastigote forms. Furthermore, the drugs that possess leishmanicidal effects affected parasite mitochondrion. Although these drugs did not trigger the production of H2O2 or NO, fenticonazole was able to alkalinize host infected macrophages. Considering these drugs were able to inhibit multiple species of the parasite growth in macrophages, these results suggest that antifungal drugs can be interesting targets to be repurposed in the cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis