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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Determining the Contribution of Utrophin A Versus Other Components of the Slow, Oxidative Phenotype in the Beneficial Adaptations of Dystrophic Muscle Fibers Following AMPK Activation

Al-Rewashdy, Hasanen January 2014 (has links)
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) results from the absence of a functional dystrophin protein. Among its possible therapeutic options is the upregulation of dystrophin’s autosomal analogue, utrophin A. This can be achieved by a pharmacologically induced shift towards a slower, more oxidative skeletal muscle phenotype, which has been shown to confer morphological and functional improvements on models of DMD. Whether these improvements are a result of the utrophin A upregulation or other beneficial adaptations associated with the slow, oxidative phenotype, such as improved autophagy, has not been determined. To understand the importance of utrophin A to the therapeutic value of the slow, oxidative phenotype, we used the utrophin/dystrophin double knockout (dKO) model of DMD. We found the dKO mouse to have a similar skeletal muscle signaling capacity and phenotype to mdx mice. When treated with the adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) agonist 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR), both dKO and mdx mice expressed a shift towards a slower, more oxidative phenotype. In the mdx mice, this shift caused improvements in muscle fiber central nucleation, IgM penetration, damage from eccentric contractions, and forelimb grip strength. These morphological and functional benefits were not seen in the AICAR treated dKO mice. This study highlights the importance of utrophin A upregulation to the benefits of the slow, oxidative myogenic program to dystrophic mice. It confirms utrophin A as a therapeutic target in DMD and the slow, oxidative myogenic program as clinically relevant avenue towards treatment of the disease.
22

Signaling mechanisms for dystroglycan in skeletal muscle

Tremblay, Mathieu R. January 2007 (has links)
No description available.
23

Development of helper-dependent adenovirus for gene expression in muscle

Deol, Jatinderpal. January 2001 (has links)
No description available.
24

Exercise-induced mechanisms of muscle adaptation in mdx mice

Lekan, Jaimy Marie 12 October 2004 (has links)
No description available.
25

A new model for the dystrophin associated protein complex in striated muscles

Johnson, Eric K. 19 December 2012 (has links)
No description available.
26

Isoproterenol induz a perda primária de distrofina: correlação com a injúria miocárdica / Isoproterenol induces primary loss of dystrophin: correlation with myocardial injury.

Campos, Érica Carolina 29 February 2008 (has links)
Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as alterações do complexo de glicoproteínas associadas à distrofina que conferem estabilidade estrutural aos cardiomiócitos na isquemia miocárdica induzida pelo isoproterenol. Materiais e Métodos: Ratos Wistar machos foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo controle (SAL), injeção subcutânea de salina, e grupo isoproterenol (ISO), injeção subcutânea de isoproterenol (85mg/kg) diluído em água destilada, em dois dias consecutivos separados por intervalo de 24hs. Os ratos foram mortos 24 horas após a segunda injeção de salina ou isoproterenol. Os corações foram rapidamente excisados, lavados em salina gelada, pesados e colocados em formol PBS por 24hs a 4ºC e incluídos em parafina ou Historesina. Para análise morfométrica, os corações foram cortados transversalmente na porção medioventricular, equidistante entre o ápice e a base, e incluídos em parafina. Áreas dos ventrículos direito e esquerdo, espessura de parede livre dos ventrículos e septo interventricular foram medidas. Os corações cortados frontalmente nas metades anterior e posterior e incluídos em Historesina foram utilizados para avaliação das áreas de miocitólise. Porções hemiventriculares foram congeladas para as reações de imunofluorescência com os seguintes marcadores: distrofina, ?-1 integrina, ?-actina sarcomérica, ?-sarcoglicana, ?-distroglicana, merosina laminina, albumina, CD68, CD45, CD4 e eNOS. A apoptose foi avaliada através do método de TUNEL. A função cardíaca, as dimensões das cavidades ventriculares e a mobilidade de parede foram analisadas através da ecocardiografia. A análise estatística foi realizada através do teste t de Student, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados e Conclusão: Houve diferença significativa no peso do coração, na taxa de crescimento corporal, na área do ventrículo esquerdo e na espessura de parede do ventrículo direito entre os grupos. Não houve diferença estatística significativa na espessura da parede do ventrículo esquerdo e septo, mas observou-se tendência à diminuição. As áreas de miocitólise representaram 26,89%, 36,12%, 28,15% no ventrículo direito, septo e ventrículo esquerdo, respectivamente. A imunofluorescência mostrou que a distrofina foi a estrutura mais sensível ao dano provocado pelo isoproterenol, seguida pela perda completa da actina. A redução na expressão de ?-sarcoglicana, ?-distroglicana, ?-1 integrina e laminina, foram considerados como epifenômenos. A expressão de eNOS estava praticamente ausente nas áreas de miocitólise. A expressão aumentada de eNOS nos pequenos vasos ao redor das áreas de miocitólise sugere uma resposta compensatória à isquemia provocada pelo isoproterenol na tentativa de melhora do fluxo sangüíneo para as áreas de lesão. Foi observada alteração na permeabilidade sarcolemal nos cardiomiócitos dos animais tratados com isoproterenol com acúmulo de albumina no espaço intracelular. Observou-se que os cardiomiócitos e os macrófagos estavam constante e claramente marcados para apoptose nas áreas de miocitólise. Na ecocardiografia, os diâmetros sistólico e diastólico do ventrículo esquerdo foram significativemente maiores no grupo ISO em comparação com os controles. A fração de ejeção não foi diferente entre os grupos. O escore de mobilidade de parede mostrou hipocinesia ou acinesia nos segmentos apicais nos corações do grupo ISO. Essas mudanças, relacionadas à isquemia, podem explicar as graves alterações na integridade estrutural do sarcolema dos cardiomiócitos e a lesão induzida pelo isoproterenol. Mecanismos compensatórios no curto período de nosso experimento poderiam manter a função cardíaca normal apesar das graves alterações morfológicas encontradas. / This study tested the hypothesis that the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex that confers structural stability in cardiomyocytes was affected in the isoproterenol-induced myocardial ischemia. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided in control group (SAL), injected subcutaneously with physiological saline, and isoproterenol-treated group (ISO), injected with isoproterenol (85mg/Kg) diluted in distilled water, in two consecutive days, separated by a 24-hour interval. These rats were killed 24 hours after the second injection of isoproterenol or physiological saline. The hearts were rapidly removed, rinsed in ice-cold 0.9% saline solution, weighed, and fixed as a whole in phosphate-buffered for 24 hours at 4oC. For morphometric analysis, the hearts cut into two fragments by a midventricular coronal section and embedded in paraffin. The absolute thicknesses of the septum and left and right ventricular walls and the areas of each ventricular chamber were measured. The hearts for Historesin embedding were frontally cut into anterior and posterior halves for analysis of myocytolytic areas. Hearts frontally cut were frozen for immunofluorescence study using primary antibodies against dystrophin, ?-1 integrin, ?- sarcomeric actin, ?-sarcoglycan, ?-dystroglycan, merosin laminin, albumin, CD68, CD45, CD4 e eNOS. The occurrence of apoptotic cells was evaluated by TUNEL method. The cardiac function, LV dimensions and wall motion segmented score were analyzed by echocardiography. For analysis of differences between the two groups the Student\'s t-test was performed and the level of significance of 5% was chosen to denote difference between means. Results and Conclusion: There was significant difference in the heart weight, in the heart ratio, in the LV area and right ventricular (RV) thicknesses between the two groups. No statistical difference was observed in the thicknesses of the free wall of the LV and septum, although tended to be lower in isoproterenol-treated myocardium. The percentage of myocytolysis in the LV, septum, and RV with myocytolysis in isoproterenol treated rats was: 26.89%, 36.12%, 28.15%, respectively. Immunofluorescence demonstrated that loss of dystrophin was the primary event in the myocytolytic process. Decreased expression of ?-dystroglycan, ?-sarcoglycan, ?-1 integrin and laminin occurred, appearing as epiphenomena. The eNOS expression was almost completely absent in the myocytolytic foci. eNOS expression was enhanced in blood vessels of cardiomyocytes through the entire myocardium of rats given isoproterenol. This is likely a compensatory response to the ischemic insult elicited by isoproterenol administration. In the myocytolytic foci a positive reaction for apoptosis was constantly and clearly noted in cardiomyocytes and macrophages. The echocardiography showed that diastolic and systolic LV dimensions in ISO-group were significantly higher in comparison with control group. The ejection fraction was not different between groups. The wall motion segmented score showed hypokinesis or akinesis in the apical segments in the hearts of ISO-group as compared with controls. These changes, related to ischemic injury, can explain the severe alterations in the structural integrity of the sarcolemma of cardiomyocytes and hence severe and irreversible injury induced by isoproterenol. Compensatory mechanisms in the short time of our experiment could maintain the normal cardiac function in spite of severe myocardial morphological changes.
27

Isoproterenol induz a perda primária de distrofina: correlação com a injúria miocárdica / Isoproterenol induces primary loss of dystrophin: correlation with myocardial injury.

Érica Carolina Campos 29 February 2008 (has links)
Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as alterações do complexo de glicoproteínas associadas à distrofina que conferem estabilidade estrutural aos cardiomiócitos na isquemia miocárdica induzida pelo isoproterenol. Materiais e Métodos: Ratos Wistar machos foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo controle (SAL), injeção subcutânea de salina, e grupo isoproterenol (ISO), injeção subcutânea de isoproterenol (85mg/kg) diluído em água destilada, em dois dias consecutivos separados por intervalo de 24hs. Os ratos foram mortos 24 horas após a segunda injeção de salina ou isoproterenol. Os corações foram rapidamente excisados, lavados em salina gelada, pesados e colocados em formol PBS por 24hs a 4ºC e incluídos em parafina ou Historesina. Para análise morfométrica, os corações foram cortados transversalmente na porção medioventricular, equidistante entre o ápice e a base, e incluídos em parafina. Áreas dos ventrículos direito e esquerdo, espessura de parede livre dos ventrículos e septo interventricular foram medidas. Os corações cortados frontalmente nas metades anterior e posterior e incluídos em Historesina foram utilizados para avaliação das áreas de miocitólise. Porções hemiventriculares foram congeladas para as reações de imunofluorescência com os seguintes marcadores: distrofina, ?-1 integrina, ?-actina sarcomérica, ?-sarcoglicana, ?-distroglicana, merosina laminina, albumina, CD68, CD45, CD4 e eNOS. A apoptose foi avaliada através do método de TUNEL. A função cardíaca, as dimensões das cavidades ventriculares e a mobilidade de parede foram analisadas através da ecocardiografia. A análise estatística foi realizada através do teste t de Student, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados e Conclusão: Houve diferença significativa no peso do coração, na taxa de crescimento corporal, na área do ventrículo esquerdo e na espessura de parede do ventrículo direito entre os grupos. Não houve diferença estatística significativa na espessura da parede do ventrículo esquerdo e septo, mas observou-se tendência à diminuição. As áreas de miocitólise representaram 26,89%, 36,12%, 28,15% no ventrículo direito, septo e ventrículo esquerdo, respectivamente. A imunofluorescência mostrou que a distrofina foi a estrutura mais sensível ao dano provocado pelo isoproterenol, seguida pela perda completa da actina. A redução na expressão de ?-sarcoglicana, ?-distroglicana, ?-1 integrina e laminina, foram considerados como epifenômenos. A expressão de eNOS estava praticamente ausente nas áreas de miocitólise. A expressão aumentada de eNOS nos pequenos vasos ao redor das áreas de miocitólise sugere uma resposta compensatória à isquemia provocada pelo isoproterenol na tentativa de melhora do fluxo sangüíneo para as áreas de lesão. Foi observada alteração na permeabilidade sarcolemal nos cardiomiócitos dos animais tratados com isoproterenol com acúmulo de albumina no espaço intracelular. Observou-se que os cardiomiócitos e os macrófagos estavam constante e claramente marcados para apoptose nas áreas de miocitólise. Na ecocardiografia, os diâmetros sistólico e diastólico do ventrículo esquerdo foram significativemente maiores no grupo ISO em comparação com os controles. A fração de ejeção não foi diferente entre os grupos. O escore de mobilidade de parede mostrou hipocinesia ou acinesia nos segmentos apicais nos corações do grupo ISO. Essas mudanças, relacionadas à isquemia, podem explicar as graves alterações na integridade estrutural do sarcolema dos cardiomiócitos e a lesão induzida pelo isoproterenol. Mecanismos compensatórios no curto período de nosso experimento poderiam manter a função cardíaca normal apesar das graves alterações morfológicas encontradas. / This study tested the hypothesis that the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex that confers structural stability in cardiomyocytes was affected in the isoproterenol-induced myocardial ischemia. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided in control group (SAL), injected subcutaneously with physiological saline, and isoproterenol-treated group (ISO), injected with isoproterenol (85mg/Kg) diluted in distilled water, in two consecutive days, separated by a 24-hour interval. These rats were killed 24 hours after the second injection of isoproterenol or physiological saline. The hearts were rapidly removed, rinsed in ice-cold 0.9% saline solution, weighed, and fixed as a whole in phosphate-buffered for 24 hours at 4oC. For morphometric analysis, the hearts cut into two fragments by a midventricular coronal section and embedded in paraffin. The absolute thicknesses of the septum and left and right ventricular walls and the areas of each ventricular chamber were measured. The hearts for Historesin embedding were frontally cut into anterior and posterior halves for analysis of myocytolytic areas. Hearts frontally cut were frozen for immunofluorescence study using primary antibodies against dystrophin, ?-1 integrin, ?- sarcomeric actin, ?-sarcoglycan, ?-dystroglycan, merosin laminin, albumin, CD68, CD45, CD4 e eNOS. The occurrence of apoptotic cells was evaluated by TUNEL method. The cardiac function, LV dimensions and wall motion segmented score were analyzed by echocardiography. For analysis of differences between the two groups the Student\'s t-test was performed and the level of significance of 5% was chosen to denote difference between means. Results and Conclusion: There was significant difference in the heart weight, in the heart ratio, in the LV area and right ventricular (RV) thicknesses between the two groups. No statistical difference was observed in the thicknesses of the free wall of the LV and septum, although tended to be lower in isoproterenol-treated myocardium. The percentage of myocytolysis in the LV, septum, and RV with myocytolysis in isoproterenol treated rats was: 26.89%, 36.12%, 28.15%, respectively. Immunofluorescence demonstrated that loss of dystrophin was the primary event in the myocytolytic process. Decreased expression of ?-dystroglycan, ?-sarcoglycan, ?-1 integrin and laminin occurred, appearing as epiphenomena. The eNOS expression was almost completely absent in the myocytolytic foci. eNOS expression was enhanced in blood vessels of cardiomyocytes through the entire myocardium of rats given isoproterenol. This is likely a compensatory response to the ischemic insult elicited by isoproterenol administration. In the myocytolytic foci a positive reaction for apoptosis was constantly and clearly noted in cardiomyocytes and macrophages. The echocardiography showed that diastolic and systolic LV dimensions in ISO-group were significantly higher in comparison with control group. The ejection fraction was not different between groups. The wall motion segmented score showed hypokinesis or akinesis in the apical segments in the hearts of ISO-group as compared with controls. These changes, related to ischemic injury, can explain the severe alterations in the structural integrity of the sarcolemma of cardiomyocytes and hence severe and irreversible injury induced by isoproterenol. Compensatory mechanisms in the short time of our experiment could maintain the normal cardiac function in spite of severe myocardial morphological changes.
28

Die Häufigkeiten der Mutationstypen und deren Verteilung im Dystrophin-Gen / The Frequency of the Mutation Types and their Distribution in the Dystrophin Gene

Gahn, Carolin January 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Die progressiven Muskeldystrophien Duchenne (DMD) und Becker (BMD) entstehen durch verschiedene Mutationstypen (Deletionen, Duplikationen, Punktmutationen) im Dystrophin-Gen, welches als größtes Gen des Menschen 79 Exons aufweist und sich auf dem kurzen Arm des X-Chromosoms befindet. Es wurden Daten von 1365 Personen bezüglich der Häufigkeit der Mutationstypen sowie der Verteilung der einzelnen Mutationen auf die Exons des Dystrophin-Gens ausgewertet. Hieraus konnte ermittelt werden, dass sich bei 780 männlichen Patienten mit gesicherter Diagnose zu 65 Prozent Deletionen, 9 Prozent Duplikationen und 26 Prozent Punktmutationen nachweisen ließen. Desweiteren wurde gezeigt, dass sich bei der Verteilung der Deletionen auf das Dystrophin-Gen zwei hot spot Regionen finden, eine größere im Bereich der Exons 45 - 54 und eine kleinere im Bereich 11 - 20. Die Duplikationen weisen eine Häufung der betroffenen Exons am Anfang des Gens auf, wobei Exon 2 am häufigsten das erste betroffene Exon darstellt. Die Punktmutationen dagegen verteilen sich zufällig über das Gen. Es konnte weiterhin gezeigt werden, dass hinsichtlich der Verteilung der gleichen Mutationen auf das Dystrophin-Gen zwischen einer Gruppe von männlichen Patienten und der Gesamtheit aller Probanden einschließlich Konduktorinnen keine Unterschiede bestehen. Dagegen unterschieden sich die verschiedenen Mutationstypen im Vergleich miteinander hinsichtlich ihrer Verteilung auf das Dystrophin-Gen. Bei der Untersuchung der geographischen Verteilung der DMD und BMD konnte lediglich bei den Duplikationen eine Gleichverteilung in Deutschland bestätigt werden. / The progressive muscular dystrophies Duchenne (DMD) and Becker (BMD) originate from different mutation types (deletions, duplications, point mutations) in the dystrophin gene, the biggest human gene, which has 79 exons and is located on the short arm of the X-chromosome. Data of 1365 people were evaluated with regard to the frequency of the mutation types as well as the distribution of mutations over the exons of the dystrophin gene. We found that in 780 male patients with secured diagnosis, there were deletions in 65 percent of the cases, duplications in 9 percent and point mutations in 26 percent. Furthermore it was shown that the distribution of deletions in the dystrophin gene shows two hot spot regions, a larger one in the area of exons 45 - 54 and a smaller one in the area of exons 11 - 20. Duplications showed an accumulation of affected exons at the beginning of the gene, with exon 2 being the first affected exon most often. Point mutations in contrast are distributed over the gene randomly. Moreover it was found out that the distribution of mutations in the dystrophin gene did not differ between a group of male patients and the group of all patients including female carriers, whereas mutation types differed regarding their dissemination over the dystrophin gene. With the analysis of the geographic distribution of DMD and BMD a uniform geographical distribution over Germany could be confirmed merely with duplications.
29

Análise de expressão da distrofina, miostatina, tgf-β e nf-kappa β, durante a fase embrionária e fetal no modelo canino GRMD (Golden Retrivier Muscular Dystrophy) / Expression analysis of dystrophin, myostatin, tgf-β and nfkappa β, during the embryonic and fetal phase in the GRMD canine model (Golden Retriever Muscular Dystrophy)

Oliveira, Daniela Moraes de 23 August 2017 (has links)
A Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne (DMD) é uma doença genética neuromuscular hereditária, ligada ao cromossomo X, sendo encontrada em humanos do sexo masculino. Esta doença muscular é descrita em outras espécies. O modelo de estudo pré-clínico GRMD (Golden Retrievier Muscular Dystrophy) apresenta sintomas clínicos fenotipicamente característicos da DMD em humanos e, por esta razão, tem sido amplamente utilizado como modelo de estudos pré-clínicos. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi avaliar o tecido muscular, no modelo canino distrófico, ao longo da gestação. Quatro fêmeas, portadoras do gene distrófico, foram inseminadas com sêmen fresco de cães distróficos. No 25º dia, pós-inseminação, as fêmeas foram submetidas a exames de ultrassonografia para confirmar a gestação. As fêmeas gestantes passaram por uma ovariosalpingohisterectomia (OSH) para a retirada dos embriões e fetos nos seguintes períodos gestacionais: 28º , 33º , 38º e 42º dias. Em seguida fragmentos de tecido muscular foram analisados macroscopicamente e microscopicamente. Para verificar expressões proteicas, amostras de tecido foram submetidas a técnicas imunológicas, e PCR para distrofina, miostatina, e utrofina. Aos, 33º e 38º dias de gestação, no grupo distrófico, foram observadas características teciduais que corroboram com desenvolvimento tardio do tecido muscular. Os resultados para detecção proteica sugerem que, a distrofina, miostatina e utrofina foram expressas igualmente nos grupos controle e distrófico, durante todos os períodos do desenvolvimento gestacional analisado. Por fim, os dados sugerem que animais distróficos apresentam músculo sadio durante a fase gestacional, o que pode ser benéfico para testes farmacológicos em idade precoce. / Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a hereditary neuromuscular genetic disease linked to the X chromosome, being found in male humans. This muscle disease is described in other species. The pre-clinical GRMD (Golden Retrievier Muscular Dystrophy) study model presents phenotypically characteristic clinical symptoms of DMD in humans and,for this reason, has been widely used as a model for preclinical studies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the muscular tissue, in the dystrophic canine model, throughout the gestation. Four females, carriers of the dystrophic gene, were inseminated with fresh semen from dystrophic dogs. On the 25th day, post-insemination, the females were submitted to ultrasonography to confirm the pregnancy. The pregnant females underwent an ovariosalpingohisterectomy (OSH) for the removal of the embryos and fetuses in the following gestational periods: 28º, 33º, 38º and 42º days. Then fragments of muscle tissue were analyzed macroscopically and microscopically. To verify protein expression, tissue samples were submitted to immunological techniques, and PCR for dystrophin, myostatin, and utrophin. At the 33 and 38th days of gestation, tissue characteristics were observed in the dystrophic group, which corroborate the late development of muscle tissue. The results for protein detection suggest that dystrophin, myostatin and utrophin were also expressed in the control and affected groups, during all periods of the gestational development analyzed. Lastly, the data suggest that dystrophic animals present healthy muscle during the gestational phase, which may be beneficial for pharmacological tests at an early age.
30

Terapia celular sob aquapuntura em modelos murinos para distrofia muscular de Duchenne / Cellular therapy under aquapuncture in murine models for Duchenne

Esper, Greyson Vitor Zanatta 20 December 2012 (has links)
O camundongo mdx é um modelo animal muito utilizado para estudar a distrofia muscular degenerativa de Duchenne (DMD) e apesar de o modelo apresentar uma degeneração mais branda, inúmeras pesquisas com este animal são realizadas devido à alta reprodutibilidade de fenótipos, obtenção comercial de várias linhagens e baixo custo de manutenção. A degeneração muscular progressiva ocorre devido a uma mutação genética que culmina na ausência ou diminuição da produção da proteína distrofina. Esta alteração gera uma cascata de eventos que pioram a degeneração muscular. Atualmente, a terapia preconizada é o uso de corticóide, que visa modular a inflamação muscular e possui uma série de efeitos colaterais, por isso uma série de estudos propondo outras formas de tratamento vem sendo desenvolvidos. Um tratamento promissor parece ser a terapia celular com células-tronco mesenquimais, a qual pode interferir no processo degenerativo por imunomodulação celular. Como a acupuntura pode controlar o processo inflamatório de doenças degenerativas, tal qual na doença de Parkinson, acredita-se que o uso consorciado das duas terapias possa diminuir o efeito degenerativo da DMD. Nesta pesquisa foram avaliados 22 camundongos mdx, machos, 4 a 6 semanas de idade. As células-tronco utilizadas para a aplicação foram de polpa dentária humana carregando a proteína verde fluorescente (EGFP) e a quantidade aplicada em cada acuponto foi de 1x104 células. Os acupontos selecionados foram B47 (Hunmen), B49 (Yishe) e B52 (Zhishi). Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos (A) células-tronco em acupontos falsos, (B) solução fisiológica em acupontos verdadeiros, (C) células-tronco em acupontos verdadeiros e (D) controle, sem nenhum tratamento. No total três injeções foram realizados em um período de 56 dias de estudo. As avaliações do tratamento foram feitas através das análises da força de tração dos músculos, da creatinofosfoquinase sérica (CPK), histológica através da estruturação das miofibrilas e morfometria do colágeno e imuno-histoquímica pela expressão da proteína distrofina. Ao décimo dia após a terceira aplicação de células-tronco observa-se uma diferença somente no grupo controle, a qual manifestou um aumento da CPK em relação aos outros tratamentos e sem diferença estatística para força de tração pelos membros torácicos. Na histologia dos músculos tibial cranial e diafragma foram observou-se infiltrados inflamatórios, regeneração tecidual e diminuição do colágeno nos grupos tratados p<0,05. Na imuno-histoquímica verificou-se uma melhora da quantidade de distrofina nos animais tratados principalmente no tratamento células-tronco em acupontos verdadeiros p< 0,05 e, pela análise do rastreamento das células-tronco com EGFP não se pode determinar o seu caminho uma vez que não observamos imunorreatividade nas análises utilizando o anti-GFP. Conclui-se que os tratamentos com terapia celular nos acupontos verdadeiros, acupontos falsos e solução fisiológica nos acupontos podem melhorar a doença degenerativa muscular no mdx pelo aumento da expressão da proteína distrofina. / Muscular dystrophy in mdx mouse is an animal model used to study Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in humans. Although this model presents a milder degeneration, there are several studies with this animal due to the high reproducibility of phenotypes, obtaining various lines available and low maintenance cost. It is known that progressive muscle degeneration occurs due to a genetic mutation that culminates in the absence or decreased production of dystrophin protein. This change generates a cascade of events which aggravate the muscle degeneration. Currently, the recommended therapy is the use of corticosteroids to modulate muscle inflammation; however, there are a number of collateral effects, so a series of studies suggesting other forms of treatment have been developed. A promising treatment seems to be a therapy with mesenchymal stem cells, which can interfere with the degenerative process by cellular immunomodulation. As acupuncture can control the inflammatory process of degenerative diseases such as Parkinson\'s disease, the use of both syndication therapies may reduce the DMD degenerative effect. In this study 22 mdx mice, males, 4-6 weeks of age were evaluated. Stem cells were used for the application of human dental pulp carrying the green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and the quantity applied to each acupoint was 1x104 cells. The acupoints selected were B47 (Hunmen), B49 (Yishe) and B52 (Zhishi). The animals were randomly assigned to four treatments groups: (A) stem cells in false acupoints, (B) saline in true acupoints, (C) stem cells in true acupoints and (D) control without any treatment. In total, three injections were performed over a period of 56 days of study. Evaluations of treatment were made by analyzing the tensile strength of muscles, measuring the serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK), structuring of myofibrils by histology and morphometry of collagen immunohistochemistry and by the amount of dystrophin protein. At day ten after the third application of stem cells there is a difference only in the control group, which manifests an increase in CPK compared to other treatments and no statistical difference in tensile strength. In the histology of cranial tibial muscles and diaphragm, inflammatory infiltrates were observed, as well as tissue regeneration and decreased collagen in the treated groups (p <0.05). On immunohistochemistry there was an improvement in the amount of dystrophin in animals treated mainly in acupoints true (p <0.05) and through analysis and tracking of stem cells with EGFP it was not possible to determine its path once immunoreactivity was not observed in analyzes using anti-GFP. We conclude that treatment with stem cell therapy on true and false acupoints and with saline solution on acupoints can improve muscular degenerative disease in mdx by increased expression of dystrophin protein.

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