Os aços inoxidáveis dúplex compõem uma família de materiais conhecidos por apresentar uma excelente combinação propriedades mecânicas e de corrosão, e por isso têm sido amplamente estudados nos últimos anos. Contudo, essa combinação de propriedades está intrinsecamente relacionada com a microestrutura desses aços, composta por iguais quantidades de ferrita e austenita, e esse equilíbrio entre as fases é extremamente dependente dos ciclos térmicos aos quais são submetidos, sob risco, inclusive, da precipitação de fases secundárias deletérias. Sendo assim, a soldagem desses materiais exige uma série de cuidados para que ela não implique em prejuízo para suas propriedades. Nesse contexto, a soldagem por fricção surge como alternativa para a união e reparo dessas ligas, justamente por apresentar um menor aporte térmico que técnicas convencionais de soldagem. Isto posto, foi realizado um reparo pelo processo de soldagem por fricção com pino consumível em uma chapa de 12mm de espessura feita em um aço inoxidável dúplex UNS S31803. Para tanto, foram registrados os dados térmicos do processamento, analisou-se a microestrutura apresentada pela junta soldada, além de avaliar-se sua tenacidade ao impacto. Os resultados comprovaram que, embora não ocorra significativa precipitação de fases secundárias, o processo de soldagem por fricção provoca diminuição da tenacidade ao impacto do material por causar o deslocamento do equilíbrio entre as fases no sentido de formação da fase ferrítica. / Duplex stainless steels compose a family of materials known to exhibit an excellent combination of mechanical and corrosion properties, and therefore have been widely studied in recent years. However, this combination of properties intrinsically relates to the microstructure of these steels that consists of equal amounts of ferrite and austenite, and this balance between phases is extremely dependent on the thermal cycles, at risk including the precipitation of deleterious secondary phases. Thus, welding of these materials requires a lot of care so that it does not result in damage to their property. In this context, the friction welding is an alternative to the union and repair of these alloys, just by having a lower heat input than conventional welding techniques. That said, a repair by the friction taper plug welding process was made on a 12 mm plate thick in a duplex stainless steel UNS S31803. Thermal processing data were recorded, microstructure presented by the welded joint was analyzed, and evaluate is its impact toughness. The results proved that although not occur significant precipitation of secondary phases, the friction welding process causes decrease in the impact toughness of the material for causing the displacement of the equilibrium between the phases towards the formation of the ferritic phase.

Corrosion and stress corrosion cracking of structural components cost an estimated $300 billion annually in the United States alone and are a safety concern for a number of industries using hot alkaline environments. These process environments may contain different amounts of sulfide and chloride; however, the combined role of these ions on the stress corrosion cracking of duplex stainless steels, which are widely used because of their generally reliable performance, had never been studied. This study shows that chlorides in sulfide-containing caustic environments actually have a significant influence on the performance of these alloys. A mechanism for stress corrosion cracking of duplex stainless steels in hot alkaline environments in the presence of sulfide and/or chloride was proposed. Microstructural and environmental aspects were studied using mechanical, electrochemical, and film characterization techniques. The results showed that selective corrosion of the austenite phase depended on percent sulfidity, alkalinity, and chloride content. Chlorides enhanced crack initiation and coalescence along the austenite/ferrite phase boundaries. Unstable passivity of duplex stainless steels in hot alkaline-sulfide environments was due to anion adsorption on the surface leading to defective film formation. Chlorides and sulfide available at the electrolyte/film surface reduced the charge transfer resistance and shifted the response of the films to lower frequencies indicating the films became more defective. The surface films consisted of an outer, discontinuous layer, and an inner, barrier layer. Fe, Mo, and Mn were selectively dissolved in alkaline and alkaline-sulfide environments. The onset of stress corrosion cracking was related to the extent of selective dissolution and was consistent with a film breakdown and repair mechanism similar to slip-step dissolution. Recommendations for reducing the susceptibility of duplex stainless steels to stress corrosion cracking in sulfide-containing caustic environments include reducing the chloride to hydroxide ratio and alloying with less Mo and Mn. The results will impact the petrochemical, pulp and paper, and other process industries as new duplex grades can be developed with optimal compositions and environments can be controlled to extend equipment life.

Duplex stainless steel (DSS) is a dual-phase material with approximately equal volume amount of austenite and ferrite. It has both great mechanical properties (good ductility and high tensile/fatigue strength) and excellent corrosion resistance due to the mixture of the two phases. Cyclic loadings with high stress level and low frequency are experienced by many structures. However, the existing study on corrosion fatigue (CF) study of various metallic materials has mainly concentrated on relatively high frequency range. No systematic study has been done to understand the ultra-low frequency (10-5 Hz) cyclic loading effect on stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of DSSs. In this study, the ultra-low frequency cyclic loading effect on SCC of DSS 2205 was studied in acidified sodium chloride and caustic white liquor (WL) solutions. The research work focused on the environmental effect on SCC of DSS 2205, the cyclic stress effect on strain accumulation behavior of DSS 2205, and the combined environmental and cyclic stress effect on the stress corrosion crack initiation of DSS 2205 in the above environments. Potentiodynamic polarization tests were performed to investigate the electrochemical behavior of DSS 2205 in acidic NaCl solution. Series of slow strain rate tests (SSRTs) at different applied potential values were conducted to reveal the optimum applied potential value for SCC to happen. Room temperature static and cyclic creep tests were performed in air to illustrate the strain accumulation effect of cyclic stresses. Test results showed that cyclic loading could enhance strain accumulation in DSS 2205 compared to static loading. Moreover, the strain accumulation behavior of DSS 2205 was found to be controlled by the two phases of DSS 2205 with different crystal structures. The B.C.C. ferrite phase enhanced strain accumulation due to extensive cross-slips of the dislocations, whereas the F.C.C. austenite phase resisted strain accumulation due to cyclic strain hardening. Cyclic SSRTs were performed under the conditions that SCC occurs in sodium chloride and WL solutions. Test results show that cyclic stress facilitated crack initiations in DSS 2205. Stress corrosion cracks initiated from the intermetallic precipitates in acidic chloride environment, and the cracks initiated from austenite phase in WL environment. Cold-working has been found to retard the crack initiations induced by cyclic stresses.

Stainless steel has garnered attention as an alternative structural material to conventional carbon steel due to its corrosion resistance properties and aesthetic appearance. Of interest are single angles, which are frequently used in trusses, transmission towers, and as bracing diaphragms. When subjected to compression, knowledge concerning the behavior, analysis, and design of stainless steel single angles is very limited. This thesis addresses the behavior of duplex stainless steel single equal-leg angles subject to concentric compressive loading. Two complementary approaches are used in this study, the first of which was experimental and consisted of conducting 33 full-scale buckling tests on S32003 duplex stainless steel single equal-leg angle components. Angles specimens had slenderness ratios ranging from 35 to 350 and leg width-to-thickness ratios of 7.5 to 12.3. In the second approach, computational models that accounted for material nonlinearity, material anisotropy, and geometric out-of-straightness were developed and validated using the experimentally obtained test results. These models were subsequently used to perform numerical buckling experiments to shed light on the behavior of axially loaded compression duplex stainless steel single angles for a wide range of practical leg width-to-thickness ratios. Results from the full-scale tests and from the numerical models are shown to correlate well with the classical mechanics-based formulae, which considers nonlinear stress-strain relationships, for predicting flexural and flexural-torsional buckling strengths of singly symmetric stainless steel members. Finally, design criteria in the form of load and resistance factor design (LRFD) with a reliability index of 3 for buckling limit states are proposed for possible adoption in future US national standards.

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-18T04:20:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-09-25T20:52:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 181512.pdf: 59498738 bytes, checksum: e902ba758060acae90c9cb4734998fe9 (MD5)

La demande croissante en énergie nécessite l'exploration de pétrole et de gaz dans des conditions plus difficiles. Ces systèmes de production exigent l'utilisation d'équipements forgés faits de nuances d'acier de plus haute résistance, comme les aciers inoxydables austéno-ferritiques (duplex). Ces composants tendent à présenter une perte de ductilité et de performance mécanique générale provoquée par l'hydrogène produit par p. ex. des systèmes de protection cathodique et des processus de corrosion. Les composants en aciers inoxydables duplex présentent une longue histoire d’endommagement par l'hydrogène à basse température provenant de diverses sources. Bien qui ce type de endommagement soit assez récurrent, diverses informations connexes restent à élucider, en raison de l'interaction complexe de l'hydrogène avec la microstructure et le caractère localisé de la production et du transport de l'hydrogène dans le matériau.Le présent travail vise à améliorer la compréhension physique de l'interaction entre l'hydrogène et la microstructure ainsi que les effets de différentes procédures de chargement d'hydrogène sur les propriétés mécaniques des composants forgés en acier inoxydable super duplex UNS S32750.Le développement d'une telle compréhension implique l'évaluation des effets de l'hydrogène sur les propriétés mécaniques du matériau au moyen d'essais de traction dans différents environnements riches en hydrogène. Basé sur des résultats d'essais de traction à vitesse de déformation faible, une relation quantitative entre la fragilisation provoquée par l'hydrogène gazeux et cathodique est proposée, et les effets possibles de la fragilisation par l’hydrogène provoquée par dislocations sont discutés.Des descriptions quantitatives et qualitatives du transport de l'hydrogène, incluant l'analyse des effets des différentes microstructures et voies de diffusion, et de sa position dans le réseau et dans la microstructure (ségrégation de l'hydrogène aux pièges) sont proposées. Ces descriptions sont obtenues en considérant les résultats de différentes techniques expérimentales: essais de perméation, spectroscopie de désorption thermique, spectroscopie de masse d'ions secondaires à temps de vol et diffusion de neutrons. / The increasing demand for energy requires the exploration of oil and gas at deeper water locations and on more severe conditions. These production systems have demanded the use of forged equipments made of higher strength steel grades, such as austenitic-ferritic (duplex) stainless steels. These components are more prone to exhibit loss of ductility and general mechanical performance caused by hydrogen generated e.g. by cathodic protection. Duplex stainless stainless steels components present a vast history of hydrogen damage at low temperatures, due to hydrogen derived from various sources. Even being this kind of damage fairly recurring, various related information remains to be elucidated, due to the complex interaction of hydrogen with the microstructure and localized character of hydrogen generation and transportation in the material. The present work aims to improve the physical understanding of the interaction between hydrogen and the microstructure as well as the effects of different hydrogen charging procedures on the mechanical properties of forged components made of the super duplex stainless steel grade UNS S32750.The development of such understanding involves the evaluation of the effects of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of the material through tensile tests in different hydrogen-rich environments. Based on results of slow-strain rate tensile tests, a quantitative relationship between embrittlement caused by gas hydrogen and cathodic charging is proposed, and possible effects of dislocation-assisted hydrogen transportation and embrittlement are discussed. Quantitative and qualitative descriptions of the hydrogen transportation, including analysis of the effects of different microstructures and diffusion paths, and of its position in the lattice and in the microstructure (hydrogen segregation to traps) are proposed. These descriptions are achieved considering results of different testing techniques: permeation tests, thermal desorption spectroscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy and neutron scattering.

O objetivo deste estudo é qualificar reparos realizados através do processo de Soldagem por Fricção com Pino Consumível (SFPC), ou Friction Hydro Pillar Processing (FHPP) em chapas de aços inox duplex SAF 2205 (AID UNS S31803). Em paralelo, fazer uma comparação relativa ao mesmo material reparado com o processo TIG (GTAW). Após a obtenção das juntas reparadas em ambos os processos, estas passaram por rigorosa análise microestrutural e ensaios mecânicos para, dessa forma, qualificá-las através de critéios usuais recomendados em normas para utilização no restauro de estruturas que utilizam o material em questão. Foi utilizada a simulação termodinâmica para prever possíveis fases intermetálicas. Foram investigadas as propriedades metalúrgicas através de microscopia ótica e eletrônica de varredura, fractografia e Difração de Raios-X além de ensaios de corrosão. Já as propriedades mecânicas foram averiguadas através de ensaios de impacto, de dobramento e perfis de microdureza. Após qualificar ambos os processos com o objetivo de reparar estruturas que utilizam AID SAF 2205, foi obtida uma junta soldada livre de defeitos com os parâmetros aplicados: força aplicada em 25 kN, velocidade 7000 RPM, burn-off 9 mm e forjamento pelo período de 10 segundos. Dessa forma, o FHPP provou ser um processo de acordo aos critérios recomendados em normas. / The aim of this study is qualify repairs made through Friction Hydro Pillar Processing (FHPP) in plates of duplex stainless steel SAF 2205 (AID UNS S31803). In same time make a comparation with the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding processing (GTAW) using the same material. The processed joints repairs will be analyzed in microstructural and mechanical tests to qualify using criteria according standards used for structural repairs in this material. Was utilized the thermodinamics simulation to predict possible intermetallic phases. Were investigated the metallurgical properties with scanning electron microscope, fractography and X -ray diffraction in addition to corrosion test. The mechanical properties were investigated with impact tests, bending test and micro hardness profile. After qualify both repair processes using stainless steel sAF 2205, was obtained a weld free of defects with applied parameters: force 25 kN, speed 7000 rpm, bunr-off 9 mm and forging force during 10 seconds. Thus, the FHPP proved a suitable process according standards recommendations.

Os aços inoxidáveis dúplex compõem uma família de materiais conhecidos por apresentar uma excelente combinação propriedades mecânicas e de corrosão, e por isso têm sido amplamente estudados nos últimos anos. Contudo, essa combinação de propriedades está intrinsecamente relacionada com a microestrutura desses aços, composta por iguais quantidades de ferrita e austenita, e esse equilíbrio entre as fases é extremamente dependente dos ciclos térmicos aos quais são submetidos, sob risco, inclusive, da precipitação de fases secundárias deletérias. Sendo assim, a soldagem desses materiais exige uma série de cuidados para que ela não implique em prejuízo para suas propriedades. Nesse contexto, a soldagem por fricção surge como alternativa para a união e reparo dessas ligas, justamente por apresentar um menor aporte térmico que técnicas convencionais de soldagem. Isto posto, foi realizado um reparo pelo processo de soldagem por fricção com pino consumível em uma chapa de 12mm de espessura feita em um aço inoxidável dúplex UNS S31803. Para tanto, foram registrados os dados térmicos do processamento, analisou-se a microestrutura apresentada pela junta soldada, além de avaliar-se sua tenacidade ao impacto. Os resultados comprovaram que, embora não ocorra significativa precipitação de fases secundárias, o processo de soldagem por fricção provoca diminuição da tenacidade ao impacto do material por causar o deslocamento do equilíbrio entre as fases no sentido de formação da fase ferrítica. / Duplex stainless steels compose a family of materials known to exhibit an excellent combination of mechanical and corrosion properties, and therefore have been widely studied in recent years. However, this combination of properties intrinsically relates to the microstructure of these steels that consists of equal amounts of ferrite and austenite, and this balance between phases is extremely dependent on the thermal cycles, at risk including the precipitation of deleterious secondary phases. Thus, welding of these materials requires a lot of care so that it does not result in damage to their property. In this context, the friction welding is an alternative to the union and repair of these alloys, just by having a lower heat input than conventional welding techniques. That said, a repair by the friction taper plug welding process was made on a 12 mm plate thick in a duplex stainless steel UNS S31803. Thermal processing data were recorded, microstructure presented by the welded joint was analyzed, and evaluate is its impact toughness. The results proved that although not occur significant precipitation of secondary phases, the friction welding process causes decrease in the impact toughness of the material for causing the displacement of the equilibrium between the phases towards the formation of the ferritic phase.

Submitted by ARTHUR MORAES E VIDEIRA null (arthur_moraesevideira@hotmail.com) on 2016-03-16T18:35:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Arthur correção final da defesa e da biblioteca.pdf: 11305264 bytes, checksum: 7992d45387d9cef930c107c374ce2902 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-21T17:56:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 videira_am_me_ilha.pdf: 11305264 bytes, checksum: 7992d45387d9cef930c107c374ce2902 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-21T17:56:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 videira_am_me_ilha.pdf: 11305264 bytes, checksum: 7992d45387d9cef930c107c374ce2902 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-19 / O emprego de aços inoxidáveis duplex na indústria atual vem aumentando devido as suas características que combinam boas propriedades mecânicas e de resistência à corrosão. Esses aços são constituídos por uma estrutura bifásica com frações volumétricas de 50% ferrita e 50% austenita. Portanto, o desenvolvimento de técnicas para melhorar a soldagem dos aços duplex se faz necessário, de modo a garantir que o balanço de fases e as propriedades do material não sejam severamente prejudicados neste processo. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de caracterizar juntas soldadas com o processo GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding) no aço inoxidável duplex UNS S32205. Foram realizadas soldagens na condição autógena com aporte térmico variando entre 261,00 J/mm e 652,50 J/mm. Seguiu-se com a análise do metal base e dos cordões de solda mediante ensaios de dureza Vickers, EDS (Espectroscopia por Dispersão de Energia), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e microscopia óptica (MO). Os resultados apresentaram a região do metal de solda com fração volumétrica de austenita variando entre de 21,71% e 33,89%. Essa variação se deve às menores taxas de resfriamento dos aportes térmicos com valores maiores, que permitem uma maior formação de austenita. Quanto a geometria do cordão, foi observado que valores maiores de aporte térmico, provocaram cordões mais largos e profundos, variando entre 3,9 e 5,9 mm de largura e 0,65 a 1,29 mm de profundidade. Na zona termicamente afetada mais próxima do metal de solda, a dureza Vickers apresentou valores maiores que o metal base, devido a presença de maior percentual de ferrita nessa região. Não se identificou a presença de fases frágeis no material. / The use of duplex stainless steels in industry is increasing due to their characteristics that combine good mechanical and corrosion resistance properties. These steels are comprised of a biphasic structure volume fraction of 50% ferrite and 50% austenite. Therefore, the development of techniques to improve the welding of duplex steels it is necessary, in order to ensure that the phase balance and the material properties are not severely harmed in the process. This work aims to characterize welded joints with the GTAW process in UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel. Autogenous welds were performed with heat input ranging from 261.00 J/mm and 652.50 J/mm. The next step was the analysis of base metal and weld beads by Vickers hardness testing, EDS, electronic and optical microscopy. The results showed the weld metal region with volume fraction of austenite ranging between 21.71% and 33.89%. This variation is due to the lower cooling rates of high heat input values, wich allow a greater formation of austenite. About the geometry, it was observed that higher values of heat input, led to wider and deeper welded joints, ranging between 3.9 and 5.9mm width and 0.65 and 1.29mm depth. In the nearest heat affected zone of the weld metal, Vickers hardness showed higher values than the base metal due to the presence of higher percentage of ferrite. Was not identified brittle phases in the material.

Orientador: Vicente Afonso Ventrella / Resumo: O emprego de aços inoxidáveis duplex na indústria atual vem aumentando devido as suas características que combinam boas propriedades mecânicas e de resistência à corrosão. Esses aços são constituídos por uma estrutura bifásica com frações volumétricas de 50% ferrita e 50% austenita. Portanto, o desenvolvimento de técnicas para melhorar a soldagem dos aços duplex se faz necessário, de modo a garantir que o balanço de fases e as propriedades do material não sejam severamente prejudicados neste processo. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de caracterizar juntas soldadas com o processo GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding) no aço inoxidável duplex UNS S32205. Foram realizadas soldagens na condição autógena com aporte térmico variando entre 261,00 J/mm e 652,50 J/mm. Seguiu-se com a análise do metal base e dos cordões de solda mediante ensaios de dureza Vickers, EDS (Espectroscopia por Dispersão de Energia), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e microscopia óptica (MO). Os resultados apresentaram a região do metal de solda com fração volumétrica de austenita variando entre de 21,71% e 33,89%. Essa variação se deve às menores taxas de resfriamento dos aportes térmicos com valores maiores, que permitem uma maior formação de austenita. Quanto a geometria do cordão, foi observado que valores maiores de aporte térmico, provocaram cordões mais largos e profundos, variando entre 3,9 e 5,9 mm de largura e 0,65 a 1,29 mm de profundidade. Na zona termicamente afetada mais próxima do metal de sold... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The use of duplex stainless steels in industry is increasing due to their characteristics that combine good mechanical and corrosion resistance properties. These steels are comprised of a biphasic structure volume fraction of 50% ferrite and 50% austenite. Therefore, the development of techniques to improve the welding of duplex steels it is necessary, in order to ensure that the phase balance and the material properties are not severely harmed in the process. This work aims to characterize welded joints with the GTAW process in UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel. Autogenous welds were performed with heat input ranging from 261.00 J/mm and 652.50 J/mm. The next step was the analysis of base metal and weld beads by Vickers hardness testing, EDS, electronic and optical microscopy. The results showed the weld metal region with volume fraction of austenite ranging between 21.71% and 33.89%. This variation is due to the lower cooling rates of high heat input values, wich allow a greater formation of austenite. About the geometry, it was observed that higher values of heat input, led to wider and deeper welded joints, ranging between 3.9 and 5.9mm width and 0.65 and 1.29mm depth. In the nearest heat affected zone of the weld metal, Vickers hardness showed higher values than the base metal due to the presence of higher percentage of ferrite. Was not identified brittle phases in the material. / Mestre