No description available.

No description available.

The aim of the study was influence of the complex of two elements (zinc, selenium) and two vitamins (vit C, vit E) on the organism of pigs under heat stress. Twenty boars of the Duroc breed were included in the experiment. The boars were approximately the same age and weight, housed individually. They were divided into 2 groups. The control group (n = 6) was fed only to a basic feed mixture containing 0.02 mg Se; 21.5 mg Zn; 9.9 mg of vitamin E and 16.0 mg of vitamin C. In addition, 0.5 mg of selenomethionine, 70 mg of alpha-tocopherol, 70 mg of zinc oxide and 350 mg of ascorbic acid were added to the diet (n = 6). The experiment took place from June to September at the insemination station in Velké Meziříčí. The control group showed a slight increase in ejaculate volume (by 19 %), which is common in the summer months. At the same time, the sperm concentration was unstable, it increased by 15 % in August, but fell below the baseline by 3.5 % in September. Motility was around 69 % during the experiment. Statistically significant was an increase (by 15 %) of morphologically abnormal sperm in the ejaculate (P < 0.05). The experimental group had higher ejaculate from the beginning. However, the volume curve was almost identical to the experimental group. The sperm concentration increased by 23 % in the trial group after adding antioxidants. During the experiment the concentration only slightly decreased. Motility in the experimental group averaged 70 % and did not change significantly during the experiment. Even in the control group there was a statistically significant increase in morphologically abnormal sperm (by 12.3 %), (P <0.05). From the results it can be concluded that the increased amount of selected antioxidants did not have a demonstrable effect on the improvement of the ejaculate quality, but it can be assumed that this quantity has ensured the stability of the seed parameters.

O mercado consumidor está cada vez mais exigente com relação à qualidade dos produtos cárneos. A ractopamina exerce influência pronunciada sobre as variáveis de desempenho, aumentando, principalmente, o percentual de carne magra, por meio da redução da espessura de toucinho e aumento da área de olho de lombo. Porém estas modificações são acompanhadas de redução na qualidade da carne, alterando cor e principalmente maciez, pois a ractopamina atua na expressão de isoformas da calpastatina, inibidor do processo de amaciamento da carne. Sessenta animais (30 machos castrados e 30 fêmeas), sendo 30 Large White (LW) e 30 Duroc (DU) foram divididos aleatoriamente em grupos que receberam diferentes doses de ractopamina (RAC): 0 (controle), 10 ppm e 20 ppm na dieta. O fornecimento de RAC iniciou-se quando os animais atingiram 85,0 kg±6.5 de peso vivo e terminou quatro semanas depois com os animais pesando 115,0 kg±11,0. Após o abate, as carcaças foram resfriadas por 24 horas e as medições de pH e temperatura foram feitas 0, 3, 6, 9 e 24 horas. O músculo L. dorsi da meia carcaça direita foi separado para medição da área de olho do lombo (AOL), espessura de gordura subcutânea (EG) e cor 24 horas. Amostras do mesmo músculo foram separadas para quantificação da expressão gênica relativa das três isoformas (Calp1 - 1xa; Calp2 - 1xb; Calp 3 - 1u) do gene da calpastatina e relacionadas com índice de fragmentação miofibrilar, medido 0, 3 e 5 dias pós-abate, e força de cisalhamento 1 e 5 dias pós-abate. Houve melhora na conversão alimentar para os animais tratados com RAC. Os animais LW apresentaram maior AOL do que os animais DU. Fêmeas e machos apresentaram diferença na AOL. A EG apresentou interação entre raça e sexo e ainda apresentou diferenças entre as doses de RAC e também quando comparadas com o controle. A carne dos animais DU apresentou valores superiores para a* e b*, e menor valor de pH final comparada as amostras de LW, gerando carne com coloração vermelha mais clara. Os resultados confirmam a produção de carne mais magra quando adicionado ractopamina na dieta, entretanto nestas raças puras a adição de RAC não influenciou na AOL. Em relação às isoformas, a Calp 1 e 3 foram expressas em quantidades muito acima da isoforma Calp 2, esta ultima apresentando esperada baixa expressão. Os animais DU apresentaram, tanto no dia 1 como no dia 5, uma menor força de cisalhamento em relação aos animais Large White e isto pode ser explicado pelo aumento da expressão da isoforma Calp1 nesses últimos, o mesmo ocorrendo quando houve o fornecimento da ractopamina. Os animais tratados com 10 e 20 ppm apresentaram uma maior força de cisalhamento, que coincidiu com aumento da expressão da isoforma Calp 1. O índice de fragmentação miofibrilar foi inferior para todos os tempos pós-abate para 20 ppm de ractopamina e para ou 0 e 5 dias pós-abate em animais DU. Houve alta correlação positiva entre nível de expressão da Calp1 e força de cisalhamento. Portanto a raça e a dose influenciaram na expressão relativa das isoformas de calpastatina, o que alterou a maciez da carne suína. / The consumer market is each more demanding time with relation to the meat quality products. Ractopamine exerts sharp influence on performance variable, increasing, meanly, percentage of lean meat, by reduction of fat thickness and increase of rib eye area. However these modifications are associate with reduction in meat quality, as color and meanly tenderness, therefore the ractopamine acts in the isoforms expression of calpastatina, inhibitor of muscular proteolysis process. Sixty animals (30 barrows and 30 gilts) being 30 Large White (LW) and 30 Duroc (DU) were randomly assigned to different doses of ractopamine (RAC): 0 (control), 10 ppm and 20 ppm in the diet. The animals were fed with RAC after 10 weeks of their arrival and 85.0 kg±6.5 of live weight and ended up 4 weeks later with animals at 115.0 kg±11.0. After slaughter, carcasses were cooled for 24h and pH and temperature measurements were 0, 3, 6, 9 and 24h after slaughter. The L. dorsi muscle was collected 24h PM from the right carcass side for rib eye area (REA), fat thickness (FT) and color measurements Samples of the same muscle had been separate for quantification of relative gene expression of three isoformas (Calp1 - 1xa; Calp2 - 1xb; Calp 3 - 1u) of calpastatin gene and related with myofibrillar fragmentation index, measured 0, 3 and 5 days after slaughter, and shear force 1 and 5 days after slaughter. Reaching an improvement of feed conversion on animals with RAC. LW animals had greater REA than DU breed. Sex condition influenced REA. FT presented interaction between breeds and sex condition and were different between RAC doses and also compared to the control diet. The DU meat presented superior values for a* and b*, and also lower ultimate pH value compared to LW, generating meat with reddish pink color. The results confirmed the production on leaner carcasses when RAC is added to diet. However, in those pure breeds doses of RAC did not modify REA. In relation isoforms, Calp 1 and 3 were express in amounts very high of Calp2 isoform, this last presenting waited low expression. Animals DU presented, on day 1 and day 5, a low shear in relation to animals Large White and this can be explained by the increase of the Calp1 isoform expression in these last ones, the same occur when ractopamina was supplied. Treated animals with 10 and 20 ppm presented a higher shear force, that coincided with increase of Calp1 isoform expression. The myofibrillar fragmentation index was low for all times after slaughter for 20 ppm of ractopamina and for 0 and 5 days after slaughter on animals DU. High positive correlation between level of Calp1 expression and shear force was founded. Therefore breed and dose influenced on relative expression of calpastatina isoforms, that modified swine meat tenderness.

O mercado consumidor está cada vez mais exigente com relação à qualidade dos produtos cárneos. A ractopamina exerce influência pronunciada sobre as variáveis de desempenho, aumentando, principalmente, o percentual de carne magra, por meio da redução da espessura de toucinho e aumento da área de olho de lombo. Porém estas modificações são acompanhadas de redução na qualidade da carne, alterando cor e principalmente maciez, pois a ractopamina atua na expressão de isoformas da calpastatina, inibidor do processo de amaciamento da carne. Sessenta animais (30 machos castrados e 30 fêmeas), sendo 30 Large White (LW) e 30 Duroc (DU) foram divididos aleatoriamente em grupos que receberam diferentes doses de ractopamina (RAC): 0 (controle), 10 ppm e 20 ppm na dieta. O fornecimento de RAC iniciou-se quando os animais atingiram 85,0 kg±6.5 de peso vivo e terminou quatro semanas depois com os animais pesando 115,0 kg±11,0. Após o abate, as carcaças foram resfriadas por 24 horas e as medições de pH e temperatura foram feitas 0, 3, 6, 9 e 24 horas. O músculo L. dorsi da meia carcaça direita foi separado para medição da área de olho do lombo (AOL), espessura de gordura subcutânea (EG) e cor 24 horas. Amostras do mesmo músculo foram separadas para quantificação da expressão gênica relativa das três isoformas (Calp1 - 1xa; Calp2 - 1xb; Calp 3 - 1u) do gene da calpastatina e relacionadas com índice de fragmentação miofibrilar, medido 0, 3 e 5 dias pós-abate, e força de cisalhamento 1 e 5 dias pós-abate. Houve melhora na conversão alimentar para os animais tratados com RAC. Os animais LW apresentaram maior AOL do que os animais DU. Fêmeas e machos apresentaram diferença na AOL. A EG apresentou interação entre raça e sexo e ainda apresentou diferenças entre as doses de RAC e também quando comparadas com o controle. A carne dos animais DU apresentou valores superiores para a* e b*, e menor valor de pH final comparada as amostras de LW, gerando carne com coloração vermelha mais clara. Os resultados confirmam a produção de carne mais magra quando adicionado ractopamina na dieta, entretanto nestas raças puras a adição de RAC não influenciou na AOL. Em relação às isoformas, a Calp 1 e 3 foram expressas em quantidades muito acima da isoforma Calp 2, esta ultima apresentando esperada baixa expressão. Os animais DU apresentaram, tanto no dia 1 como no dia 5, uma menor força de cisalhamento em relação aos animais Large White e isto pode ser explicado pelo aumento da expressão da isoforma Calp1 nesses últimos, o mesmo ocorrendo quando houve o fornecimento da ractopamina. Os animais tratados com 10 e 20 ppm apresentaram uma maior força de cisalhamento, que coincidiu com aumento da expressão da isoforma Calp 1. O índice de fragmentação miofibrilar foi inferior para todos os tempos pós-abate para 20 ppm de ractopamina e para ou 0 e 5 dias pós-abate em animais DU. Houve alta correlação positiva entre nível de expressão da Calp1 e força de cisalhamento. Portanto a raça e a dose influenciaram na expressão relativa das isoformas de calpastatina, o que alterou a maciez da carne suína. / The consumer market is each more demanding time with relation to the meat quality products. Ractopamine exerts sharp influence on performance variable, increasing, meanly, percentage of lean meat, by reduction of fat thickness and increase of rib eye area. However these modifications are associate with reduction in meat quality, as color and meanly tenderness, therefore the ractopamine acts in the isoforms expression of calpastatina, inhibitor of muscular proteolysis process. Sixty animals (30 barrows and 30 gilts) being 30 Large White (LW) and 30 Duroc (DU) were randomly assigned to different doses of ractopamine (RAC): 0 (control), 10 ppm and 20 ppm in the diet. The animals were fed with RAC after 10 weeks of their arrival and 85.0 kg±6.5 of live weight and ended up 4 weeks later with animals at 115.0 kg±11.0. After slaughter, carcasses were cooled for 24h and pH and temperature measurements were 0, 3, 6, 9 and 24h after slaughter. The L. dorsi muscle was collected 24h PM from the right carcass side for rib eye area (REA), fat thickness (FT) and color measurements Samples of the same muscle had been separate for quantification of relative gene expression of three isoformas (Calp1 - 1xa; Calp2 - 1xb; Calp 3 - 1u) of calpastatin gene and related with myofibrillar fragmentation index, measured 0, 3 and 5 days after slaughter, and shear force 1 and 5 days after slaughter. Reaching an improvement of feed conversion on animals with RAC. LW animals had greater REA than DU breed. Sex condition influenced REA. FT presented interaction between breeds and sex condition and were different between RAC doses and also compared to the control diet. The DU meat presented superior values for a* and b*, and also lower ultimate pH value compared to LW, generating meat with reddish pink color. The results confirmed the production on leaner carcasses when RAC is added to diet. However, in those pure breeds doses of RAC did not modify REA. In relation isoforms, Calp 1 and 3 were express in amounts very high of Calp2 isoform, this last presenting waited low expression. Animals DU presented, on day 1 and day 5, a low shear in relation to animals Large White and this can be explained by the increase of the Calp1 isoform expression in these last ones, the same occur when ractopamina was supplied. Treated animals with 10 and 20 ppm presented a higher shear force, that coincided with increase of Calp1 isoform expression. The myofibrillar fragmentation index was low for all times after slaughter for 20 ppm of ractopamina and for 0 and 5 days after slaughter on animals DU. High positive correlation between level of Calp1 expression and shear force was founded. Therefore breed and dose influenced on relative expression of calpastatina isoforms, that modified swine meat tenderness.

<p>This thesis work is made by Torbjörn Johansson on Karlstad University for Uddeholms AB. The assignment in this thesis work was to investigate tough cutting in three different tool steels: Vanadis 4 Extra, Vancron 40 and Sverker 21. The research was to compare the wear of the tool after cutting in each one of the tool steel alloys. The research was also made to see if the tool cutting in Vancron 40 has a better wear than the tool cutting in Vanadis 4 Extra and also compare the results with Sverker 21. All three of these alloys are a part of Uddeholms AB:s range of products, and is used in applications like forming tools and knife tools.</p><p> </p><p>Vancron 40 is a powder steel with a very good combination of mechanical properties like ductility, adhesive strength and hardness. But it is difficult to cut, mill and manufacture Vancron 40, and it also has a high material cost. If it can be showed that Vancron 40 has a better ability when it comes to cutting compared with Vanadis 4 Extra it would lead to a good sales point because more savings for the customers can be made regarding their tools.</p><p> </p><p>The research is made in a “Doosan VMD 600” 5-axis milling machine, the tools that have been used are from Sandvik Coromant and are a ball mill and a bull mill. Both mills have a diameter of 4 mm and they are both made of solid carbide.</p><p> </p><p>The result showed that Vancron 40 has a minor wear of tool compared to Vanadis 4 Extra and in most cases also Sverker 21.</p><p> </p><p>A cost example diagram was made where time against tooling-cost are presented. When the tool has cut (effective time) in about 950 hours the savings are about 800 000 SEK.</p><p> </p><p>Also a research about surface finish was made but the results were pretty confusing and no pattern was found. Therefore no conclusions were made regarding surface finish.</p>

This thesis work is made by Torbjörn Johansson on Karlstad University for Uddeholms AB. The assignment in this thesis work was to investigate tough cutting in three different tool steels: Vanadis 4 Extra, Vancron 40 and Sverker 21. The research was to compare the wear of the tool after cutting in each one of the tool steel alloys. The research was also made to see if the tool cutting in Vancron 40 has a better wear than the tool cutting in Vanadis 4 Extra and also compare the results with Sverker 21. All three of these alloys are a part of Uddeholms AB:s range of products, and is used in applications like forming tools and knife tools.   Vancron 40 is a powder steel with a very good combination of mechanical properties like ductility, adhesive strength and hardness. But it is difficult to cut, mill and manufacture Vancron 40, and it also has a high material cost. If it can be showed that Vancron 40 has a better ability when it comes to cutting compared with Vanadis 4 Extra it would lead to a good sales point because more savings for the customers can be made regarding their tools.   The research is made in a “Doosan VMD 600” 5-axis milling machine, the tools that have been used are from Sandvik Coromant and are a ball mill and a bull mill. Both mills have a diameter of 4 mm and they are both made of solid carbide.   The result showed that Vancron 40 has a minor wear of tool compared to Vanadis 4 Extra and in most cases also Sverker 21.   A cost example diagram was made where time against tooling-cost are presented. When the tool has cut (effective time) in about 950 hours the savings are about 800 000 SEK.   Also a research about surface finish was made but the results were pretty confusing and no pattern was found. Therefore no conclusions were made regarding surface finish.

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2016-06-23T10:53:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 279904 bytes, checksum: 3991609e08cd53a2c2254ee8b5c15f1d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-23T10:53:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 279904 bytes, checksum: 3991609e08cd53a2c2254ee8b5c15f1d (MD5) Previous issue date: 1999-02-26 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Dados de suínos Duroc, Landrace e Large White foram utilizados para estimar componentes de (co)variância para tamanho de leitegada ao nascimento e ao desmame, peso de leitegada ao nascimento e aos 21 dias de idade e mortalidade do nascimento ao desmame, pelo método da máxima verossimilhança restrita (REML). O teste da razão de verossimilhança foi aplicado para se verificar qual o modelo mais adequado na avaliação genética animal: o modelo1, que continha o efeito genético direto; o 2, que continha os efeitos genéticos direto e materno; o 3, que continha o efeito direto e permanente de meio; e o 4, que incluía os efeitos direto, materno e permanente de meio. As estimativas de tendências genéticas dos efeitos genéticos direto e materno foram obtidas por meio da regressão das médias dos valores genéticos das características em função do ano de nascimento da porca. As herdabilidades direta e total apresentaram valores baixos a médios: 0,00 a 0,30 e 0,00 a 0,22, respectivamente, destacando a importância da seleção com base nas informações de parentes para o melhoramento genético destas características. A herdabilidade materna foi geralmente baixa: 0,00 a 0,17; e as correlações entre os efeitos genéticos aditivos direto e materno foram, de modo geral, altas e negativas, evidenciando antagonismo entre estes efeitos. As correlações genéticas entre as características de peso e tamanho de leitegada foram positivas. Já as correlações genéticas entre essas características e taxa de mortalidade tenderam a ser negativas. Esses resultados indicam que devem ser utilizados procedimentos multivariados para que tais correlações não sejam desprezadas. Constatou-se que a inclusão do efeito materno, efeito permanente de meio ou de ambos, tendeu a obter valores maiores de loge L. O teste da razão de verossimilhança indicou diferentes modelos para diferentes características e raças, sendo o modelo 4 o mais adequado para a maioria das características. As estimativas de tendência genética dos efeitos diretos mostraram que pouco ou praticamente nenhum progresso ocorreu nas características de leitegada, e houve até mesmo tendências genéticas negativas, evidenciando a dificuldade de se obter ganhos genéticos expressivos nas características reprodutivas, concordando com as baixas herdabilidades apresentadas pelas mesmas. As estimativas de tendência genética dos efeitos genéticos materno apresentaram-se, em geral, negativas, possivelmente em função das correlações genéticas negativas entre os efeitos genéticos aditivos direto e materno. / Data of Duroc, Landrace and Large White breeds were used to estimate (co)variance components for birth litter size and at weaning, birth litter weight and at 21 days of age and mortality, from birth to weaning, using restricted maximum likelihood methodology. The likelihood ratio test was applied to verify, for each breed and trait, which model was more adapted, the model 1, that contains the direct genetic effect, the model 2, that contains the direct and maternal genetic effects, the model 3, that contains the direct and permanent environmental effect, and the model 4, that includes the effects direct, maternal and permanent environmental. Genetic direct and maternal trends estimates were obtained by regressing genetic values averages on dam birth year. The direct and total heritabilities had small to medium values, .00 to .30 and .00 to .22, respectively, highlighting the importance of relatives information in the selection program for improving these traits. The maternal heritability was generally low, .00 to .17; and the correlations among the additive direct and maternal genetic effects were, in general, high and negative, evidencing antagonism among these effects. The genetic correlations among litter weigh and size traits were positive. The genetic correlations between those traits and mortality rate tended to be negative. These results indicate that should be used multivariate methodologies that do not despise such correlations. The inclusion of the genetic maternal effect, permanent environmental effect or both effects, tended to obtain larger values of ln L. The likelihood ratio test indicated different models for different traits and breeds, and the model 4 was more adapted for most of the traits. Genetic direct trends estimates showed no progress or very small progress for litter traits, and in some cases there were even negatives, indicating the difficulty to get high genetic gain in reproductive traits, in agreement with small heritabilities presented by them. Genetic maternal trends estimates were, in general, negatives, possibly in function of negatives genetics correlations among direct and maternal genetic additive effect.

Ce mémoire de maîtrise porte sur l'effet des races porcines canadiennes sur la qualité de la viande. La revue de littérature aborde les critères globaux de qualité et de biochimie et présente un approfondissement des effets de ces traits sur les trois principales races canadiennes (Yorkshire, Landrace, Duroc). Ce document comprend aussi un rapport sur la recherche effectuée entre 2004 et 2006 sur des animaux de ces trois races provenant de 4 provinces différentes. Les résultats obtenus lors des analyses de composition et de qualité de la viande sur ces animaux sont décrits de même que les différences retrouvées entre les sexes. Entre les races, les résultats consistent principalement en une démarcation entre les animaux de race Duroc par rapport aux deux autres, ceci tant en terme d'adiposité que de pH ou de rétention d'eau. Un portrait du typage des fibres effectué est aussi présenté.