South Africa's national power utility, Eskom, initiated a Demand Side Management (DSM) drive to help alleviate the electricity supply shortage experienced in South Africa. The focus of this study is on a load-shifting intervention applied in the mining environment. Load shifting is an appealing way of reducing peak demand. The mining sector is one of the largest consumers of electricity in South Africa. The application of DSM in this sector has the potential of yielding significant electrical load shifting. Firstly, this helps Eskom because they are struggling to keep up their supply. Secondly, the mines also benefit because electrical load is shifted to less expensive off-peak times. Electricity cost as a percentage of the total cost of mining output is bound to increase considerably the next few years. An investigation was conducted into the potential ofperforming load shifting on complex underground rock winders the mining sector. This involved a thorough study on existing load-shifting applications on rock winder systems. Simulations were performed on rock winder systems in their different configurations at deep-level gold mines. The simulation results indicated that there was potential for the application ofload shifting. Tau Tona was selected as a case study. This decision was based on simulations to establish which of the initially identified mines would be the best candidate for load shifting. Tau Tona has a complex underground rock winder system. Multiple rock winders feeding each other are used in a cascaded configuration. A potential load shifting target of 3' MW in the evening peak period was determined by means of simulation. The rock winder system was sequentially automated. An average evening peak demand load shift of 1 MW (or 4,2 MWh) was achieved. This translates to an average annual cost saving of R 240 000. If the load-shifting target of 3 MW could be obtained, the annual cost savings would increase by 30% to R 343 000. A study was also conducted on the feasibility of implementing maximum demand monitoring and control. Rock winders could be used in future to prevent the mines from exceeding their maximum demand. This is because rock winders consume very large amounts of electricity and can be stopped and restarted very quickly. Huge financial obligations can be prevented by making sure that the mines do not exceed their negotiated maximum demand. The necessary - and costly infrastructure to do this could not be procured during this study. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Electrical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

Implementing demand side management (DSM) is expensive and often time consuming. Eskom grants subsidies for DSM projects based on the proposed savings. The subsidy granted is not always adequate to fund all the required control equipment to achieve the desired saving. This study focuses on alternative cost– and time–effective methods to implement DSM on gold mines, specifically on the compressed–air systems where the infrastructure is inadequate, worn out or outdated. The compressors generating compressed air for mining are one of the largest electricity consumer at gold mines. By optimising the energy consumption of these compressed–air systems, the largest potential demand reduction can be achieved. This will lighten the demand load on the already overloaded national power grid. Compressed air at gold mines is mainly used for production purposes, thus the majority of savings on these systems need to be achieved during non–production hours. Fixing air leaks, optimising compressor control, meticulous planning of implementation locations and controlling air usage are all methods that were investigated to achieve alternative cost– and time–effective methods to implement DSM on mine compressed–air systems. The methods were implemented by an Energy Services Company (ESCo) at four different mines. The results achieved from these case studies are documented and discussed in this study. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Conceptualizations of depression, this dissertation will demonstrate, are invariably structured by ontological presuppositions that constitute and define boundaries between individual and social, internal and external, body and mind, selfness and exterior, normal and pathological. Furthermore, the way in which these boundaries are set through the ontological ground underlying the modern bio-medical conception of depression are rooted in the history of Western philosophy, rather than corresponding to natural kinds discovered by neuro-medical science. Essentialist, internalist, and individualist assumptions arguably dominating contemporary practices regarding depression in Western medicine are not unavoidable and necessary, but are contingent symptoms of a certain ontological groundwork, that needs to be revealed and examined from a critical perspective to be able to deal effectively with possible deficiencies of the contemporary bio-medical model. In the following study, I focus on different historical conceptions that pathologise some altered form of affectivity that by contemporary lights we would associate with some manner of ‘depression’. These include Hippocrates’, Aristotle’s, Galen’s, and Burton’s conceptions of melancholia; Aquinas’ model of acedia; and the American Psychological Association’s Handbook (APA’s), Matthew Ratcliffe’s, and Thomas Fuchs’ accounts of depression. All these different ontologies are put through a categorical analysis consisting of six steps. In each step, each model is assessed regarding their positions between the two poles: melancholia/acedia/depression being (1) indigenous to the individual versus irreducibly social, (2) caused by internal versus external factors, (3) pathologised based on an individual versus a social dysfunction, (4) formed dependently versus independently in relation to personal characteristics, (5) defined as a bodily versus a mental phenomenon, (6) detached from versus entangled with the authentic self.

Cette thèse se propose d’évaluer les produits d’effacement réalisés sur un ensemble de consommateurs, chacun étant défini par le triplet {bâtiment, systèmes, ménage}. On définit un produit d’effacement par la caractérisation de la déformation de la courbe de charge de l’ensemble des consommateurs suite à l’envoi d’un signal de contrôle (pilotage direct ou signal tarifaire).Deux dimensions ont été considérées dans le cadre de ce travail : l’étude des variables d’influence sur les effacements de consommation en s’appuyant sur des données issues d’expérimentations ainsi que l’élaboration d’un modèle global permettant de reproduire une partie de la diversité observée sur les courbes de charge des clients expérimentateurs.Afin d’analyser un échantillon {bâtiments, systèmes, ménages}, une attention particulière est portée à la dispersion des caractéristiques du bâti (enveloppes, expositions, ...) et aux éventuelles corrélations entre le ménage (mode de vie, choix des équipements, ...) et les systèmes (caractéristiques techniques), notamment pour l’usage "chauffage et climatisation".Un travail de réconciliation de données (issues de statistiques, de travaux sur la caractérisation des logements métropolitains, d’études sur les habitudes de vie des ménages, ...) a permis de proposer une première évaluation en simulation d’effacement de l’usage chauffage au périmètre d’un parc de quelques milliers de logements.L’approche bottom-up proposée permet ainsi de rendre compte de la diversité technique, fonctionnelle et d’origine comportementale de l’usage étudié. / This thesis aims at evaluating load curtailments packages over a set of electricity users, each being defined by the triolet {building, system, household}. We define a load curtailment package by the quantification of the load curve's deformation due to the emission of a control signal (direct control or price incentive).Two dimensions were considered through this work: first the study of the different variables' influence using experimental data, and secondly the construction of a global model which can effectively reproduce the diversity observed on experimental load curves.In order to analyse a sample {building, system, household}, the dispersion of the different caracteristics of the building (envelope, exposure,...) were carefully studied, as well as the possible links between the household (lifestyle, choice of household equipments,...) and the systems (technical caracteristics) especially for the electrical heaters and HVAC systems.We work to reconcile data from different sources (statistical data, data from research on urban building caracterization, on households' habits,...) and we are able to give a first evaluation of load curtailment products over the electrical heating usage in urban environment through numerical simulations of a few thousand housings. The bottom-up approach used accounts for the technical diversity, as well as the functional and behavioral diversity of the studied electrical usage.

Dans ce mémoire, nous constatons que l’époque actuelle, que nous abordons en fonction des théories de l’hypermodernité, se caractérise par une logique paradoxale, le culte de l’épanouissement personnel et du bien-être produisant également son lot de comportements anxiogènes et pathologiques. En ce sens, nous croyons que l’accroissement de l’attention à l’égard de la nervosité sociale actuelle se doit d’être compris comme l’instauration d’un nouveau mode d’institution et de contrôle social aussi efficace que diffus qui passe par la médicalisation des sujets hypermodernes. Le sujet principal de nos recherches consiste alors à saisir la nature et les raisons de cette « médicalisation de l’existence », à comprendre comme une réponse médicale à une problématique avant tout sociale, qui n’est pas sans lien avec la définition même de l’individualité hypermoderne. Reprenant les analyses de Gilles Lipovetsky, nous voyons dans l’hypermodernité une hypertrophie des principes modernes (capitalisme, démocratie, technoscience, individualisme) qui ne sont plus limités par les anciennes formes d’encadrement collectif. La notion d’hyperindividualisme nous intéresse particulièrement, et nous l’inscrivons dans une dynamique de redéfinition des modes de régulation des comportements que nous empruntons à Marcel Gauchet et à Lipovetsky. Reprenant par la suite les analyses de Nicole Aubert, Robert Castel et Vincent de Gaulejac, nous montrons combien le modèle libéral a eu pour effet de pousser les individus à se dépasser tout en faisant de l’autonomie, de la performance, de la flexibilité et de la réflexivité les nouvelles valeurs centrales du monde du travail, avec comme conséquence l’émergence de pathologies sociales spécifiques liées aux nouvelles structures économiques et sociales. Le mémoire se permet ensuite un détour historique par Freud afin de montrer que, à l’époque de ce dernier et dans le cas spécifique de la névrose, il avait été impossible d’en penser l’émergence sans tenir compte des réalités sociales et culturelles de l’époque organisées autour de dispositifs répressifs. En nous inspirant des travaux de Gauchet et d’Ehrenberg, nous montrons qu’un nouveau rapport à soi et aux autres s’est instauré en régime hypermoderne, produisant de nouvelles « maladies de l’âme » qui peuvent conduire à parler d’une mutation anthropologique corrélative à une mutation du lien social. En ce sens, nous constatons que l’univers de la « santé mentale » se présente comme un des lieux par excellence des diverses formes de régulation, de stabilisation et de normalisation des comportements. Subséquemment, le mémoire s’attache à mieux définir les pathologies mentales reliées à la nervosité sociale actuelle et leurs effets à travers l’exemple de la dépression présentée comme un trouble de l’humeur, ce qui permet d’expliquer la disparition progressive du traitement psychiatrique au profit du traitement médical. Une des causes de cette évolution se trouve dans le succès connu au fil du temps par les différentes éditions du DSM, qui ont insisté peu à peu sur la définition de critères cliniques pour traiter toute forme de souffrance mentale de manière objective, imposant du coup un modèle de traitement de type mécaniste, qui consiste à faire du médicament un régulateur de problèmes strictement biochimiques. Comme en témoigne le travail de Philippe Pignarre sur le fonctionnement des études cliniques en lien avec cette « tangente empirique », on a transposé le modèle prédictif médical relativement efficace pour traiter les maladies infectieuses aux problématiques de santé mentale, avec comme conséquence que l’individu envisage alors sa souffrance sous un angle purement biochimique, ce qui requiert l’entretien constant de ses aspects mentaux par le biais des moyens institutionnellement offerts. Avec cette « mécanisation chimique du fonctionnement de l’esprit », on assisterait à une désubjectivation des individus, qui seraient renvoyés à des problématiques davantage biochimiques que psychologiques ou sociales, alors qu’ils s’inscrivaient traditionnellement dans une histoire singulière. De plus, cela témoignerait d’une faille importante en termes d’institution du sujet hypermoderne, qui ne trouverait de modèle de construction de soi qu’à travers le marché (incluant la pharmacopée), faisant du médicament une sorte de nouvelle institution sociale. Mais encore faut-il s’interroger sur le pouvoir que cela procure à l’industrie pharmaceutique et à la médecine, qui en viennent à modifier les liens sociaux existants et à redéfinir le rapport à soi et aux autres. Ainsi considéré comme victime de la chimie de son cerveau, l’individu devient cependant responsable de la gestion de ce problème. Autrement dit, on le déresponsabilise et le déculpabilise de sa condition psychique pour mieux le responsabiliser dans la gestion de sa condition. Dans le contexte d’une « autonomisation croissante de l’individu », ce dernier serait ainsi amené à tirer profit d’une modification du fonctionnement de son cerveau grâce aux effets de substances chimiques qui s’inscrivent parmi toute une série de « marchés de l’équilibre intérieur » qui outrepassent le cadre de la médecine et de la psychologie clinique. En fait, ce sont les individus eux-mêmes qui cherchent à s’adapter. Nous n’aurions qu’à mettre sur le marché, c’est-à-dire à la disposition des consommateurs, des substances qui modifient les comportements et la psychologie. Ils iraient eux-mêmes chercher ces substances, à l’image de ce qui se fait déjà pour bon nombre de médicaments « en vente libre » dans les pharmacies, c’est-à-dire vendus sans ordonnance, sans prescription, ou encore à l’image de ce que l’on trouve de manière illicite sur le marché noir. Dans cette perspective où le pathologique n’est plus défini explicitement, il n’est plus question de « patients », mais de « consommateurs » de médicaments. En d’autres termes, l’univers de la nervosité sociale contemporaine s’étend et s’accroît alors même que les individus eux-mêmes deviennent plus réflexifs, plus sensibles et plus attentifs à leurs traits caractéristiques et à leurs symptômes.

No description available.

Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) represents a controversial diagnoses which has gone through many revisions over the past 25 years and is scheduled to be revised again for the DSM IV. A comprehensive survey was composed of APD criteria from the DSM II, DSM III, DSM III-R, PCL-R, Psychopathic Personality Disorder, and Dyssocial Personality Disorder. The survey was completed by 321 forensic psychiatrists based on which criteria they believed to be the most prototypical of antisocial personality. The results identified four factors: irresponsibility, unstable self image, and unstable relationships; manipulation and lack of guilt; aggressive behavior; and nonviolent juvenile delinquency. A diagnostic set composed of the most prototypical criteria was proposed for the DSM IV diagnosis of APD.

<p>The standard of diagnosing and categorizing mental disorders in the United States has long been the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), but the DSM has been criticized through evidence suggesting it lacks appropriate validity, reliability, and clinical utility. The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) has been offered as a solution to these criticisms. But the recommendation to replace the DSM and its categorical diagnostic system has been met with doubt and criticism by others in the field. A common sentiment in these critiques is a lack of evidence that the HiTOP dimensions are clinically useful or that clinicians would be open to applying them to their patients. The goal of the present study was to compare clinician perceptions of the HiTOP and DSM systems for the conceptualization of clinical cases. A sample of actively practicing clinicians (<i>n</i> = 143) rated one of three clinical vignettes using the HiTOP and DSM systems then rated the two approaches on seven indices of clinical utility. HiTOP was favored for overall clinical utility score as well as utility for formulating effective intervention, communicating clinical information to the client, comprehensively describing client psychopathology, describing global functioning, and ease of applying the system to the individual. There was no preference between HiTOP and the DSM for communicating with other mental health providers. The DSM was not favored for any clinical utility outcome. These results suggest interest in HiTOP and dissatisfaction with the DSM among clinicians.</p>

Digitala ytmodeller (Digital Surface Model – DSM) används ofta i geodetiskt sammanhang. DSM har länge skapats bland annat med hjälp av fotogrammetri där flygbilder har tagits med traditionella flygningar. Intresset tilltar nu för att framställa DSM med hjälp av obemannade flygfarkoster, så kallade UAS (Unmanned Aircraft System). Den största fördelen med UAS är att det går snabbt och enkelt att få den lilla flygfarkosten upp i luften för att ta flygbilder och framställa DSM kostnadseffektivt.Syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka vilken höjdosäkerhet som kan uppnås i DSM som framställts genom fotogrammetri med UAS. För att åstadkomma detta har två flygningar gjorts den 25 april 2013 med en Gatewing X100 över ett område i Grillby där cirka 350 flygbilder togs sammanlagt. Efter flygningarna mättes med en totalstation 16 kontrollprofiler in på olika terrängtyper över flygområdet enligt rekommendationer i SIS-TS 21145:2007 ”Statistisk provning av digital terrängmodell”.Från de två flygningarna som gjordes i Grillby framställdes två olika DSM i programvaran AgiSoft Photoscan. DSM importerades därefter till SBG Geo där höjdskillnaderna mellan kontrollprofilerna och DSM beräknades. Medelavvikelsen i höjd varierade mellan -0,112 m och 0,050 m för de olika provytorna. De provytor som systematiskt avvek från DSM var asfaltprofilerna, dessa låg konstant (ca 0,1 m) under DSM. Anledningen tros ligga i bildmatchningen i programvaran AgiSoft Photoscan.De DSM som framställdes i detta examensarbete uppfyllde kraven för klass 4 enligt SIS-TS 21144:2007 vilket innebär att max medelavvikelse i höjd får vara 0,15 m. Det innebär, enligt samma SIS-TS, att framställda DSM är lämpade som projekteringsunderlag för arbetsplan väg och systemhandling järnväg (i jämn terräng). / Digital Surface Models (DSM) is common used for geodetic measurement today. Digital surface models have been created for a long time using photogrammetry where aerial photographs have been taken with traditional flights. The interest to produce DSM using unmanned air vehicles (UAS) has increased lately. The main advantage of a UAS system is that it is quick and easy to get the little aircraft up in the air to take aerial photographs and produce DSM cost-effective.The aim of this thesis was to investigate the height of uncertainty that can be achieved in DSM created by photogrammetry using UAS. To achieve this two flights have been made the 25th of April 2013 with a Gatewing X100. The flights were made over an area in Grillby where approximately 350 aerial photographs in total were taken. After the flights 16 control profiles were measured with a total station on different terrain types over the flight area as recommended by the document SIS-TS 21145:2007 “Statistical testing of Digital Terrain Models”.From the two flights that were made in Grillby, two different DSM was produced in the software AgiSoft Photoscan. The DSM was imported to SBG Geo and height differences between the control profiles and the DSM were calculated. This resulted in height differences which ranged between -0.112 m and 0,050 m in the various sample surfaces. The sample surface that deviated most from the DSM was the asphalt profiles that deviated about -0.1 m. It was considered to be a systematic error, but the source of the systematic error has not been located among the measurements. The error is believed to instead be in the image matching done by AgiSoft Photoscan. The DSM created in this thesis is classified as class 4 in a table from SIS-TS 21144:2007 which means that the max mean difference in height inside the DSM is ±0,15 m. This shows us that the DSM created with photogrammetry using UAS is suited for both as material for planning in railway and road constructions and for visualization of the ground.

Problems with the current categorical approach to classification used by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) have led to proposals that classify the emotional disorders (EDs; anxiety and mood disorders) using a dimensional-categorical system based on shared ED vulnerabilities and phenotypes. Such profile-based approaches have yet to be empirically evaluated, in part because a single multidimensional assessment of shared ED vulnerabilities and phenotypes amenable to profile-based classification has not been developed. The present studies aimed to provide an initial examination of a categorical-dimensional approach to ED classification (Study 1) as well as develop and evaluate a multidimensional self-report assessment of shared ED vulnerabilities and phenotypes (the Multidimensional Emotional Disorder Inventory [MEDI], Study 2). The samples consisted of 1,218 (Study 1) and 227 (Study 2) participants who presented for assessment and treatment at an outpatient ED treatment center. All participants were assessed using a semi-structured ED interview and a set of ED self-report questionnaires. The MEDI was completed only by the participants in Study 2. Study 1 used mixture modeling to identify six unobserved groups (classes) of individuals sharing similar profiles across seven dimensional ED vulnerability and phenotype indicators. The external validity of the profiles was supported when related ED covariates were added to the solution. The incremental validity of the profiles was supported using hierarchical regression models; the profiles accounted for unique variance in ED outcomes beyond DSM diagnoses. In Study 2, exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) and confirmatory factor analysis were used to evaluate the factor structure of the MEDI. ESEM supported an eight-factor solution of a 47-item version of the MEDI. Differential magnitude of correlation analyses supported the convergent/discriminant validity of seven of the eight MEDI scales. A five-class (profile) solution, consistent with Study 1, was found when mixture modeling was applied to the MEDI scales. Collectively, the present studies provide compelling evidence in support of the development and utility of a hybrid dimensional-categorical profile approach to emotional disorder classification using multidimensional self-report assessment methods such as the MEDI.