Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Drinking and driving is increasingly becoming a detrimental behavior, especially amongst college-aged students in the U.S. and other countries. Additionally, research shows that college-age students in the U.S. are more likely to drink and drive, than college-age students in Germany. Fishbein and Ajzen’s Theory of Reasoned Action asserts that subjective norms and attitudes signify behavioral intentions. In order to test the TRA and understand the drinking and driving differences and similarities in the U.S. and Germany, focus groups of German and American college-age students were conducted to discuss subjective norms and attitudes surrounding drinking and driving behaviors, followed up by an electronic pilot study survey regarding same. The data collected illustrated that college-age drinking and driving is occurs more frequently in the U.S., and that American and German students differ in their attitudes and subjective norms surrounding drinking and driving. Future research would benefit the continued use and circulation of the electronic surveys for larger cross-cultural samples of college-age students to more effectively and quantitatively assess actual drinking and driving behaviors as it relates to subjective norms and attitudes, as suggested in the TRA.

<p>Varje år omkommer cirka 500 personer i trafiken och runt 20 000 personer skadas. Betydande riskfaktorer till trafikolyckor är alkohol och droger som blivit allt vanligare förekommande. Det uppskattas att mellan 12 500 – 15 000 personer kör onyktra på landets vägar dagligen. Rattfylleristerna domineras av yngre och medelålders män och ungefär två tredjedelar av rattfylleristerna har ett alkoholproblem. Samhället arbetar aktivt för att minska rattfylleri och en arbetsmodell som haft positiva resultat är SMADIT (Samverken mot alkohol och droger i trafiken). Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka erfarenheter av att arbeta med modellen SMADIT Västmanland bland polis och personer inom socialtjänsten i Västmanlands län. Till studien användes en kvalitativ metod i form av intervjuer och totalt intervjuades sex personer. Intervjuerna analyserades sedan genom en innehållsanalys. Resultatet visade att det fanns en positiv inställning till arbetet och att det kändes meningsfullt. Det fanns dock vissa brister i modellen så som praktiska problem och bristande samverkan. Det efterlyses därför tätare nätverksträffar mellan aktörerna samt bättre återkoppling till polisen. Det finns en positiv inställning till SMADITS fortlevnad i framtiden och förhoppningen är att fler rattfyllerister tackar ja till erbjudandet om samtal med socialtjänsten.</p> / <p>Each year, approximately 500 people are killed in traffic and around 20 000 are injured. Significant risk factors for traffic accidents are alcohol and drug intake that have become increasingly prevalent. The daily estimate of people driving under influence of alcohol is between 12 500 - 15 000. Drunk drivers are dominated by young and middle-aged men and about two-thirds of drunk drivers have alcohol problems. The society is actively working to reduce drunken driving and a model that has had positive results is SMADIT (Cooperation against alcohol and drugs in traffic). The aim of this study was to examine the experience of working with SMADIT Västmanland among police and social workers in Västmanland County. For the study a qualitative approach was used in the form of interviews and totally six individuals were interwied. The interviews were analyzed through a content analysis. The results showed that there was a positive attitude to work with SMADIT and that the model felt meaningful. But there were some shortcomings in the model, like practical problems and difficulties in cooperating. It therefore calls for closer meetings and better feedback to the police. There is a positive attitude towards SMADIT in the future and the hope is that more drunk drivers take the opportunity to talk with the social services.</p>

<p>Denna studie undersökte filmen Länge Leve Livets påverkan på ungdomars attityder till alkohol i samband med bilkörning samt hur ungdomar vill ha budskapet förmedlat. I undersökningen gjordes tre fokusgruppintervjuer, á fyra till sex deltagare, och en sammanställning av Vägverkets redan genomförda enkätundersökning. I fokusgrupperna diskuterade gymnasieungdomarna dels teman som framkom av enkätresultatet, och dels frågor som speglade deras attityder. Resultatet visade att de flesta av ungdomarna har blivit berörda av filmen, och att Länge Leve Livet har förstärkt ungdomarnas befintliga attityd i större utsträckning än den har förändrat den. Vad som också visas i studien är att ungdomarna anser att ämnet är viktigt att diskutera och att fler vill se ett ökat arbete med alkohol i samband med bilkörning i Sverige.</p>

<p><p>Statistics shows that drunk driving and relapse increases in the Swedish society and it’s a problem that can be considered worth examining because of all the negative consequences that it conveys. To reduce the number of relapse it’s urgent that individuals that have been drunk and driving begins treatment and precedes it. The purpose of this study was to, from a client and therapeutic perspective, examine why drunk drivers begin treatment for their alcohol abuse and furthermore to investigate what’s important for the individual so that he completes the treatment. The study is built on eight interviews with both clients and therapists in the region of Kalmar in Sweden.The clients have been driving a car under the influence of alcohol, not any drugs. The individuals that has participated are men in the ages 25-60 years old. The methodological approach is qualitative, moreover the study is descriptive and comparing. The intention was to seek comprehension about central factors in a successful treatment for clients. The research findings are fairly similar between the clients opinions and the therapists. Overall a respectful attitude and reception from the therapist has turned out to be important. Furthermore the relationship and support from the family, relatives and friends has turned out to be central for the clients to commence and continue treatment. The therapeutic relationship is another essential aspect. There’s no simple answer why individuals initiate and completes treatment, the causes are several and variety.</p></p>

Varje år omkommer cirka 500 personer i trafiken och runt 20 000 personer skadas. Betydande riskfaktorer till trafikolyckor är alkohol och droger som blivit allt vanligare förekommande. Det uppskattas att mellan 12 500 – 15 000 personer kör onyktra på landets vägar dagligen. Rattfylleristerna domineras av yngre och medelålders män och ungefär två tredjedelar av rattfylleristerna har ett alkoholproblem. Samhället arbetar aktivt för att minska rattfylleri och en arbetsmodell som haft positiva resultat är SMADIT (Samverken mot alkohol och droger i trafiken). Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka erfarenheter av att arbeta med modellen SMADIT Västmanland bland polis och personer inom socialtjänsten i Västmanlands län. Till studien användes en kvalitativ metod i form av intervjuer och totalt intervjuades sex personer. Intervjuerna analyserades sedan genom en innehållsanalys. Resultatet visade att det fanns en positiv inställning till arbetet och att det kändes meningsfullt. Det fanns dock vissa brister i modellen så som praktiska problem och bristande samverkan. Det efterlyses därför tätare nätverksträffar mellan aktörerna samt bättre återkoppling till polisen. Det finns en positiv inställning till SMADITS fortlevnad i framtiden och förhoppningen är att fler rattfyllerister tackar ja till erbjudandet om samtal med socialtjänsten. / Each year, approximately 500 people are killed in traffic and around 20 000 are injured. Significant risk factors for traffic accidents are alcohol and drug intake that have become increasingly prevalent. The daily estimate of people driving under influence of alcohol is between 12 500 - 15 000. Drunk drivers are dominated by young and middle-aged men and about two-thirds of drunk drivers have alcohol problems. The society is actively working to reduce drunken driving and a model that has had positive results is SMADIT (Cooperation against alcohol and drugs in traffic). The aim of this study was to examine the experience of working with SMADIT Västmanland among police and social workers in Västmanland County. For the study a qualitative approach was used in the form of interviews and totally six individuals were interwied. The interviews were analyzed through a content analysis. The results showed that there was a positive attitude to work with SMADIT and that the model felt meaningful. But there were some shortcomings in the model, like practical problems and difficulties in cooperating. It therefore calls for closer meetings and better feedback to the police. There is a positive attitude towards SMADIT in the future and the hope is that more drunk drivers take the opportunity to talk with the social services.

Denna studie undersökte filmen Länge Leve Livets påverkan på ungdomars attityder till alkohol i samband med bilkörning samt hur ungdomar vill ha budskapet förmedlat. I undersökningen gjordes tre fokusgruppintervjuer, á fyra till sex deltagare, och en sammanställning av Vägverkets redan genomförda enkätundersökning. I fokusgrupperna diskuterade gymnasieungdomarna dels teman som framkom av enkätresultatet, och dels frågor som speglade deras attityder. Resultatet visade att de flesta av ungdomarna har blivit berörda av filmen, och att Länge Leve Livet har förstärkt ungdomarnas befintliga attityd i större utsträckning än den har förändrat den. Vad som också visas i studien är att ungdomarna anser att ämnet är viktigt att diskutera och att fler vill se ett ökat arbete med alkohol i samband med bilkörning i Sverige.

Statistics shows that drunk driving and relapse increases in the Swedish society and it’s a problem that can be considered worth examining because of all the negative consequences that it conveys. To reduce the number of relapse it’s urgent that individuals that have been drunk and driving begins treatment and precedes it. The purpose of this study was to, from a client and therapeutic perspective, examine why drunk drivers begin treatment for their alcohol abuse and furthermore to investigate what’s important for the individual so that he completes the treatment. The study is built on eight interviews with both clients and therapists in the region of Kalmar in Sweden.The clients have been driving a car under the influence of alcohol, not any drugs. The individuals that has participated are men in the ages 25-60 years old. The methodological approach is qualitative, moreover the study is descriptive and comparing. The intention was to seek comprehension about central factors in a successful treatment for clients. The research findings are fairly similar between the clients opinions and the therapists. Overall a respectful attitude and reception from the therapist has turned out to be important. Furthermore the relationship and support from the family, relatives and friends has turned out to be central for the clients to commence and continue treatment. The therapeutic relationship is another essential aspect. There’s no simple answer why individuals initiate and completes treatment, the causes are several and variety.

The overall aim of the study was to examine relapse among participants in the DWI Prevention Programme and those who get prison sentence after driving when influenced by alcohol and to examine the participants’ attitudes towards drunk – driving, risk behavior and traffic safety. A direct evaluation of the sentence and penal accomplishment is also examined. The sample of the survey study (see article 1) was 44 from the DWI – sample and 44 from the prison – sample that completed a questionnaire answering about their attitudes towards drunk – driving, risk behavior and traffic safety. The results presented in article 2 are based on transcripts of criminal convicts that participated in the DWI Prevention Programme during the period of 1998 – 2002 in the Salten District ( n = 68) and a sample of convicts to an unconditional sentence for drunk - driving in the same time periode (n = 112). The 1st analysis revealed that the DWI – sample had more ideal attitudes towards drunk – driving, risk behavior and traffic safety. There were also significant differences in how they evaluated their sentence and penal accomplishment. The DWI - sample were generally more satisfied with the penal accomplishment, the way they was treated and how the relationships around them were. They were also more satisfied with the contents of the penal accomplishment. Multivariate analysis, Kaplan – Meier and Cox regression was used in the 2nd analysis calculating if there were significant differences between the samples, survival time and to investigate effects of several variables upon the time a specified event takes to happen. In this study the relapse time was shorter for men than for women and the youngest age – groups had a shorter relapse time than the oldest age – groups. The Kaplan – Meier plot revealed that the prison – group have a shorter relapse time compared to the DWI – group. Based on the results of the two articles we can conclude that the DWI Prevention Programme had a very good effect on the participants compared to those who get traditional prison – sentence. The participants in the programme had the most ideal attitudes and the longest survival time after participating. When it comes to survival time among gender and age, women and the older age – groups had the longest survival time.

Thesis (M.Sc. Chemistry)--University of Waikato, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available via the World Wide Web.

Esta dissertação examina a situação geral dos Acidentes Viários, no contexto do transporte rodoviário, cujas evidências apontam o Fator Humano como o maior responsável por tais eventos. Entende-se que um maior conhecimento sobre ele possibilitará melhorar a segurança do tráfego e da produção transporte. O estudo pretende destacar a importância das análises relacionadas com a atividade transporte rodoviário, as variações da demanda do sistema de circulação e a tarefa do motorista, sob a ótica da ergonomia. Objetiva ele, também, mostrar importância desses estudos para melhor avaliar as interações dos fatores homemmáquina- ambiente viário e para o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias e produtos de segurança viária. A revisão bibliográfica dos capítulos iniciais revelam o estado da arte e a importância da segurança de trânsito, em nível internacional. Também revelaram que todas nações sofrem do mesmo mal em suas redes viárias, que varia de acordo com a realidade de cada um. Embora o acidente de trânsito seja um fenômeno comum às nações, aqui eles atingiram a dimensão de flagelo social, em razão da sua severidade; e de calamidade econômica, face a elevação dos custos de produção na atividade do transporte rodoviário. São analisadas as características do fator humano, fundamentais na tarefa de condução, e o respectivo nexo causal das falhas com a gênese do acidente, num sistema multifatorial e interativo. O trabalho fundamenta-se em extensa revisão bibliográfica. O estudo de caso, desenvolvido a partir da revisão dos dados de uma pesquisa anterior, comprova a hipótese que o “álcool-direção”, considerado na literatura como o maior causador de acidentes viários, tem sua presença marcada por elevados índices nas rodovias do RS, contrariando a conclusão da pesquisa anterior. Ao final, também oferece recomendações para o desenvolvimento de ações objetivas para melhorar a segurança viária. / This dissertation examines road accidents within the context of traffic systems, evidencing the participation of the Human Factor as the key responsible for accidents. It is thought that a better understanding on the subject of Human Factor will contribute towards improving traffic management and increasing the productivity of road transportation systems. The study emphasizes the need to analyse, under an ergonomical view, the variable task demands imposed to drivers during different traffic conditions. It depicts the value of research aimed at better estimating the Human Factor- Machine-Road Environment interaction, and developing new technology and road safety equipment. The initial chapters review the state-of-the-art of work directed to road safety. They reveal that every nation suffers from losses due to road accidents. Whilst being a common phenomenon to all nations, road accidents in Brazil, on account of their frequency and severity, reached the dimension of a serious social problem. Road accidents are also interpreted as an economical calamity by virtue of growing production costs imposed to road freight activities. The focus of this dissertation is centered on the characteristics of the Human Factor which is of fundamental importance to the driving task. The study also incorporates amulti-factor and interative evaluation of faults and the generation of accidents. The work is supported by a comprehensive bibliographic review. The case study benefits form field data previously collected along roads of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. It confirms the drunk-driving hypothesis, mentioned in the literature as the biggest road accident factor, has a market incidence in the southernmost state of Brazil. These results contrast with an earlier interpretation that did not take into consideration the period drivers drunk before the field data was collected. The work also offers subsidies to those interested in developing actions to improve road safety conditions.