Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1931. / Biographical. Bibliography: p. 45.

A ágata do sul do Brasil apresenta colorações pouco interessantes ou salientes, sendo predominante os tons acinzentados. Tais qualidades foram fatores determinantes para o início do processo de tingimento de ágata do Rio Grande do Sul, no século XVIII. Atualmente, o segmento mineral, apresenta carências relacionadas a tecnologias e processos de produção, além de infraestruturas inadequadas, resultando em prejuízo para as comunidades produtoras. Nesse cenário, a pesquisa se estrutura para avaliar técnicas operacionais viáveis para o setor, objetivando a melhoria do valor agregado às gemas beneficiadas e qualidade na cor. Para o desenvolvimento do tratamento de ágatas, o sistema foi replicado, padronizado e otimizado no Laboratório LAPROM da UFRGS e Centro Tecnológico de Pedras, Gemas e Joias do Rio Grande do Sul. A amostragem foi classificada em quatro padrões e analisada em espectrofotômetro em três etapas distintas. Ao término, se tem a comparação dos resultados do tingimento otimizado e o industrial, com as curvas de distribuição espectral medidas antes e após o tratamento termoquímico da ágata. Com o sistema otimizado, foi possível reduzir custos operacionais, tempo de energia envolvida no sistema, além de manter e elevar a qualidade da cor, sendo possível estabelecer relação com aspectos quanti e qualitativos dos reagentes utilizados. / The agate of the south of Brazil presents not much interesting or salient colorations, being predominant the grayish tones. These qualities were determining factors for the beginning of the agate dyeing process in Rio Grande do Sul, in the 18th century. Currently, the mineral segment presents deficiencies related to technologies and production processes, as well as inadequate infrastructures, resulting in loss to the producing communities. In this scenario, the research is structured to evaluate viable operational techniques for the sector, aiming to improve the value added to the gems benefited and color quality. For the development of the agate treatment, the system was replicated, standardized and optimized in the LAPROM Laboratory of the UFRGS and Centro Tecnológico de Pedras, Gemas e Joias do Rio Grande do Sul. The sampling was classified in four standards and spectrophotometer analyzed in three different phases. In conclusion, is compared the optimized and industrialized dyeing results, with the spectral distribution curves measured before and after the thermochemical treatment of the agate. With the optimized system, it was possible to reduce operating costs, energy time involved in the system, as well as keep and elevate color quality and being possible to establish relationship with quantitative and qualitative aspects of the reagents used.

No description available.

A ágata do sul do Brasil apresenta colorações pouco interessantes ou salientes, sendo predominante os tons acinzentados. Tais qualidades foram fatores determinantes para o início do processo de tingimento de ágata do Rio Grande do Sul, no século XVIII. Atualmente, o segmento mineral, apresenta carências relacionadas a tecnologias e processos de produção, além de infraestruturas inadequadas, resultando em prejuízo para as comunidades produtoras. Nesse cenário, a pesquisa se estrutura para avaliar técnicas operacionais viáveis para o setor, objetivando a melhoria do valor agregado às gemas beneficiadas e qualidade na cor. Para o desenvolvimento do tratamento de ágatas, o sistema foi replicado, padronizado e otimizado no Laboratório LAPROM da UFRGS e Centro Tecnológico de Pedras, Gemas e Joias do Rio Grande do Sul. A amostragem foi classificada em quatro padrões e analisada em espectrofotômetro em três etapas distintas. Ao término, se tem a comparação dos resultados do tingimento otimizado e o industrial, com as curvas de distribuição espectral medidas antes e após o tratamento termoquímico da ágata. Com o sistema otimizado, foi possível reduzir custos operacionais, tempo de energia envolvida no sistema, além de manter e elevar a qualidade da cor, sendo possível estabelecer relação com aspectos quanti e qualitativos dos reagentes utilizados. / The agate of the south of Brazil presents not much interesting or salient colorations, being predominant the grayish tones. These qualities were determining factors for the beginning of the agate dyeing process in Rio Grande do Sul, in the 18th century. Currently, the mineral segment presents deficiencies related to technologies and production processes, as well as inadequate infrastructures, resulting in loss to the producing communities. In this scenario, the research is structured to evaluate viable operational techniques for the sector, aiming to improve the value added to the gems benefited and color quality. For the development of the agate treatment, the system was replicated, standardized and optimized in the LAPROM Laboratory of the UFRGS and Centro Tecnológico de Pedras, Gemas e Joias do Rio Grande do Sul. The sampling was classified in four standards and spectrophotometer analyzed in three different phases. In conclusion, is compared the optimized and industrialized dyeing results, with the spectral distribution curves measured before and after the thermochemical treatment of the agate. With the optimized system, it was possible to reduce operating costs, energy time involved in the system, as well as keep and elevate color quality and being possible to establish relationship with quantitative and qualitative aspects of the reagents used.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of M.Tech.: Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, 2017. / The presence of dyes in effluent poses various environmental as well as health hazards for many organisms. Although various remediation strategies have been implemented to reduce their effect, dyes still manage to infiltrate into the environment and hence new strategies are required to address some of the problems. This study investigated the innovation of two cationic water-soluble polymers viz., Proline-Epichlorohydrin-Ethylenediamine Polymer (PEP) and Thiazolidine-Epichlorohydrin-Ethylenediamine Polymer (TEP) that were used to remediate selected synthetic dyes from synthetic effluent by adsorption and dye reduction. Both polymers were synthesized using monomers of a secondary amine, epichlorohydrin and ethylenediamine and were subsequently characterized and modified and their remediation potential studied. In the first study, PEP was synthesized and characterized by 1H-NMR Spectroscopy, FT-IR Spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Thereafter PEP was modified with bentonite clay, by simple mixing of the reactants, to form a Proline-Epichlorohydrin-Ethylenediamine Polymer-bentonite composite (PRO-BEN); it was characterized by FT-IR Spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/ energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Adsorption studies were then undertaken with a synthetic effluent containing three textile dyes, viz., Reactive Blue 222 (RB 222), Reactive Red 195 (RR 195) and Reactive Yellow (RY 145). Various conditions were investigated including pH of the solution, temperature, sodium chloride concentration, initial dye concentration and the dosage of adsorbent used. The experimental data for all dyes followed a Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption process was found to be pseudo-second order. According to the thermodynamic parameters, the adsorption of the dyes was classified as physisorption and the reaction was spontaneous and exothermic. The data were also compared using studies with alumina as an adsorbent. Results showed that PRO-BEN exhibited better absorptivity and desorption than alumina making its use a better recyclable remediation strategy for the removal of organic dyes in wastewater treatment plants. In the second study, TEP was synthesized and then characterized by FT-IR Spectroscopy, 1H-NMR Spectroscopy, TGA and DLS. Thereafter, TEP was used to prepare TEP capped gold nanoparticles (TEP-AuNPs). Herein, two methods were investigated: the Turkevich method and an adaptation of the Turkevich method using bagasse extract. The TEP-AuNPs was characterized by FT-IR Spectroscopy, SEM, EDX, DLS and TEM. Thereafter the reduction of each of Allura Red, Congo Red and Methylene Blue was investigated with the TEP-AuNPs for its catalytic activity toward dye reduction. This study showed that the batch of AuNPs prepared by the Turkevich method had higher rates of dye reduction compared with AuNPs prepared using bagasse extract. Also the quantity of TEP used as capping agent greatly influenced the size, shape and surface charge of the nanoparticles as well as their catalytic performance: the Vroman effect explained this behavior of the TEP-AuNPs. It was finally concluded that whilst PRO-BEN, in the first study, showed excellent dye remediation properties, the second study on TEP-AuNPs showed good catalytic activity for the reduction of selected dyes, however, it was more effective at lower polymer concentration. Finally, both materials displayed good potential for the clean-up of selected synthetic dyes from synthetic effluents. / M

No description available.

This research has investigated the modification of cotton fabric and pigment dyeing system in order to improve the colouration properties, such as rub fastness, wash fastness, colour strength and fabric handle of the textile material. It involved four different approaches based on pre-cationization of the fabric, incorporation of crosslinkers into the binder formulation, UVO pre-treatment of the fabric, and wet fluorocarbon treatment and dry plasma polymerisation treatments.It has been reported that the Matrix OSD pigment dyeing system offers benefits in terms of processing cost and environmental impact and from the initial studies it was apparent that while dry rub fastness, mechanical rigidity and washing performance were generally acceptable the wet rub fastness of the printed fabrics presented a technical challenge. Therefore in this study the colour wet rub fastness was regarded as the main performance indicator to be targeted and improved. Cationizing the cotton fabrics prior to pigment dyeing improved the wet rub fastness performance of the Matrix OSD dyeing system, while the other fastness properties were in general unchanged. Similarly crosslinking treatments enhanced the colour fastness performance, due to the improvement of the bonding between the binder and fabrics. The crosslinking/crease resist pre-treatment offers better performance than the combined application method in terms of improving the wet rub fastness. Surface modification of textile materials is able to modify the textile wettability, adhesion, dyeability and handle and therefore has been studied with a view to improving the durability of the surface pigment dyed coating. However in this study the benefits of a UV/Ozone (UVO) pre-treatment previously observed for other long liquor fabric dyeing studies of textiles was not observed and it was established that the pigment dyeing performance was reduced after the sensitised photo-oxidation treatment. The investigation demonstrated that the fluorocarbon treatments had a beneficial effect on colour wash fastness and wet rub fastness, while dry rub fastness was marginally reduced at higher fluorocarbon application levels. Different fluorocarbons were examined in this study, and the aftertreatment with Shield F-01 and Shield extender FCD offered the best results. A range of plasma pre-treatments prior to pigment dyeing were also examined but only a marginal benefit on the colour fastness properties and to some extent slightly decreased dry rub fastness was observed. In contrast the plasma after-treatments, using both argon (Ar) and nitrogen (N2) atmospheres, improved the fastness, particularly wet fastness, particularly when the binder heat curing process was before plasma after-treatment.

This research was a minor field study that took place during eight weeks in Kathmandu, Nepal, with a research focus on the country’s dyeing industry. Methods like qualitative interviews, observation, and analyses through the connections to the UN’s sustainable development goals was used to meet the research aim and objectives. The objectives of the research were to clarify what areas that are slowing down and what areas are creating opportunities for sustainable development within the industry. To identify these areas could be one part of knowing how and where change has to be made to achieve a more sustainable dyeing industry in Nepal. There are mainly three different ways to work with dyeing in Nepal; AZO dyeing, AZO free dyeing, and natural dyeing. Each technique comes with different issues and benefits connected to them, some on a more socio-economic level and some health-related. The established industry is more or less a lawless industry, with an absence of knowledge about the connected environmental and health effects. Due to a rough history of poverty and natural disasters, the industry is until today neglected and the issues connected has not been prioritised.  Today the industry is driven by the market and at the same time anchored by governmental corruption and outdated methods, which makes it hard for the industry to build its value and to develop sustainably. This sector is connected to the UN’s sustainable development goals 4,6,9 &amp; 12 and their targets. However, today the industry awareness about the goals are low, and the lack of defined action in the government's plan for implementing the sustainable development goals states that they will not be a driving force towards a more sustainable dyeing industry. Awareness and customer demand is what is expected to move the industry towards a more sustainable future, according to the interviews. Nepal's dying industry does not have the bad reputation that other countries nearby have, which opens up for opportunities. But for the industry to be able to handle this opportunity, more accurate and a more in-depth research has to be made, to more clearly appreciate what the industry looks like today, since it is missing data. It would also mean that the government has to acknowledge the situation and clean up its act to make it easier for businesses to grow in a sustainable way. / <p>2018-06-08</p>

This research evaluated three variables within an AATCC experimental laboratory procedure for dyeing acetate. Evaluation of color measurement from test samples and transmission, an indicator of dye exhaustion, from final dyebath was focused on reproducibility of color from dyeing to dyeing and maximum dye exhaustion. Experimental effects were 1) pH of dyebath, 2) high dyeing temperature for the test fabric, an acetate tricot, and 3) time at the high dyeing temperature. Major findings included: 1. pH of 4 produces significantly higher X and Y color reflectance values, measured by the Color Eye^R at the .05 level. pH of 4 and 6 produce significantly higher Z color values at the .05 level. Transmission readings, measured by the Spec 20^R, indicate exhaustion for the Disperse Red 4, Disperse Blue 3, and Disperse Yellow 3 dyes and are significantly higher for pH of 4 at the .05 level. 2. Temperature of (150°F) 65.6°C and (175°F) 79.4°C give significantly higher transmission readings for Disperse Red 4 at the .05 level. (175°F) 79.4°C and (200°F) 82°C give significantly higher transmission readings for Disperse Blue 3 at the .05 level. Disperse Yellow 3 is unaffected by temperature. 3. Time at the high dyeing temperature had no effect on color measurements or transmission. 4. Transmission is a qualitative indicator of dye concentration and exhaustion. 5. Leakage was prevented with one time use of Ball Jar Lids^R on the AATCC Wash Cups IIA used on the Atlas LaundryOmeter.^R / Master of Science

Introduction In the past few years there has been a tremendous growth in texturized knit fabrics. Nearly all the texturized filament nylon consumed in 1972 'was used in knitwear (1). In addition to this increased consumer demand for knits, the consumer has also been increasing his demands for durabi1itv and utility in the fabrics he buys. The durability and utility included dyefastness properties of adequate colorfastness and acceptable levelness of dyeing (2). Because of the great amount of nylon used in knitwear and the consumer demand for higher quality, the problems associated with nylon have become increasingly important... / Master of Science