An investigation of interfacial and bulk friction-induced dissipation in model epoxy-based composite materials reinforced with carbon fillers, as well as pure epoxy, is a challenge of this PhD thesis. While the interfacial dissipation depends mostly on surface properties of very thin material layer, the bulk dissipation involves high volume deformations. Firstly, an experimental friction investigation on carbon fibre- and carbon nanopearl-reinforcedepoxies of different filler volume friction under soft tribological conditions is carried out. In order to understand the results, a generalized frictional law for interfacial friction between two composites is proposed. It is based on Bowden and Tabor theory applied to multimaterial contact and requires a contact in-plane geometry parameter and local friction coefficients. Depending on applied assumption, effective shear stress or effective hardness for all composite phases, it results in direct or inverse proportionality frictional law. These analytical results complete and explain the experimentally obtained tendencies: the direct law should be applied to the composite/epoxy contact, while the inverse law is valid for the composite/composite contact. The second part of the experimental work deals with pure epoxy and carbon fibre-reinforced epoxy under severe tribological conditions. It aims to investigate bulk frictional dissipation and associated wear. A two-scale approach is established, which consists in calculation of macro parameters, such as wear rate, dissipated frictional energy, friction coefficient and relative contact temperature rise, and their coupling with damaged surface observations. This approach allows us to distinguish several wear modes, as two-body and three-body abrasion, adhesion, fatigue and thermal effects, and to associate their appearance and evolution to macro parameters. In contrast to pure epoxy, carbon fibre-reinforced epoxy tends to be more wear resistant.

Ces dernières décennies de nombreux modèles de paliers à feuilles ont été développés. Aujourd'hui, la limite de ces modèles est apparente notamment au niveau de la compréhension des comportements non linéaire du système rotor palier et de la quantification de sa dissipation énergétique. Il est essentiel pour les développements futurs de maîtriser les instabilités liées au fonctionnement de ces paliers. Grâce à une approche variationnelle et la MEF, la structure flexible a été modélisée comme une structure mince soumise à la pression d'un fluide compressible, isotherme, laminaire puis turbulent. Nous tenons compte dans cette étude, des frottements secs internes en utilisant la loi de Coulomb et la méthode du Lagrangien augmenté. Le modèle de structure est couplé avec équations de Reynolds des films minces afin de déterminer le comportement du rotor à l'aide du principe fondamental de la dynamique. Nous avons montré la pertinence de l'approche choisie, notamment l'utilisation du modèle de structure mince sur le comportement dynamique du rotor et sur le champ de pression hénéré dans le palier. On démontre aussi l'intéraction entre les déflections des bumps et le frottement sec. L'action du flambage est doublement accentué par le phénomène de frottement présent entre les feuilles, modifiant ainsi la dissipation d'énergie dans le palier. Le second objectif a été d'identifier l'origine des phénomènes subsynchrones afin de développer des nouveaux paliers en se dédouanant des instabilités qu'elles engendrent. / These last decades numerous model for airfoil bearings have been developed. But nowadays, these models are not sufficiently accurate for the rotor response prediction in the presence of non linearities. It is essential for the future developments to control the instabilities due to the non linear behavior in order to quantify the energy dissipation in the bearings. By means of a variational approach, the flexible structure is modeled as a thin media subjected to a compressible fluid pressure, isothermal and in a laminar then turbulent regime. The model is built up using FEM for the foils response. the internal dry friction is taken into account with Coulomb’s law and the updated Lagrangian method. The structure model is coupled with Reynolds equation to calculate the rotor motions, thanks to the basic principle of dynamics (B.P.D). This work is performed, first, to put in evidence the influence of thin structure approach on the rotor behavior and on the field pressure. The link between bumps deflections and dry friction is established. The structure buckling is twice increased by the phenomenon of friction between sheets and energy dissipation. The second objective is to identify the subsynchronous frequencies in order to establish the relevance of the new airfoil model for non linear and instabilities investigations.

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’approfondir la connaissance sur la génération et la propagation des ondes à travers l’interface de contact afin de contrôler leurs effets sur le frottement, contrôler les instabilités et réduire les phénomènes d'usure. Le travail est organisé en deux parties principales. La première partie est axée sur une analyse non-linéaire par éléments finis en grandes transformations; la rupture dynamique à l’interface de contact avec frottement, qui sépare deux corps (isotropes et élastiques) en condition de pré-charge statique, est simulée. On définit comme étant une rupture une zone, initialement en adhérence, qui change son état en devenant glissante. Les propriétés des ruptures sont analysées pour une surface plane entre deux matériaux différents en fonction de l’énergie de nucléation; l’effet de la rugosité de surface est ensuite analysée. En outre, la rupture "cumulatives" dans les aspérités et les conditions pour le couplage ou le non-couplage entre les ondes qui se propagent dans les deux corps sont étudiées. Dans la deuxième partie, l'amorçage du glissement entre deux corps en contact constitués de matériaux différents et séparés par une interface avec frottement, est simulée. L’évolution, en fonction du temps, des forces globales (normale et tangentielle) a été mise en relation avec les phénomènes locaux qui se déroulent à l’interface. L'analyse montre comment les micro-slips à l'interface, en agissant comme ruptures localisées, déclenchent les macro-slips entre les deux corps. L'interaction entre les dynamiques locale du contact et globale du système a été aussi étudiée. Enfin, une analyse paramétrique est menée en fonction de plusieurs paramètres (loi de contact, coefficient de frottement, amortissement matériau, charge normale, etc.). Les résultats mettent en avant le rôle-clé des micro-slips et des précurseurs (propagations d'ondes détectables qui ont lieu pour des valeurs de la force tangentielle globale inférieures à la valeur prévue par la loi de frottement) dans l'amorçage du macro-slip entre les deux corps. En fonction de leur distribution et de leur intensité, l'évolution des forces de contact change en passant d'un comportement de type stick-slip à un glissement continu. La dynamique locale au contact (propagation des ondes et ruptures) a été reliée au comportement global du système (stick-slip, glissement continu, vibrations induites); l'effet des paramètres du contact et du système sur le transfert d'énergie vibrationnelle entre le contact glissant et le système a également été examinée: en fonction de leurs valeurs, on peut avoir différentes modalités d'excitation du système (par une distribution de micro-slips ou par des macro-slips) et différentes processus de propagation et dissipation d'énergie. Les résultats numériques obtenus dans les deux parties de la thèse sont cohérents avec les résultats expérimentaux de la littérature. / This thesis is addressed to the understanding of the mechanisms at the origin of the contact wave fields at frictional interfaces and its relationship with the local characteristics of the surfaces in contact, as well as with the global dynamics and macroscopic frictional behaviour of the system. The aim of this work is to provide insights on the generation and propagation of the waves through the contact both to avoid instabilities and to control their effect on friction. The work is organized in two main parts. The first part presents the development of a non-linear finite element analysis in large transformations of the dynamic rupture at the interface with contact friction separating two bodies (isotropic and elastic) without relative motion. A rupture is considered when an initially sticking zone shifts in sliding state. The properties of the obtained ruptures are analyzed for a flat interface between dissimilar materials in function of the nucleation energy; then the effect of the interface roughness is analyzed. The differentiated rupture inside the asperities and the conditions for coupling and uncoupling between the waves radiating in the two bodies have been also investigated. In the second part, the analysis deals with the sliding onset between two bodies in contact. The sliding between two bodies made of different isotropic elastic materials and separated by a frictional interface is simulated. The evolution along the time of the global normal and tangential forces is analyzed, relating it to the local phenomena occurring at the interface. This part tries to investigate how micro-slips at the interface, acting as distributed ruptures, trigger the macro-slips between the two bodies. The interaction between local and global dynamics is also studied. Finally a numerical parameter space study is carried out, as a function of several system parameters (contact law, friction coefficient, material damping, normal load, translational velocity and regularization time). The results show the key role of the micro-slips and precursors (detectable wave propagations that occur at tangential global force well below the critical value expected by the friction law) in triggering the macro-slip between the two bodies. Depending on their distribution and magnitude the evolution of the contact forces passes from stick-slip-like behaviour to continuous sliding. The local dynamics at the contact (wave and rupture propagation) is linked to the global behaviour of the system (stick-slip, continuous sliding, induced vibrations); the effect of the contact and system parameters on the transfer of vibrational energy between the sliding contact and the system is investigated. The numerical results obtained by the two parts of the work show a good agreement with experimental results in literature.

No description available.

[pt] A vibração excessiva da coluna de perfuração leva à perda da eficácia do processo de perfuração de poços de petróleo e causa danos prematuros ao equipamento. Portanto, entender a dinâmica do sistema é essencial. O comportamento complexo das colunas de perfuração estimulou um grande número de publicações sobre a dinâmica de perfuração. A vibração torsional está presente na maioria dos processos de perfuração, eventualmente atingindo o fenômeno de stick-slip. Essa vibração torsional resulta da interação não linear entre brocas e rochas. Apesar da complexidade da interação broca-rocha, a relação entre torque e velocidade de broca é, frequentemente, tratada como uma força de atrito seco em um sistema delgado. Um grande número de modelos de atrito é usado para descrever a interação entre brocas e rochas, embora um modelo adequado seja necessário para uma interpretação precisa de sistemas com atrito. Esta contribuição utiliza dados experimentais de uma bancada de testes, capaz de reproduzir o comportamento torsional de um sistema real, equipada com dispositivos de freio simples para introduzir atrito ao sistema, perturbando o movimento de rotação. A bancada é matematicamente modelada como um pêndulo de torção atuado. Esta dissertação propõe um modelo de atrito baseado em dados experimentais e analisa vários fenômenos observados em relação ao atrito, incluindo a histerese. Os resultados experimentais são usados para identificação dos parâmetros do modelo proposto. Por fim, simulações numéricas e resultados experimentais são comparados para validação do modelo de atrito proposto. / [en] Excessive drill string vibration leads to loss of the drilling process effectiveness and premature damage to the equipment. Therefore, understanding the system dynamics is essential. The complex behavior of drill strings attracted considerable attention in specialized literature. Due to the drill string slenderness, torsional vibration is present in most drilling routines, eventually reaching the stick-slip phenomenon. This torsional vibration results from the nonlinear interaction between drill-bits and rocks. Despite the complexity of the bit-rock interaction, researchers often treat the relationship between torque and bit velocity as a dry friction force in a slender system. A large number of dry friction models is used to describe the interaction between drill bits and rocks although a proper model is required for a precise interpretation of systems with friction. This contribution utilizes data from a test rig that is capable of reproducing full-scale system torsional behavior with simple brake devices to introduce friction into the system, disturbing the rotating motion. This test rig is modeled as an actuated torsional pendulum for the numerical investigations of the experimental friction. This dissertation proposes a friction model based on experimental data and analyzes various frictional phenomena observed, including hysteresis. The experimental results are used to identify the proposed model parameters. Lastly, it compares numerical simulations with the experimental results and validates the proposed friction model.

Tire parameters play a very important role in tire performance. Depending on the driving conditions for which a given tire is designed, its parameters must be chosen appropriately (e.g., the radius of the tire, the width of the tire, material properties of different sections). Among tire characteristics, the material properties of the rubber compounds have a vital role in tire behavior. Previous studies show that the material properties of the rubber are highly dependent on temperature. Thus, a comprehensive study on the effect of the material properties of the rubber on tire performance for different temperatures as well as different road conditions is required. In this study, a theoretical model has been developed for tire-ice interaction. The temperature changes obtained from the model are used to calculate the height of the water film created by the heat generated due to the friction force. Next, the viscous friction coefficient at the contact patch is obtained. By using the thermal balance equation at the contact patch, dry friction is obtained. Knowing the friction coefficients for the dry and wet regions, the equivalent friction coefficient is calculated. The model has been validated using experimental results for three similar tires with different rubber compounds properties. For the experimental part of this study, four tires have been selected for testing. Three of them have identical tire geometry and structure but different rubber tread compounds. Several tests were conducted for the chosen tires in three modes: free-rolling, braking, and traction. The tests were performed for two different normal loads (4 kN and 5.6 kN), two different inflation pressures (21 psi (144.8 kPa) and 28 psi (193 kPa)), and three tire temperatures levels (-10°C, -5°C, and -1 °C). The Terramechanics Rig at TMVS at Virginia Tech has been used for conducting the tests. The results from this study show the sensitivity of the magnitude of the tractive force with respect to parameters such as tire temperature, normal load, etc. The results also indicate that the tire with the lowest value of the Young modulus has the highest traction among all four tires used in this study. The model developed can be used to predict the temperature changes at the contact patch, the tire friction force, the areas of wet and dry regions, the height of the water film for different ice temperatures, different normal loads, etc. The results from this study coincide with the obtained results from the experiments. According to the data available, tire B with the smallest value of Young modulus and the smallest value of the specific heat parameter was shown to have the highest friction coefficient in both simulation and experiment. After validating the results using experimentally collected data, the model was used to perform a sensitivity analysis on the tire performance with respect to six material properties of the tread rubber: thermal conductivity, rubber density, Young's modulus, specific heat, roughness parameter of the rubber, and radii of spherical asperities of the rubber. The results from this study show the sensitivity of the magnitude of the friction coefficient to the rubber material properties. The friction coefficient has a direct relationship with the density of the rubber and has an inverse relationship with Young's modulus, specific heat, and roughness parameter. / Doctor of Philosophy / In order to decrease the number of deaths and injuries caused by driving on icy roads and increase the safety of the vehicle, it is important to improve the tire performance on ice. To this, understanding the effects of different tire and road parameters such as material properties of the rubber, loading condition, and temperature on the tire-ice performance is required. Tire parameters play a very important role in tire performance. Depending on the driving conditions for which a given tire is designed, its parameters must be chosen appropriately In this project, the effects of different tire and terrain parameters such as rubber material properties on tire performance on ice using an experimental and modeling approach have been studied. For the experimental part of this study, several tests were conducted for more than 30 tires with different material properties. The results of this study show what are the most important material properties of the rubber for designing a tire with the best performance on ice. For the modeling part of this study, a semi-analytical model was developed. The model was validated using collected experimental data and was used to predict the performance of the tire by having information about its material and physical properties. The developed model called ATIIM2.0 has several advantages. First, it is a unique model for a complete tire (not a rubber block) that can be used to predict the performance of the tire by using its material properties. In addition, this model can be connected to vehicle models to improve the performance of the vehicle in general. The model developed can be used to predict the temperature changes at the contact patch, the tire friction force, the areas of wet and dry regions, the height of the water film for different ice temperatures, different normal loads, etc. The results from this study coincide with the obtained results from the experiments.

L'objectif principal de la thèse a été d'étudier le comportement triboélectrique des contacts glissants à sec entre matériaux polymères (ABS, PE, PP, PS et deux types de PVC), incluant la possibilité de contrôler et d'optimiser les résultats générés, en termes de charge électrique et d’usure. Un tribomètre linéaire a été conçu et construit, afin de permettre le réglage des principales variables de contrôle du processus de charge triboélectrique : force normale, vitesse de glissement, durée et course. Ce dispositif facilite la mesure de certaines grandeurs physiques caractérisant les conditions de frottement: les variations des forces normale et tangentielle, ainsi que le déplacement relatif entre les éprouvettes. De plus, la charge électrique générée et l’augmentation de la température à la surface du polymère ont été aussi été mesurées et mise en relation avec les propriétés tribologiques. Les expériences ont montré que le niveau et la distribution de la charge générée par le frottement sec dépendent de la force normale appliquée, du temps de frottement (le nombre de cycles), de la vitesse de glissement, des propriétés mécaniques des matériaux et de la rugosité ou de la texture des surfaces en contact. La décharge couronne peut être utilisée pour déposer une charge initiale sur les surfaces avant le glissement. La modélisation du processus de charge triboélectrique a été faite avec la méthodologie des plans d’expériences. Les résultats peuvent alors être utilisés pour prédire et optimiser la charge triboélectrique. Des cartes de contrôle peuvent assurer le monitoring du processus et la détection de variations non-maîtrisés de la charge générée par effet triboélectrique. / The main objective of the thesis was to study the triboelectric behavior of dry sliding contacts between polymeric materials (ABS, PE, PP, PS and two types of PVC), including the possibility to control and optimize the results in terms of either surface charge generated or wear. A linear tribometer with tribocharging capabilities was designed and built, to enable the study of the sliding contact between solids and to allow the adjustment of main tribocharging control variables: normal force, sliding speed, time and stroke. This device also provided measurement data to characterize the friction condition: the variations of the normal and tangential forces, as well as the relative displacement between the specimens. Furthermore, the electric charge generated and temperature raise due to rubbing on the surface of the polymer were measured, so that to investigate the relationship between the tribological properties. The experiments showed that the level and distribution of the charge generated by dry friction depends on the normal force applied, friction time (cycle), sliding speed, material mechanical properties and surface roughness or texture. Corona discharge may be used to provide initial charge on the surfaces before sliding. Modelling of tribocharging processes was done using the design of experiments methodology. The models can be used to predict and optimize the tribocharging. Control charts were used to monitor the process and detect the special causes of variation in the charge generated by triboelectric effect.

Les paliers à feuilles sont des organes de guidage en rotation adaptés pour des rotors légers fonctionnant à des grandes vitesses de rotation. Leur fonctionnement ne nécessite aucun apport d’huile ni de graisse. Ces paliers sont réalisés avec une structure compliante. La présence de frottements dans la structure apporte l’amortissement nécessaire au système rotor-palier.Après une présentation de la technologie, un tour d’horizon des modèles existants et des limitations de chacun d’eux est exposé. Par la suite, un modèle non-linéaire du coussinet compliant est introduit. Dans ce modèle les feuilles sont considérées comme des solides élastiques. Les forces de frottement et les jeux entre les feuilles sont pris en compte par l’utilisation de la condition de non-interférence de Moreau-Signorini. Les efforts normaux et les forces de frottement sont calculés respectivement par la méthode des multiplicateurs de Lagrange augmentés et la méthode des pénalités. Ensuite, cette structure compliante est couplée au film fluide, traité par la résolution de l’équation de Reynolds en conditions de lubrification mixte.L’intérêt est ensuite accordé au palier dans sa globalité : structure déformable, film fluide, rotor. En régime statique, cette étude passe par l’analyse des démarrages du rotor puis de son fonctionnement à des hautes vitesses de rotation et sous de très fortes charges statiques. L’effet des erreurs d’usinage est mis en évidence. En régime dynamique, l’étude se fait par l’analyse non-linéaire d’un rotor de Jeffcott supporté par des paliers à feuilles. Les résultats montrent les limites de stabilité du système rotor-paliers et l’influence du balourd. / The foil bearings are used for guiding and supporting small rotors with high rotational speeds. Their operating functioning does not require any oil or grease. These bearings have a compliant structure. The presence of friction in the compliant structure brings damping, which is necessary for the rotor-bearing system operating at high speeds.After a presentation of the technology, an overview of the existing models and the limitations of each of them is exposed. Subsequently, a nonlinear model of the compliant structure is introduced. In this model, foils are considered as elastic solids. The friction forces and the gaps between the foils are taken into account by using the Moreau-Signorini non-interference condition. Normal forces and friction forces are calculated by using the augmented Lagrange multiplier method and the penalty method. Then, the compliant structure is coupled to the fluid film, dealt with the Reynolds equation for mixed lubrication conditions.The study is then focused on the bearing as a whole : compliant structure, fluid film, rotor. The start-up torque, the lift-off speed as well as operating conditions at high speeds and important static loads are part of the steady regime analyses. The effect of machining errors is highlighted. For the dynamic regime, the study consists of the non-linear analysis of a Jeffcott rotor supported by foil bearings. The results show the stability limits of the rotor-bearing system and the influence of unbalance.

The link suspension is the most prevailing suspension system for freight wagons in Central and Western Europe. The system design is simple and has existed for more than 100 years. However, still its characteristics are not fully understood. This thesis investigates the dynamic performance of freight wagons and comprises five parts: In the first part a review of freight wagon running gear is made. The different suspension systems are described and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The second part focuses on the lateral force-displacement characteristics of the link suspension. Results from stationary measurements on freight wagons and laboratory tests of the link suspension characteristics are presented. To improve the understanding of various mechanisms and phenomena in link suspension systems, a simulation model is developed. In the third part the multibody dynamic simulation model is discussed. The previous freight wagon model developed at KTH is able to explain many of the phenomena observed in tests. In some cases, however, simulated and measured running behaviour differ. Therefore, a new simulation model is presented and validated against on-track test results. The performance of standard two-axle freight wagons is investigated. The most important parameters for the running behaviour of the vehicle are the suspension characteristics. The variation in characteristics between different wagons is large due to geometrical tolerances of the components, wear, corrosion, moisture or other lubrication. The influence of the variation in suspension characteristics and other parameters on the behaviour of the wagon, on tangent track and in curves, is discussed. Finally, suggestions for improvements of the system are made. A majority of the traffic related track deterioration cost originates from freight traffic. With heavier and faster freight trains the maintenance cost is likely to increase. In the fourth part the possibility to improve ride comfort and reduce track forces on standard freight wagons with link suspension is discussed. The variation of characteristics in link suspension running gear is considerable and unfavourable conditions leading to hunting are likely to occur. Supported by on-track tests and multibody dynamic simulations, it is concluded that the running behaviour of two-axled wagons with UIC double-link suspension as well as wagons with link suspension bogies (G-type) can be improved when the running gear are equipped with supplementary hydraulic dampers. Finally in the fifth part the effects of different types of running gear and operational conditions on the track deterioration marginal cost — in terms of settlement in the ballast, component fatigue, wear and RCF — is investigated. Considerable differences in track deterioration cost per produced ton-km for the different types of running gear are observed. Axle load is an important parameter for settlement and component fatigue. Also the height of centre of gravity has significant influence on track deterioration, especially on track sections with high cant deficiency or cant excess. / QC 20100802

Les structures sandwichs sont largement utilisées dans le domaine de l’aéronautique et de l’espace du fait de leur bon rapport rigidité sur masse. Cependant, leur amortissement doit être amélioré pour le confort des utilisateurs et la durabilité des structures. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier l’amortissement apporté à une structure sandwich par l’utilisation d’un matériau d’âme récemment développé. Ce matériau est fabriqué à base de fibres de carbone enchevêtrées, réticulées avec de la résine époxy. Le matériau enchevêtré-Réticulé est d’abord étudié seul. Les mesures expérimentales montrent un comportement dépendant de l’amplitude et de l’historique de sollicitation, et indépendant de la fréquence. Un modèle d’hystérésis est développé pour décrire les boucles contrainte-Déformation mesurées. L’étude théorique d’une structure à un degré de liberté permet de détailler l’effet des différentes composantes de ces boucles sur la réponse dynamique. Le matériau est ensuite inclus dans une poutre sandwich. Un modèle de vibrations de poutres sandwichs en flexion est proposé pour inclure un comportement non-Linéaire dissipatif du matériau d’âme. Une étude expérimentale est menée sur des poutres sandwichs, montrant un amortissement très supérieur à celui apporté par un matériau d’âme classique comme le nid d’abeille. Les simulations réalisées avec le modèle de poutre sandwich et le modèle d’hystérésis permettent de bien capturer les phénomènes non-Linéaires observés. A la fin de l’étude, une utilisation mixte d’un matériau d’âme en nid d’abeille et d’un matériau d’âme enchevêtré-Réticulé est proposée afin d’obtenir un bon amortissement pour un faible ajout de masse. / Sandwich structures are widely used in aerospace applications for their very good stiffness to weight properties. However, the damping properties of these structures have to be improved for user comfort and structural durability. The aim of this thesis is to study how the use of a recently developped core material can increase damping in sandwich structures. This material is made with entangled carbon fibres cross-Linked with epoxy resin. The entangled-Cross-Linked material is first studied separately. Experimental measurements show that the behavior depends strongly on strain amplitude and excitation history, while it depends weakly on frequency. A hysteresis model is developed to describe measured stress-Strain loops. A single-Degree-Of-Freedom structure containing the material is studied theoretically to show the effect of the different parts of the hysteresis loops on the steadystateand transient responses. The material is then included in a sandwich beam. A model for the bending vibrations of a sandwich beam is developped to include any nonlinear nonconservative behavior of the core material. Sandwich beams are then studied experimentally, showing a much higher damping than for classical core materials such as honeycomb. Simulations made with the sandwich beam model and the hysteresis loop model capture well the observed nonlinear phenomena. At the end of the study, a mixed use of honeycomb and entangled-Cross-Linked core materials is proposed, in order to obtain a high level of damping without adding much weight to the structure.