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Researching the long-term impact of load management projects on South African mines / Nicolaas Cornelius Jacobus Marthinus de KockDe Kock, Nicolaas Cornelius Jacobus Marthinus January 2006 (has links)
Eskom is currently facing an energy crisis due to the limited operational electricity generating
capacity in South Africa. The historically low electricity price, the rapid growth in economy
and the energy intensive nature of South African industries are the most common reasons for
the peak supply problem.
Various supply and demand technologies have been identified to address this energy crisis.
Due to the lengthy process of building new peaking load power stations, Eskom has initiated
the Demand-side Management (DSM) programme as a solution to the short-term supply
problem.
The National Energy Regulator (NER) has set targets to Eskom DSM to reduce the evening
peak demand by 153 MW per annum and 4 255 MW over a 20-year planning horizon. Due to
the energy intensive nature of the mining industry, it has been targeted for DSM savings. To
date there have been a number of DSM projects implemented on the clear-water pumping
systems of various mines, with a large potential for DSM savings identified on future projects
still unrealised.
The generation benefit of DSM load-shifting projects is twofold; firstly Eskom's evening load
capacity increases due to the reduction in demand during these periods and secondly, the
mine receives electricity cost savings due to load management practices. Because Eskom
DSM is dependent on the client consumer to accept and roll-out the DSM programme, client
satisfaction is of paramount importance. Due to the fact that load-shifting efforts require from
the mine to change their normal operating schedules, there is uncertainty on the impact and
knock-on effects of DSM projects on a mine.
Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate and thereafter quantify the overall
impact of DSM load-shifting on the clear-water pumping system of South African mines. A
generic model was developed by performing case studies on existing DSM projects. This
model was then applied to future DSM projects to validate the findings made throughout the
research study.
The case studies performed on existing DSM projects, as well as the results obtained when
modelling the overall impact of DSM on future mines, proofs that DSM definitely benefits a
mine. The total annual cost saving on the four future DSM projects is predicted to be in the
order of R 7.64 million instead of the R 4.27 million when considering only the electricity cost
savings to the mine. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Electrical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.
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Comparison between automated and manual DSM pumping projects / R.P. RichterRichter, Rudolph Petrus January 2008 (has links)
The purpose of this dissertation is to identify the best alternative method of load shifting on clear water pumping systems in the mining industry. This can be done through a comparison analysis between manual and automated Demand Side Management (DSM) projects. The study holds benefits for Eskom and any client wishing to participate in the program. Eskom, by choosing the best method, will ensure sustainable load shifting while the client benefits financially through lower electricity costs.
In order to perform this study, research was conducted on the requirements for additional electricity supply in South Africa. Research showed that there is an urgent requirement for additional electricity supply to ensure continued economical growth. DSM was identified as one of the most favourable methods that could be implemented to address the problem. A reason for this is DSM projects are economically viable and can be implemented in a relatively short time. The initiative would also decrease the need for increasing electrical generation capacity.
During the research study important information regarding the computation process for load shifting and cost saving performance was gathered. Research was also conducted on the effect of DSM on labour and maintenance cost reduction, as well as economical engineering methods that can be used for alternative selection. The difference in performance between automated and manual systems was compared. The
results showed that a 40% improvement of automated systems over manual systems were attainable and sustainable. This will realise a total saving of approximately 45% in electricity costs for the client. Savings in labour and maintenance costs are shown to be achievable through the automation of pumping systems. These saving results were used in the Engineering Economic alternative selection methods where applicable. Economic calculations confirmed that automated projects are the most viable control method.
From the comparison study, it is shown that automated controlled systems are more
advantageous than manually controlled systems. It will therefore be in the best interest of the client to automate a manually controlled pumping system, as it will result in additional load shifting and cost saving. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
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Energy savings through the automatic control of underground compressed air demand / H. NeserNeser, Henri January 2008 (has links)
The sole electricity supplier in South Africa, Eskom, currently has an electricity supply crisis. The supplier requires additional available electricity urgently, particularly during the evening peak period between 18:00 and 20:00. This electricity shortage is due to a steady increase in the demand for electricity, which exceeded the increase in supply capacity, and the inefficient utilisation of electricity.
In order to address this problem, Eskom introduced a Demand Side Management (DSM) programme. The aim of DSM projects is to reduce the load of consumers without negatively affecting consumers. Demand Side Management is beneficial for both Eskom and the client. The client benefits from a lower electricity bill and new equipment, while Eskom benefits from a reduced power demand. Various DSM strategies are implemented in different sectors, such as mining and residential. These projects are managed by Energy Service Companies (ESCo). The ESCo is responsible for the identifying, implementing, and maintaining the DSM project. Any identified DSM project is presented to Eskom, which agrees to fund the project depending on the proposed power saving. The mining industry, which has been selected as a candidate for DSM projects, as it is a major consumer of energy with numerous DSM opportunities, is examined in this dissertation. Because compressors are major consumers of electricity on the mines, significant DSM opportunities exist on compressed air systems.
The purpose of this research project is to investigate and implement sustainable DSM projects on the compressed air systems of the mining industry. The focus is on automatically controlling the underground demand for compressed air. Reducing the demand for compressed air will result in lower power consumption by the compressors. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Computer and Electronical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
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Reducing energy consumption on RSA mines through optimised compressor control / Walter BooysenBooysen, Walter January 2010 (has links)
South Africa experienced a severe shortfall in electricity supply during 2008.
Eskom, the national electricity supplier, implemented several strategies to alleviate
the situation. The Power Conservation Programme set the mining sector a
mandatory target to reduce its annual power consumption by 10%. The quickest
way to achieve these savings is by optimising the largest power consumers on the
mines. Compressed air is one of these, constituting approximately 40% of total
electricity consumption on platinum mines.
Several methods to reduce power consumption on compressed air systems were
investigated. The investigation revealed that centrifugal air compressors on the
mines are typically manually operated at a fixed delivery output. Attempts to
reduce electricity consumption by reducing air demand will therefore not
necessarily lead to savings. A control system that will enable the compressor to
automatically match the supply with system demand is required. An optimised
control strategy was then developed and implemented on three compressed air
systems. Measurements demonstrated savings between 13% and 49%. With the Eskom
tariffs proposed for 2010, this implies a total saving of R 46 million per year for
these three case studies. This will achieve, and may even exceed, the mandatory
reduction in electricity consumption of the mines. These results demonstrate that
one of the quickest ways to reduce energy consumption on South African mines is
by implementing optimised compressor controls. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Electrical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010
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Load shift through optimal control of complex underground rock winders /|cMzwandile Arthur ButheleziButhelezi, Mzwandile Arthur January 2009 (has links)
South Africa's national power utility, Eskom, initiated a Demand Side Management
(DSM) drive to help alleviate the electricity supply shortage experienced in South
Africa. The focus of this study is on a load-shifting intervention applied in the
mining environment. Load shifting is an appealing way of reducing peak demand.
The mining sector is one of the largest consumers of electricity in South Africa. The
application of DSM in this sector has the potential of yielding significant electrical
load shifting. Firstly, this helps Eskom because they are struggling to keep up their
supply. Secondly, the mines also benefit because electrical load is shifted to less
expensive off-peak times. Electricity cost as a percentage of the total cost of mining
output is bound to increase considerably the next few years.
An investigation was conducted into the potential ofperforming load shifting on complex
underground rock winders the mining sector. This involved a thorough study on
existing load-shifting applications on rock winder systems. Simulations were performed
on rock winder systems in their different configurations at deep-level gold mines. The
simulation results indicated that there was potential for the application ofload shifting. Tau Tona was selected as a case study. This decision was based on simulations to establish which of the initially identified mines would be the best candidate for load shifting. Tau Tona has a complex underground rock winder system. Multiple rock winders feeding each other are used in a cascaded configuration. A potential
load shifting target of 3' MW in the evening peak period was determined by means of
simulation.
The rock winder system was sequentially automated. An average evening peak
demand load shift of 1 MW (or 4,2 MWh) was achieved. This translates to an
average annual cost saving of R 240 000. If the load-shifting target of 3 MW could
be obtained, the annual cost savings would increase by 30% to R 343 000.
A study was also conducted on the feasibility of implementing maximum demand
monitoring and control. Rock winders could be used in future to prevent the mines
from exceeding their maximum demand. This is because rock winders consume very
large amounts of electricity and can be stopped and restarted very quickly.
Huge financial obligations can be prevented by making sure that the mines do not
exceed their negotiated maximum demand. The necessary - and costly infrastructure
to do this could not be procured during this study. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Electrical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.
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Cost and time effective DSM on mine compressed air systems / R. JoubertJoubert, Hercules Phillipus Roedolf January 2010 (has links)
Implementing demand side management (DSM) is expensive and often time
consuming. Eskom grants subsidies for DSM projects based on the proposed
savings. The subsidy granted is not always adequate to fund all the required
control equipment to achieve the desired saving. This study focuses on alternative
cost– and time–effective methods to implement DSM on gold mines, specifically on
the compressed–air systems where the infrastructure is inadequate, worn out or
outdated.
The compressors generating compressed air for mining are one of the largest
electricity consumer at gold mines. By optimising the energy consumption of
these compressed–air systems, the largest potential demand reduction can be
achieved. This will lighten the demand load on the already overloaded national
power grid.
Compressed air at gold mines is mainly used for production purposes, thus the
majority of savings on these systems need to be achieved during non–production
hours. Fixing air leaks, optimising compressor control, meticulous planning of
implementation locations and controlling air usage are all methods that were
investigated to achieve alternative cost– and time–effective methods to implement
DSM on mine compressed–air systems.
The methods were implemented by an Energy Services Company (ESCo) at four
different mines. The results achieved from these case studies are documented
and discussed in this study. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Researching the long-term impact of load management projects on South African mines / Nicolaas Cornelius Jacobus Marthinus de KockDe Kock, Nicolaas Cornelius Jacobus Marthinus January 2006 (has links)
Eskom is currently facing an energy crisis due to the limited operational electricity generating
capacity in South Africa. The historically low electricity price, the rapid growth in economy
and the energy intensive nature of South African industries are the most common reasons for
the peak supply problem.
Various supply and demand technologies have been identified to address this energy crisis.
Due to the lengthy process of building new peaking load power stations, Eskom has initiated
the Demand-side Management (DSM) programme as a solution to the short-term supply
problem.
The National Energy Regulator (NER) has set targets to Eskom DSM to reduce the evening
peak demand by 153 MW per annum and 4 255 MW over a 20-year planning horizon. Due to
the energy intensive nature of the mining industry, it has been targeted for DSM savings. To
date there have been a number of DSM projects implemented on the clear-water pumping
systems of various mines, with a large potential for DSM savings identified on future projects
still unrealised.
The generation benefit of DSM load-shifting projects is twofold; firstly Eskom's evening load
capacity increases due to the reduction in demand during these periods and secondly, the
mine receives electricity cost savings due to load management practices. Because Eskom
DSM is dependent on the client consumer to accept and roll-out the DSM programme, client
satisfaction is of paramount importance. Due to the fact that load-shifting efforts require from
the mine to change their normal operating schedules, there is uncertainty on the impact and
knock-on effects of DSM projects on a mine.
Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate and thereafter quantify the overall
impact of DSM load-shifting on the clear-water pumping system of South African mines. A
generic model was developed by performing case studies on existing DSM projects. This
model was then applied to future DSM projects to validate the findings made throughout the
research study.
The case studies performed on existing DSM projects, as well as the results obtained when
modelling the overall impact of DSM on future mines, proofs that DSM definitely benefits a
mine. The total annual cost saving on the four future DSM projects is predicted to be in the
order of R 7.64 million instead of the R 4.27 million when considering only the electricity cost
savings to the mine. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Electrical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.
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58 |
Comparison between automated and manual DSM pumping projects / R.P. RichterRichter, Rudolph Petrus January 2008 (has links)
The purpose of this dissertation is to identify the best alternative method of load shifting on clear water pumping systems in the mining industry. This can be done through a comparison analysis between manual and automated Demand Side Management (DSM) projects. The study holds benefits for Eskom and any client wishing to participate in the program. Eskom, by choosing the best method, will ensure sustainable load shifting while the client benefits financially through lower electricity costs.
In order to perform this study, research was conducted on the requirements for additional electricity supply in South Africa. Research showed that there is an urgent requirement for additional electricity supply to ensure continued economical growth. DSM was identified as one of the most favourable methods that could be implemented to address the problem. A reason for this is DSM projects are economically viable and can be implemented in a relatively short time. The initiative would also decrease the need for increasing electrical generation capacity.
During the research study important information regarding the computation process for load shifting and cost saving performance was gathered. Research was also conducted on the effect of DSM on labour and maintenance cost reduction, as well as economical engineering methods that can be used for alternative selection. The difference in performance between automated and manual systems was compared. The
results showed that a 40% improvement of automated systems over manual systems were attainable and sustainable. This will realise a total saving of approximately 45% in electricity costs for the client. Savings in labour and maintenance costs are shown to be achievable through the automation of pumping systems. These saving results were used in the Engineering Economic alternative selection methods where applicable. Economic calculations confirmed that automated projects are the most viable control method.
From the comparison study, it is shown that automated controlled systems are more
advantageous than manually controlled systems. It will therefore be in the best interest of the client to automate a manually controlled pumping system, as it will result in additional load shifting and cost saving. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
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59 |
Energy savings through the automatic control of underground compressed air demand / H. NeserNeser, Henri January 2008 (has links)
The sole electricity supplier in South Africa, Eskom, currently has an electricity supply crisis. The supplier requires additional available electricity urgently, particularly during the evening peak period between 18:00 and 20:00. This electricity shortage is due to a steady increase in the demand for electricity, which exceeded the increase in supply capacity, and the inefficient utilisation of electricity.
In order to address this problem, Eskom introduced a Demand Side Management (DSM) programme. The aim of DSM projects is to reduce the load of consumers without negatively affecting consumers. Demand Side Management is beneficial for both Eskom and the client. The client benefits from a lower electricity bill and new equipment, while Eskom benefits from a reduced power demand. Various DSM strategies are implemented in different sectors, such as mining and residential. These projects are managed by Energy Service Companies (ESCo). The ESCo is responsible for the identifying, implementing, and maintaining the DSM project. Any identified DSM project is presented to Eskom, which agrees to fund the project depending on the proposed power saving. The mining industry, which has been selected as a candidate for DSM projects, as it is a major consumer of energy with numerous DSM opportunities, is examined in this dissertation. Because compressors are major consumers of electricity on the mines, significant DSM opportunities exist on compressed air systems.
The purpose of this research project is to investigate and implement sustainable DSM projects on the compressed air systems of the mining industry. The focus is on automatically controlling the underground demand for compressed air. Reducing the demand for compressed air will result in lower power consumption by the compressors. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Computer and Electronical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
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60 |
Reducing energy consumption on RSA mines through optimised compressor control / Walter BooysenBooysen, Walter January 2010 (has links)
South Africa experienced a severe shortfall in electricity supply during 2008.
Eskom, the national electricity supplier, implemented several strategies to alleviate
the situation. The Power Conservation Programme set the mining sector a
mandatory target to reduce its annual power consumption by 10%. The quickest
way to achieve these savings is by optimising the largest power consumers on the
mines. Compressed air is one of these, constituting approximately 40% of total
electricity consumption on platinum mines.
Several methods to reduce power consumption on compressed air systems were
investigated. The investigation revealed that centrifugal air compressors on the
mines are typically manually operated at a fixed delivery output. Attempts to
reduce electricity consumption by reducing air demand will therefore not
necessarily lead to savings. A control system that will enable the compressor to
automatically match the supply with system demand is required. An optimised
control strategy was then developed and implemented on three compressed air
systems. Measurements demonstrated savings between 13% and 49%. With the Eskom
tariffs proposed for 2010, this implies a total saving of R 46 million per year for
these three case studies. This will achieve, and may even exceed, the mandatory
reduction in electricity consumption of the mines. These results demonstrate that
one of the quickest ways to reduce energy consumption on South African mines is
by implementing optimised compressor controls. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Electrical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010
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