Orientador: Carmenlucia Santos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Tecnologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T18:31:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sa_MairaCristinade_M.pdf: 8918463 bytes, checksum: 8d93232578304bb1a685f3579452838f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O banheiro seco compostável é um sistema que não emprega água para eliminar os dejetos, que sofrem um processo de compostagem em uma câmara, sendo biodegradados. Este sistema vem sendo difundido em diversos países, como uma forma de saneamento sustentável; no Brasil o seu uso ainda é pouco difundido. Esta técnica representa uma boa alternativa para a solução dos problemas de saneamento básico, principalmente em comunidades que não têm acesso à rede coletora e ao tratamento de esgotos. No entanto, existe a necessidade de um melhor entendimento, aperfeiçoamento, avaliação e divulgação do uso correto dos sistemas de banheiros secos, para que estes possam ser efetivamente utilizados, sem ocasionar danos à saúde pública e ao meio ambiente. Nesta pesquisa foram avaliadas as características e a qualidade do composto final produzido em três banheiros instalados no Estado de São Paulo. Foram realizadas coletas de material, medições de temperatura e ensaios físico-químicos e biológicos, utilizando metodologias de análises e padrões de qualidade indicados para compostos orgânicos; além de comparar, entre os banheiros estudados, os aspectos construtivos e operacionais. Os resultados mostraram que a qualidade do composto está diretamente relacionada aos cuidados operacionais durante o uso do banheiro e o processo de compostagem; seguindo os limites estabelecido pelas Instruções Normativas do MAPA, o parâmetro pH, que deve ter o valor mínimo de 6, foi o que esteve mais discrepante com relação aos limites estabelecidos; para os ensaios de patogenicidade, com determinação de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, ovos viáveis de helmintos e salmonella, os resultados foram satisfatórios, porém observou-se a necessidade de acompanhar o estado de saúde dos usuários e testar outras metodologias para obter a confirmação da segurança sanitária do composto produzido neste tipo de banheiro / Abstract: The dry composting toilet is a sanitary system that not uses water to eliminate the excreta, which are degraded in a chamber by a composting process. Dry toilets have been widespread in many countries, as a sustainable sanitation alternative; in Brazil their use is not spread yet. This technique represents a good alternative to solve the basic sanitation issues, mainly in communities where sewage collection and treatment systems are not available. However, there is a need to better understand the dry toilet technique, as well as to improve, to evaluate and to spread the correct use of dry toilets since they can be effectively used without cause any harm to environment and public health. In this research the quality and characteristics of the compost produced in three toilets installed in the State of São Paulo were evaluated. Compost sampling, temperature measurements, biological, physical and chemical analysis were carried out using analysis methodologies and quality standards for organic compost; besides the operational and constructive aspects of the three toilets were evaluated. The results have shown that the compost quality is directly related to the operational issues during toilet use and to the composting process; following the limits established by Normative Instructions MAPA, the parameter pH, which must have a minimum value of 6, what was most discrepant with respect to established limits, for tests of pathogenicity with determination of total and fecal coliforms, viable eggs helminth and Salmonella, the results were satisfactory, however it was found that is necessary to monitor the health state of the users, and also, to test other methodologies in order to obtain a confirmation of the sanitary security of the compost produced by the dry toilets / Mestrado / Tecnologia e Inovação / Mestre em Tecnologia

The Barrage informal settlement (BIS) is a peri-urban community of about 300 people resident on private land close to the banks of the Vaal River in Gauteng South Africa. The study focuses on the living and sanitation conditions in which people find themselves. Measured against the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) BIS and its residents clearly are far from meeting MDG 7 target 7 C. For the purposes of this study the researcher investigated ecological sanitation (EcoSan) as an alternative solution for the current local sanitation conundrum. Residents either use the veld or a dysfunctional pit system. The data used for the project was generated both in a qualitative and quantitative mode. Semi-structured interviews were randomly conducted. Participants were requested and subsequently assisted in completing a questionnaire. There were also several focus group discussions for gathering relevant data. The researcher tried to form an impression of the perceptions of community members in terms on the type of sanitation system they wished to use. Community members actively engaged in strategies aimed to find out how they perceive sanitation, potable water supply and matters of hygiene. The findings revealed dissatisfaction regarding to current conditions in BIS. Residents are uncertain because the land on which they reside on does not belong to them. This, in turn, creates uncertainty and feelings of insecurity, about the relevance of a potential water-based sanitation system. At the same time members of the community indicated they had no interest in a dry toilet system. Neither are they keen on the use of community ablution blocks (CABs) as alternative. Residents showed no willingness and are also not prepared to pay for sanitation because they cannot afford it. The dilemma is that residents are at the mercy of Emfuleni Local Municipality (ELM) and the private owners of the land on which they reside. Where do we find the solution to all of the issues? Participatory deliberation strategies were used to determine which system of sanitation local residents preferred. They clearly came out in favour of the Water Bank concept as a feasible sanitation system option. However, as a result of the unfulfilled promises of Emfuleni Local Municipality (ELM) and landowners the community remains in a state of uncertainty about the permanence of the BIS.

The Barrage informal settlement (BIS) is a peri-urban community of about 300 people resident on private land close to the banks of the Vaal River in Gauteng South Africa. The study focuses on the living and sanitation conditions in which people find themselves. Measured against the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) BIS and its residents clearly are far from meeting MDG 7 target 7 C. For the purposes of this study the researcher investigated ecological sanitation (EcoSan) as an alternative solution for the current local sanitation conundrum. Residents either use the veld or a dysfunctional pit system. The data used for the project was generated both in a qualitative and quantitative mode. Semi-structured interviews were randomly conducted. Participants were requested and subsequently assisted in completing a questionnaire. There were also several focus group discussions for gathering relevant data. The researcher tried to form an impression of the perceptions of community members in terms on the type of sanitation system they wished to use. Community members actively engaged in strategies aimed to find out how they perceive sanitation, potable water supply and matters of hygiene. The findings revealed dissatisfaction regarding to current conditions in BIS. Residents are uncertain because the land on which they reside on does not belong to them. This, in turn, creates uncertainty and feelings of insecurity, about the relevance of a potential water-based sanitation system. At the same time members of the community indicated they had no interest in a dry toilet system. Neither are they keen on the use of community ablution blocks (CABs) as alternative. Residents showed no willingness and are also not prepared to pay for sanitation because they cannot afford it. The dilemma is that residents are at the mercy of Emfuleni Local Municipality (ELM) and the private owners of the land on which they reside. Where do we find the solution to all of the issues? Participatory deliberation strategies were used to determine which system of sanitation local residents preferred. They clearly came out in favour of the Water Bank concept as a feasible sanitation system option. However, as a result of the unfulfilled promises of Emfuleni Local Municipality (ELM) and landowners the community remains in a state of uncertainty about the permanence of the BIS.

A society´s health depends on the access to proper and hygiene sanitation. Half of the population still do not have access to proper sanitation in Nepal; therefore government and non-government organizations are facilitating sanitation access to all the population. Decades ago, open defecation and pit latrines toilet were the only options as sanitation system to the people. But now, various types of toilets system known as dry toilets, septic tanks, centralized sewerage system and biogas integrated toilets are available. Therefore, existing toilet system in rural areas of Nepal needs to be evaluated with respect to environment and long term sustainability. Aim of this study is to find the appropriate toilet system for rural areas of Nepal. This study also discusses how that appropriate toilet system can be promoted based on current scenarios from government level to local level. Generic Multi-Attribute Analysis (GMAA) is used as a decision support tools to evaluate available various toilet alternatives. For which a rural area from Nepal is chosen as study area. GMAA helps in evaluating all the toilet system based on social, technological, environmental and economical aspects. Interpretation between the toilet systems can be made easily with the help of GMAA results. Field questionnaire survey was also carried out in the study area to know user´s understanding of toilet alternatives. Every toilet systems have pro and cons based on different social, technological, environmental and economical aspects. It was found that pit latrines toilet systems are mostly practiced in the rural areas of Nepal. User prefers pit latrines because of its social accepted character and technologically easy in using it. Biogas integrated toilet system came as optimal toilet system though not accessible to all household. It was found that urine and faeces separating toilets are environmentally and economically beneficial. The thesis concludes that appropriate toilet system which is sustainable must be promoted while increasing toilet coverage in Nepal. Urine and faeces separating toilet is found to be appropriate and need to be incorporated in the government goal of increasing toilet coverage.

The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Target 6.2 aims at providing access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and to end open defecation by 2030. Yet, 47 % of the population in Bolivia lacked access to basic sanitation services in 2012. There is a risk of actors focusing on only the construction of toilet facilities, without looking at the need for related service required for a sustainable development. El Alto is a rapidly growing city in Bolivia where the sanitation service is expanding fast. In order to enhance knowledge about the sustainability of existing sanitation systems in El Alto and to give recommendations for future development, this sustainability assessment was conducted. Two sanitation systems in El Alto were assessed against five sustainability criteria, related to: 1) health, 2) environment, 3) technical function, 4) socio-culture (institutional and user related) and 5) economy. The conventional sanitation system with sewers and an alternative small-scale sanitation system with urine-diverting dry toilets (UDDTs) were selected as system options.  Results show that the "conventional system" entails higher health risks than the "UDDT system". For example, blockages in the main sewer lines cause overflows in the streets during rainy season when storm water gets mixed with potentially infectious wastewater. The UDDT system has a higher performance than the conventional system regarding the environment criterion, which is related to nutrients recovery and removal. Results related to the technical function criterion show that the conventional system has a better capacity to endure a change in quality or quantity of input products to the system. Both systems can handle the freezing temperatures in El Alto but the UDDT system has better resilience against climate change impacts such as flooding or drought events. The levels of complexity are reasonable in a local context for both systems. If assuming that the aspiration for flush toilets is as low in entire El Alto as in the area of investigation, results show that users of the UDDT system are more satisfied than uses of the conventional system. The dissatisfaction expressed by users of the conventional system mainly derives from malodors appearing during the wastewater overflows in the streets. The institutional capacity is stronger for the conventional system, making it harder for the UDDT system to expand. In addition, the UDDT system has difficulties with financing. Recommendations for future development are to inspect and renew the sewer network and to review and expand treatment capacity of the centralized treatment plant. Financial resources should be focused on the UDDT system where there is no sewer network. / Det globala hållbarhetsdelmålet 6.2 syftar till att senast 2030 säkerställa att alla har tillgång till fullgod och rättvis sanitet och hygien och att ingen behöver uträtta sina behov utomhus. År 2012 hade fortfarande 47% av Bolivias befolkning inte tillgång till acceptabel sanitet. Det finns en risk för att aktörer fokuserar på enbart snabb utbyggnation av toaletter, utan att ta hänsyn till behovet av relaterad service som krävs för en hållbar utveckling. För att sanitetssystem ska räknas som hållbara krävs, förutom att de skyddar hälsan, även att de är ekonomiskt genomförbara, socialt accepterade, tekniskt och institutionellt anpassade och att de skyddar miljön och hushåller med naturresurser. Med syftet att öka kunskapen kring hållbarheten av de existerande sanitetssystemen i El Alto, en snabbt växande stad i Bolivia, och för att ge rekommendationer till framtida utveckling av sanitetssystemen, genomfördes en hållbarhetsanalys av två existerande sanitetssystem i området. Det ena var det konventionella systemet tillhörande avloppsledningar och det andra var ett alternativt småskaligt system tillhörande urinsorterande torrtoaletter (UDDT).  Resultaten visar på att det ”konventionella systemet” innebär högre hälsorisker än ”UDDT systemet” för arbetarna och för boende som vistas i områdena där systemen finns. Det dåligt underhållna avloppssystemet var den avgörande faktorn, eftersom under regnperioder orsakas översvämningar av avloppsvatten på gatorna. Det konventionella systemet orsakar ungefär sex gånger så höga utsläpp av övergödande ämnen som UDDT systemet. UDDT systemet har potential att återvinna ungefär 64 % av inkommande kväve medan den motsvarande siffran för det konventionella systemet är endast 9%. Det konventionella systemet klarar bättre av förändringar i kvalitet och kvantitet av inflöden än UDDT systemet men båda systemen klarar av perioder då minusgrader inträffar. UDDT systemet förväntas, till skillnad från det konventionella systemet, att kunna hantera eventuell torka eller översvämning bättre som kan inträffa till följd av klimatförändringar. Till stor del på grund av de årligt förekommande översvämningarna av avloppsvatten på gatorna verkar användarna av det konventionella systemet vara mindre nöjda med sitt sanitetssystem än vad användarna av UDDT systemet verkar vara. Det gäller då att viljan att skaffa vattentoaletter är lika låg i hela El Alto som i området där intervjuer gjordes. Den institutionella kapaciteten är högre för det konventionella systemet än för UDDT systemet, vilket gör det svårare för UDDT systemet att expandera. Dessutom har UDDT systemet finansiella svårigheter.  Rekommendationer för framtida utveckling av sanitetssystemen i El Alto är delvis att underhålla och förnya avloppsledningarna och att expandera kapaciteten på det konventionella vattenreningsverket innan fler hushåll ansluts till ledningsnätet. Finansiella medel rekommenderas fokuseras på UDDT systemet i områden där avloppsledningar inte täcker. / El Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 6 Meta 2 incluye que hasta el 2030, se logre el acceso a servicios de saneamiento e higiene adecuados y equitativos para todos y poner fin a la defecación al aire libre. Todavía, 47 % de la población en Bolivia carecía de acceso a saneamiento básico en 2012. Para alcanzar la meta sin comprometer los otros objetivos de desarrollo sostenible, la Alianza Sustenable de Saneamiento (SuSanA) identificó cinco criterios de sostenibilidad para el desarrollo de sistemas de saneamiento. Estos criterios son relacionados con: 1) salud e higiene, 2) medio ambiente y recursos naturales, 3) tecnología 4) asuntos financieros y económicos, y 5) aspectos socioculturales e institucionales (SuSanA, 2008). Con el objeto de mejorar el conocimiento sobre la sostenibilidad de los sistemas de saneamiento existentes en El Alto, una ciudad en rápido crecimiento en Bolivia, y para dar recomendaciones para el futuro desarrollo, se realizó una evaluación comparativa sobre la sostenibilidad de dos de los sistemas. Se evaluó el ”sistema convencional”, que tiene conexiones al alcantarillado y una planta de tratamiento centralizado. Tabmbien se evaluó el ”sistema UDDT”, que tiene baños secos ecológicos de los cuales existen en menor escala en El Alto. Los resultados muestran que existe alto riesgo para la salud derivados del alcantarillado del sistema convencional. Durante la temporada de lluvia suele ocurrir bloqueos taponamientos en la red del alcantarillado. Los bloqueos causan desbordes de aguas residuales en las calles que se mezclan con aguas pluviales. Los resultados muestran también que emisiones de eutrofización son aproximadamente seis veces más altas que el sistema convencional en comparación con el sistema UDDT. El potencial para el reciclaje de nitrógeno se puede estimar en 64%del sistema UDDT y solo 9%del sistema convencional. Los resultados sobre robustez muestran que el sistema convencional tiene una mejor capacidad para soportar un cambio en la calidad o cantidad de productos de entrada al sistema. Ambos sistemas pueden manejar las temperaturas de congelación en El Alto, pero el sistema UDDT tiene una mejor resistencia contra los impactos del cambio climático, como una inundación o una sequía. Existe insatisfacción que expresan los usuarios del sistema convencional debido a los desbordes anuales de aguas residuales en las calles. En general, los usarios del sistema UDDT estaban satisfechos. Parece que la aspiración de inodoros con descarga de agua es más baja en El Alto comparado con una ciudad más al sur de Bolivia. Por que la capacidad institucional es más fuerte para el sistema convencional comparado con el sistema UDDT, es más fácil para el sistema convencional expandirse. Además, los recursos financieros no están asegurados para el sistema UDDT. Las recomendaciones para el futuro desarrollo del situación de saneamiento es inspeccionar y renovar la red de alcantarillado existente y revisar y ampliar la capacidad de tratamiento de la planta de tratamiento centralizada antes de expandir la red de alcantarillado. Los recursos financieros deben centrarse en el sistema UDDT donde ya no existe una red de alcantarillado. / This thesis has been a pre-study linked to the Stockholm Environment Institute-led Bolivia WATCH program (contributing to more integrated sanitation and watershed management planning in Bolivia), and particularly to its sub-project ‘Comparative sustainability assessment of sanitation services’, which aims at generating a fair and comprehensive comparison between different sanitation system approaches. The comparative assessment, developed in collaboration with RISE, AguaTuya and Unicef, is expected to provide insights and guide future sanitation investments in Bolivia, but also highlight where both conventional and alternative approaches have improvement potential from a sustainability perspective in the Bolivian setting.