The principal tasks for police officers aren¡¦t beyond the scope of ¡§Society Security¡¨ and ¡§Traffic.¡¨ However, police authorities used to attach greater importance to social security than traffic in the past and were unaware of the harmfulness generated from traffic problems. The casualties as well as property loss resulting from traffic accidents are not less than and go even farther than that of social security (criminal) cases in fact. For traffic problems didn¡¦t receive deserved attention, domestic traffic security and order weren¡¦t improved for so many years. Among which, drunk driving constituted one of the major causes for traffic accident fatalities. Therefore, drunk driving enforcement becomes one of the major tasks for police officers upon traffic law enforcement. Owing to the lack of initiation requirements, execution procedures, and relief measures for drunk driving, necessary inspection and regulation upon communications and other equipments, and control district delimitation, ¡§excessive enforcement¡¨ and ¡§excessive control¡¨ then occurred frequently and public complaints were therefore incurred repeatedly. To prevent tragedies caused by drunk driving and decrease social problems derived consequently, we shall make observation in aspects of society, politics, economy, and legal system as well as consult and deliberate in the advantages of other countries to remedy defects. The final conclusion shall be made after being examined from aspects of administrative organization, personnel system, fund budget, and the design and application of limitation of administrative power, with proper rehabilitation by means of administrative relief, and further monitored by the internal and external control mechanism of administrative supervision. The complete and practicable suggestions produced accordingly can therefore provide well-established laws and decrees for police officers to follow pursuant to the system and can accomplish tasks according to law, reason, and feeling in handling measures, and therefore gain instant result upon the law enforcement of drunk driving. Police officers¡¦ power and prestige in duty execution then can be established and people¡¦s rights can be protected as well to effectively prevent the occurrence of drunk driving accidents. It¡¦s hoped that the problems dwelling in the legal system applied for drunk driving enforcement of the Republic of China can be examined and found by administrative law, with the five major frameworks derived from which, namely, basic principles, administrative organization, limitation of administrative authority, administrative relief, and administrative supervision. And it¡¦s further expected that with the discourse of administrative law¡¦s five major frameworks mentioned above, specific suggestions against the items required for reformation in existing legal system can be brought forth to provide solution or reference for legislative agency in future legislation, establish complete legal system of drunk driving enforcement by police officer, and therefore improve the image of the Republic of China as a country ruled by law.

This dissertation aims at determining the possible effects of alcoholic hangover on human behaviour by examining the effects of acute alcohol consumption (> 1g/kg) 14-16 hours following alcohol ingestion on simple and choice reaction times, divided attention tasks and driving skills. The hypotheses are that cognitive and behavioural functioning is impaired even after the blood alcohol concentration level has returned to zero The California Computerised Assessment Package (CALCAP) together with selected driving skills tasks, repeated breath analysis measures, a biographical questionnaire, a subjective hangover rating scale, and blood glucose tests were administered to a group of 63 mixed gender student volunteers. The experimental group and was tested prior to, and during hangover. The control group was pre- and post-tested in order to determif.le the impact of practice effects. Results indicate that hangover individuals performed less well than control subjects on measures of reaction time and driving precision. Further more, the findings show that subjective experience of hangover is not a good predictor of reaction time or driving performance, and that the absence of hangover symptoms does not guarantee full mental recovery. Statistical analysis of the data showed that post-test findings could not be attributed to a gender effect. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2000.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Ricardo Batista Politi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Humanas e Sociais, 2016. / Nos últimos anos, devido ao aumento da frota de veículos, aumentou também o número de vítimas de acidentes de trânsito, causados muitas vezes pelo consumo de bebidas alcoólicas. Devido a esse fato, foram criados diversos dispositivos legais com o intuito de inibir essa prática, como, por exemplo, as leis nº 11.705 de 2008 e nº 12.760 de 2012, conhecidas como "lei seca" e "nova lei seca", respectivamente, que diminuem as tolerâncias legais aceitáveis para o nível de álcool. Apesar da legislação rígida, muitos acidentes ocasionados por motoristas embriagados ainda acontecem, o que causa um dispêndio significativo do erário público para vítimas desses acidentes. Nesta dissertação, procura-se compreender a associação entre álcool e direção na região metropolitana de São Paulo por meio de um estudo de caso na cidade de Santo André, no período do advento da nova legislação. Para atingir esse objetivo, investigou-se como a legislação brasileira referente a embriaguez ao volante é aplicada no nível local. A investigação abarca uma análise dos registros de ocorrências de acidentes de trânsito envolvendo condutores embriagados; a observação da implementação da Operação Direção Segura Integrada - ação de fiscalização de cunho educativo adotada para inibir a embriaguez ao volante, além de uma apuração do atendimento dos condutores envolvidos nesses acidentes pelo centro médico hospitalar local. Com isso, é traçado um panorama das ações adotadas pelo município em relação a embriaguez ao volante, sua prevenção e suas consequências. / In recent years, due to increased fleet of vehicles the number of victims of violence in traffic for accidents caused often by drinking has also increased. Because of this fact, various legal provisions have been created in order to inhibit this practice, for example, the laws No. 11,705 2008 and No. 12,760 of 2012, known as "dry law" and "new law dry ", respectively, which decrease the acceptable legal tolerances for alcohol level. Despite the strict legislation, many accidents caused by drunk drivers still happen, which causes a significant expenditure of public funds for victims of accidents. To achieve this goal, we investigated how the Brazilian legislation on drunk driving is applied at the local level. The research includes an analysis of the records of occurrences of traffic accidents involving drunk drivers; the observation of the Safe Direction Integrated educational action taken to inhibit drunk driving, and an inquiry of the treatment of drivers involved in such accidents by the local hospital. Thus, it is traced an overview of actions taken by the municipality in relation to drunk driving, its prevention and its consequences.

Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) lead to high risk behaviors in adults. Annually, around 10,000 people die from alcohol-related motor vehicle injuries, and >1.1 million arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol or narcotics. An estimated 700,000 children reported abuse each year; 8.4% reported experiencing sexual abuse. Studies have reported the role of ACEs in alcohol consumption during adulthood. Additionally, evidence exists about the influence of parental substance abuse behaviors on addiction to alcohol and other substances of abuse. However, the association of adult drunk driving with childhood sexual abuse, and /or exposure to parental substance abuse behaviors has not been investigated. Objective: This study aimed to estimate the association of sexual abuse and/or parental substance abuse behaviors during childhood 2017 Appalachian Student Research Forum Page 57with drunk driving in US adults. Methods: Data were obtained from 4,374,390 adults who participated in the 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Participants' self-reported responses were used to define study outcome- drunk driving (no/yes) and study exposure- childhood sexual abuse (no/yes) and parental substance abuse behavior (no/yes). Covariates included age, sex, race, income, education, and marital status. Simple and multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the relative odds of drunk driving among US adults who reported sexual abuse and/or exposure to parental substance behaviors during childhood. Interaction models were conducted to test for joint effects of study exposures on the outcome. Results: Approximately 3.6% of adults reported DD, 10.55% reported exposure to parental substance abuse behavior, and 11.1% adults reported childhood sexual abuse. Compared to adults who didn't experience sexual abuse during childhood, those who experienced were significantly associated with increased odds of drunk driving behavior (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR): 1.67, 95% confidence interval (CI):1.27-2.20). Adults who reported exposure to parental substance abuse behavior were found to be associated with increased odds of drunk driving behavior (aOR:1.30, 95%CI:1.00-1.68) compared to unexposed adults. Conclusion: Adults who were sexually abused during childhood and had exposures to parental substance abuse behaviors were associated with increased relative odds of drunk driving. The study findings help public health professionals identify targeted high risk groups for interventions. Appropriate public health interventions and/or policies should be developed to prevent sexual abuse and exposure to parental substance abuse during childhood. Health education and promotional campaigns are vital to minimize drunk driving cases by targeting communities and individuals with high risk behaviors.

Text in Afrikaans / The research is aimed at the problems surrounding traffic violations and crimes. Firstly, attention is paid to the extent of the problem. Secondly, a theoretical explanation of the problem is offered. This is followed by an exposition of the empirical study which is focused on the perception of road users in the Pretoria municipal area relating to four aspects namely; traffic legislation and traffic law enforcement, traffic violations, adjudication of traffic offences and punishment of traffic offenders. Lastly, the prevention of traffic violations and crimes and specific prevention strategies are conducted and discussed. The research report is concluded with specific conclusions and certain recomendations are offered to deal with the problem. / Die navorsing is toegespits op die problematiek random verkeersoortredings en -misdade. Eerstens word aandag aan die omvang van die probleem geskenk. Tweedens word daar op die teoretiese verklaring van die probleem gekonsentreer. Hierna volg 'n uiteensetting van die empiriese studie wat toegespits is op die persepsie van padgebruikers in die Pretoria- munispale gebied betreffende 'n aantal aspekte ten opsigte van verkeerswetgewing en verkeerswettoepassing, verkeersoortredings, straf asook beregting van verkeersoortredings. Laastens word die voorkoming van verkeersoortredings en -misdade en bepaalde voorkomingstrategiee oorweeg en bespreek. Die navorsingsverslag word beeindig met bepaalde gevolgtrekkings en daar word ook sekere aanbevelings om die probleem te kan hanteer, aangebied. / Sociology / M.A. (Kriminologie)

Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Fear appeals are commonly used in the advertising of social issues, such as drunken driving. In general, researchers believe that there is a positive relationship between fear and persuasion (to adapt misbehaviour). However, there are disputes amongst fear appeal researchers about the level of fear appeal to be used. Fear appeals, like other advertising appeals employed in advertising, is dependant on the traits of the target audience. The effect of fear appeals differ for different target audiences as different people fear different matters. This study tests one of the contemporary models on the working of fear appeals, namely activation theory. Young adults are the target audience of social marketing in South Africa for anti-alcohol abuse issues, such as drunken driving. The effect of fear appeals on the target audience has never been empirically investigated in South Africa although social marketers often employ fear appeals to bring about a change in behaviour. The responses of a sample of young adults in South Africa were tested by means of a quasi-experimental design based on Thayer’s activation deactivation checklist as implemented by previous fear appeal researchers. Three television advertisements that depict three levels of fear appeal (low, medium and high) were presented to three sample groups. Significant differences in the responses of the level of fear appeal were observed after statistical analyses in terms of tension arousal, energy arousal, attitude towards the advertisement and intention to engage in drunken driving. A difference in how genders react to fear appeals was also found. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die gebruik van vreesaanslae in die advertering van sosiale kwessies soos dronkbestuur is algemeen. Alhoewel navorsers glo dat ’n positiewe verhouding bestaan tussen vrees en oorreding (van ’n persoon om sy gedrag aan te pas), heers daar verskille oor die sterkte van die vreesaanslag wat gebruik moet word. Daar is bevind dat vreesaanslae, net soos ander aanslae wat deur die advertensiewese gebruik word, afhanklik is van die teikengehoor. Vreesaanslae se effek verskil, aangesien verskillende mense en gehore verskillende sake vrees. Hierdie studie toets een van die kontemporêre modelle van die werking van vreesaanslae. Jong volwassenes is die teikengehoor in die sosiale bemarking van anti-alkoholmisbruik kwessies soos dronkbestuur. Alhoewel sosiale bemarkers dikwels vrees aanwend om hierdie teiken gehoor se gedrag te verander, is dit nog nooit empiries in Suid-Afrika getoets nie. Die reaksies van ’n steekproef uit dié teikengehoor is getoets deur ‘n kwasieksperimentele ontwerp geskoei op Thayer se “aktivering deaktivering” kontrolelys, soos geïmplementeer deur vorige navorsing in vreesaanslae. Drie televisie advertensies wat drie vlakke van vrees (laag, medium en hoog) verteenwoordig is, aan drie eksperimentele steekproefgroepe getoon. Betekenisvolle verskille in die reaksie van die drie groepe is waargeneem ná statistiese ontledings. ’n Verskil in hoe geslagte reageer op vreesaanslae, is ook bevind.

Text in Afrikaans / The research is aimed at the problems surrounding traffic violations and crimes. Firstly, attention is paid to the extent of the problem. Secondly, a theoretical explanation of the problem is offered. This is followed by an exposition of the empirical study which is focused on the perception of road users in the Pretoria municipal area relating to four aspects namely; traffic legislation and traffic law enforcement, traffic violations, adjudication of traffic offences and punishment of traffic offenders. Lastly, the prevention of traffic violations and crimes and specific prevention strategies are conducted and discussed. The research report is concluded with specific conclusions and certain recomendations are offered to deal with the problem. / Die navorsing is toegespits op die problematiek random verkeersoortredings en -misdade. Eerstens word aandag aan die omvang van die probleem geskenk. Tweedens word daar op die teoretiese verklaring van die probleem gekonsentreer. Hierna volg 'n uiteensetting van die empiriese studie wat toegespits is op die persepsie van padgebruikers in die Pretoria- munispale gebied betreffende 'n aantal aspekte ten opsigte van verkeerswetgewing en verkeerswettoepassing, verkeersoortredings, straf asook beregting van verkeersoortredings. Laastens word die voorkoming van verkeersoortredings en -misdade en bepaalde voorkomingstrategiee oorweeg en bespreek. Die navorsingsverslag word beeindig met bepaalde gevolgtrekkings en daar word ook sekere aanbevelings om die probleem te kan hanteer, aangebied. / Sociology / M.A. (Kriminologie)

No description available.

Drinking and driving has always been a problem amongst university students. As Rocha-Silva (1981:1) states, drinking and driving accidents are one of the biggest problems that many universities internationally and locally have to deal with. The high level of drinking and driving among students in South African universities has prompted many universities to implement strategies to address the problem, such as the "Buddy Bus" campaign. The Department of Transport (DoT) has also implemented strategies such as the Arrive Alive campaign and Asiphephe to try and reduce the problem of drinking and driving in the country at large. However, studies on drinking and driving behaviour according to Nuntsu (2004) still point to an increase in the number of young people who engage in drinking and driving despite the number of diversified initiatives that have been implemented by educational institutions, communities and by various government bodies to counteract it. This has prompted this study in identifying the implementation approaches used by certain universities in South Africa in addressing drinking and driving among university students and the marketing strategies used to promote the drinking and driving policies. These universities included; the University of Johannesburg, Witwatersrand University and the University of Pretoria (Gauteng Province), University of KwaZulu-Natal campuses (Howard College, Westville campus and Pietermaritzburg campus), and the University of Zululand (KwaZulu-Natal province), the University of Cape Town, Stellenbosch University and the University of Western Cape (Western Cape province). The method used for this study was qualitative method and the data was collected using face to face in-depth interviews. Both purposive and quota sampling was used to select the sample for the study. The findings showed that all the institutions under investigation had anti-drinking and driving programmes and campaigns such as "Buddy Bus" campaign and utilised music concerts with young famous musicians promoting anti-drinking and driving messages to students. However, they did not have formal, codified drinking and driving policies. Both the "top-down and the "bottom-up" approaches to policy implementation were identified in the institutions investigated. The "top-down" approach is implemented by the people at the top level, for example, in universities the management set the rules and the students have to abide by them. The "bottom-down" approaches are managed by students. The students decide on how the policies should be implemented. This approach is more flexible as it allows negotiation between students and management. The "bottom-up" approach appeared to be more "popular" than the "top-down" approach as it was adopted by seventy percent of the institutions. These institutions saw the "bottom-up" approach as appropriate in implementing the drinking and driving programmes as it allowed the student organisations (street-level bureaucrats) to have input on the policy implementation process. Indeed it also allows for negotiation and consensus building. The sociological theories, e.g. social learning theory, used in the study to explain students drinking were also evident in the findings with some universities adopting some of their suggested preventative measures which include the emphasis on negative social consequences of alcohol use and employment of popular peer role models to discourage alcohol use. However, the availability theory appeared to be more relevant in addressing drinking and driving behaviour, because for students to stop drinking and driving, alcohol should not be available to them - the premise of the theory. It was also evident from the findings that although there are programmes/strategies being implemented by the universities and DoT to address students drinking and driving, this deviant behaviour is still rife amongst the students. There is a need for more interventions from the universities, communities and DoT, all working together in developing and implementing drinking and driving strategies. There is also a need for theory-driven research on this "deviant behaviour", especially studies that use sociological theories to explain this "deviant behaviour" and the factors contributing to it. This will assist in providing important information and an understanding of why students engage in drinking and driving and also help to explain this deviant behaviour using sociological theories. The results of this theory-driven research will aid in highlighting important issues that need to be taken into consideration when designing drinking and driving programmes/policies at universities. The findings show that there is a need for approaches that will equip young people with life skills such as decision-making and peer pressure resistance skills which will allow them to resist the temptation of drinking and driving. Future investigations should thus focus on an evaluation of the drinking and driving strategies and the approaches used to implement them so that new and improved strategies can be developed. / Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, [2008]

The MA thesis "Minimum Legal Drinking Age in the U.S.: A Reasonable Exception to Age of Majority?" examines the U.S. legal limit for consumption of alcohol from the perspective of policies aimed at controlling drunk driving because the minimum drinking age was set to twenty-one - higher than the age of majority - in order to reduce drunk-driving fatalities. The thesis analyzes different aspects of this issue and concludes that the high minimum legal drinking, which constitutes a severe limitation of personal freedom of those aged eighteen to twenty, did not fulfill the expectations with which it was introduced in 1984. The thesis suggests alternatives to the high age limit, and examines how and if they are implemented or what prevents their frequent use. The thesis has four parts: one provides basic facts about drinking, driving, and drunk driving in the U.S. society including the attitudes of the public toward the issue. The following part looks into the legal developments of the drinking age limits and legal challenges to the law arranging the age limit for its supposed unconstitutionality. The third chapter looks at the results of scientific research and suggests ways to deal with drunk driving more efficiently. The last part examines what prevents these more effective measures from being widely...