No / This paper investigates the dynamics of R&D and capital investment using a large sample of US firms during the period 2002–2016. A partial adjustment approach is employed with a specific focus on the impact of the financial crisis on target adjustment speed. Evidence suggests that firms have a target in both types of investment and adjust to it at varying speeds. Specifically, firms adjusted to the capital investment target faster than to R&D investment. However, firms increased the adjustment speed in R&D investment significantly during the crisis, and it has remained at similar levels during the post-crisis period. The changes in adjustment speeds can be explained by several firm-specific characteristics that are related to the ability of firms to raise internal finance.

This paper investigates the effect of R&D intensity on firm resilience during the COVID-19 recession. I use firm-level data on European technology firms to identify the relation between R&D intensity and resilience, where firm resilience is measured through financial flexibility and firm performance. To investigate deeper into firm performance I distinguish between performance using accounting measures and market performance. I find that R&D intensity has a positive effect on resilience as viewed from accounting measures. I find mixed results regarding performance: No significant positive evidence between R&D intensity and stock performance is found, whereas evidence suggesting a significant non-linear relationship between R&D intensity and return on assets is found. Nevertheless, the results indicate that there seem to be some positive effect of R&D on firm resilience. This is of value to policymakers and corporate managers aiming to enhance firm resilience through strategic R&D investments. Further research with more detailed data are needed to explore the mechanisms behind this relationship.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the impact of government non-investment and applied R&D subsidies on the firm level competitiveness. According to many literature sources the indicators of competitiveness are assumed to be Return on Assets, Return on Equity, Return on Sales and Asset Turnover ratio. The tool used to test the effect is counterfactual analysis. The subsidized companies are compared to a control group drawn by Propensity Score Matching, the effect is tested by Average Treatment Effect on the Treated and the difference in size of other financials is derived by Difference in Differences. The study focuses on two industries NACE C25 (metallurgy) and C28 (manufacture of machines). The subsidized companies show no added significant growth of competitiveness whatsoever. The financials (Total Assets, Equity, Turnover) grew, compared to the control group, only for industry C25. JEL Classification O31, O38, H21 Keywords R&D, Innovation, non-investment, subsidies, applied R&D, competitiveness Author's e-mail petr.rotr@post.cz Supervisor's e-mail petr.teply@fsv.cuni.cz

Este trabalho investiga o potencial de utilização do entulho de construção e demolição, C&D, triturado na estação de reciclagem de entulhos de Ribeirão Preto - SP, como agregado graúdo no preparo de concretos de baixa e média resistências. A utilização da fração graúda, compreendida entre 4,8 mm < Dmáx < 19,0 mm, para substituir parcialmente ou totalmente o agregado graúdo graduado como brita 0 e brita 1 (NBR 7211/82), pode resultar em uma significativa economia na execução de componentes urbanos e habitacionais para construções de interesse social. O presente trabalho apresenta as características granulométricas e físicas, dos agregados reciclados, em comparação com as do agregado natural, usado como referência. Os resultados obtidos na substituição, parcial (50%) e total (100%), do agregado natural graduado como brita 1 e brita 0, utilizados na região de Ribeirão Preto, pelo reciclado graúdo da mesma faixa granulométrica, também são apresentados. A influência do agregado reciclado na perda do abatimento do concreto fresco e nas propriedades mecânicas do concreto endurecido, foram investigadas. Finalmente, realizou-se avaliação de desempenho à flexão em painéis leves de vedação, com a finalidade de se obter uma aplicação prática ao estudo desenvolvido. Concluiu-se, assim, pela viabilidade do emprego do agregado graúdo reciclado em substituição, total ou em parte, do equivalente natural em concretos estruturais de baixa resistência. / This dissertation researches the potential of the use of construction and demolition debris (C&D), crushed in the recycling station of Ribeirão Preto-SP, as coarse aggregate to make concrete of low and medium strenght. The use of coarse fraction, 4,8 mm < Dmax < 19,0 mm, substituting, partial or totally the natural aggregate, as recommended in NBR 7211/82, can result in a significant economy on the production of urban components and for social interest constructions. The present work presents the physical and granulometric characteristics of the recycled aggregate, comparing with the natural one, used as reference. Experimental results are showed and compared. The influence of recycled aggregate on the loss of the slump of fresh concrete and on the mechanical properties of harden concrete were analyzed. Finally, the flexural behavior of a model of panels was evaluated.

O Brasil apresentou nas décadas de 80 e 90 taxas de crescimento econômico substancialmente inferiores às de outras economias emergentes. Apesar das taxas brasileiras terem se elevado a partir de 2004, tal mudança é, em parte, atribuída a uma conjuntura favorável, de altos preços das commodities. As novas teorias de crescimento econômico ressaltam a relevância do investimento em tecnologia para se alcançar um crescimento sustentável no longo prazo. No entanto, o desempenho brasileiro em investimento em P&D é relativamente baixo quando comparado ao de outros países. Teorias Schumpeterianas de crescimento e trabalhos sobre comércio internacional ressaltam a importância da criação de um ambiente favorável ao investimento em P&D, através do estimulo à competição industrial e empresarial que é criada com a abertura comercial. Sendo assim, o presente estudo pretende avaliar empiricamente o impacto da competição internacional sofrida pelas firmas brasileiras sobre suas decisões de investimento em P&D. Para isso, será construído um modelo relacionando as variáveis relevantes, e serão utilizadas técnicas econométricas, a partir de dados da PINTEC, PIA e outras bases de dados industriais. / Brazilian growth rates in the 80\'s and 90\'s were lower than in other emerging economies. The new theories of economic growth emphasize the relevance of investment in technology to achieve sustainable growth in the long term. However, Brazilian performance in R&D expenditures is relatively low compared to other countries. Schumpeterian growth theories and some studies on international trade emphasize the importance of creating an environment conducive to investment in R&D, through the stimulus to competition, which can be increased by trade openness. Therefore, this study aims to empirically assess the impact of international competition suffered by Brazilian firms on their R&D decisions. In order to achieve that, econometric techniques relating relevant variables will be used, with data from PINTEC, PIA and other industrial database.

Patents, for being in possession of inside information relating to technological innovations that will be on the market in the coming years, are becoming increasingly important in scientific studies. Patent analysis studies can be quantitative or qualitative. With patents, someone can make an analysis of inventive step from a subject matter, be it a country, a company or a technology as well as its relations with the other "players" in the market. This research analyzes the correlations between investments in R&D of BRICS countries and patent applications to see whether these investments are replicated in the knowledge generated in those countries. It were also collected data publications and scientific articles, and the GDP to supplement the correlation study. Analyses are performed for each country and discussed the results. Few studies relate patents for areas in order to obtain an overview of a country facing its patents for a certain period. With this study, we sought to exactly analyze all the patents published in Brazil, identifying its areas and countries of origin or destination. Through the correlations between variables raised to the BRICS countries, this study analyzed the strengths and weaknesses of each country. / As patentes, por serem detentoras de uma informação privilegiada referente às inovações tecnológicas que estarão no mercado nos próximos anos, ganham cada vez mais importância nos estudos científicos. Os estudos de análise de patentes podem ser quantitativos ou qualitativos. Com as patentes, pode-se fazer uma análise da atividade inventiva do objeto de estudo, seja um país, uma empresa, ou uma tecnologia, bem como suas relações com os demais ―players‖ do mercado. Esta pesquisa analisa as correlações entre os investimentos em P&D dos países do BRICS e os depósitos de patentes, para verificar se esses investimentos são replicados no conhecimento gerado nesses países. São levantados também os dados de publicações e artigos científicos, bem como do PIB para complementar o estudo de correlação. São realizadas análises para cada país e discutidos os resultados obtidos. Poucos estudos relacionam as patentes por áreas com objetivo de obter um panorama geral de um país frente a suas patentes durante certo período. Com o presente estudo, buscou-se exatamente isso, analisar todas as patentes publicadas no Brasil, identificando suas áreas, e os países de origem ou destino. Através das correlações entre as variáveis levantadas para os países do BRICS, este estudo analisou os pontos fortes e fracos de cada país.

O Brasil apresentou nas décadas de 80 e 90 taxas de crescimento econômico substancialmente inferiores às de outras economias emergentes. Apesar das taxas brasileiras terem se elevado a partir de 2004, tal mudança é, em parte, atribuída a uma conjuntura favorável, de altos preços das commodities. As novas teorias de crescimento econômico ressaltam a relevância do investimento em tecnologia para se alcançar um crescimento sustentável no longo prazo. No entanto, o desempenho brasileiro em investimento em P&D é relativamente baixo quando comparado ao de outros países. Teorias Schumpeterianas de crescimento e trabalhos sobre comércio internacional ressaltam a importância da criação de um ambiente favorável ao investimento em P&D, através do estimulo à competição industrial e empresarial que é criada com a abertura comercial. Sendo assim, o presente estudo pretende avaliar empiricamente o impacto da competição internacional sofrida pelas firmas brasileiras sobre suas decisões de investimento em P&D. Para isso, será construído um modelo relacionando as variáveis relevantes, e serão utilizadas técnicas econométricas, a partir de dados da PINTEC, PIA e outras bases de dados industriais. / Brazilian growth rates in the 80\'s and 90\'s were lower than in other emerging economies. The new theories of economic growth emphasize the relevance of investment in technology to achieve sustainable growth in the long term. However, Brazilian performance in R&D expenditures is relatively low compared to other countries. Schumpeterian growth theories and some studies on international trade emphasize the importance of creating an environment conducive to investment in R&D, through the stimulus to competition, which can be increased by trade openness. Therefore, this study aims to empirically assess the impact of international competition suffered by Brazilian firms on their R&D decisions. In order to achieve that, econometric techniques relating relevant variables will be used, with data from PINTEC, PIA and other industrial database.

Este trabalho investiga o potencial de utilização do entulho de construção e demolição, C&D, triturado na estação de reciclagem de entulhos de Ribeirão Preto - SP, como agregado graúdo no preparo de concretos de baixa e média resistências. A utilização da fração graúda, compreendida entre 4,8 mm < Dmáx < 19,0 mm, para substituir parcialmente ou totalmente o agregado graúdo graduado como brita 0 e brita 1 (NBR 7211/82), pode resultar em uma significativa economia na execução de componentes urbanos e habitacionais para construções de interesse social. O presente trabalho apresenta as características granulométricas e físicas, dos agregados reciclados, em comparação com as do agregado natural, usado como referência. Os resultados obtidos na substituição, parcial (50%) e total (100%), do agregado natural graduado como brita 1 e brita 0, utilizados na região de Ribeirão Preto, pelo reciclado graúdo da mesma faixa granulométrica, também são apresentados. A influência do agregado reciclado na perda do abatimento do concreto fresco e nas propriedades mecânicas do concreto endurecido, foram investigadas. Finalmente, realizou-se avaliação de desempenho à flexão em painéis leves de vedação, com a finalidade de se obter uma aplicação prática ao estudo desenvolvido. Concluiu-se, assim, pela viabilidade do emprego do agregado graúdo reciclado em substituição, total ou em parte, do equivalente natural em concretos estruturais de baixa resistência. / This dissertation researches the potential of the use of construction and demolition debris (C&D), crushed in the recycling station of Ribeirão Preto-SP, as coarse aggregate to make concrete of low and medium strenght. The use of coarse fraction, 4,8 mm < Dmax < 19,0 mm, substituting, partial or totally the natural aggregate, as recommended in NBR 7211/82, can result in a significant economy on the production of urban components and for social interest constructions. The present work presents the physical and granulometric characteristics of the recycled aggregate, comparing with the natural one, used as reference. Experimental results are showed and compared. The influence of recycled aggregate on the loss of the slump of fresh concrete and on the mechanical properties of harden concrete were analyzed. Finally, the flexural behavior of a model of panels was evaluated.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-03-09T20:40:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 julianagoncalvestaveira.pdf: 2007833 bytes, checksum: 42c853236922fd3e295e36bad7586914 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-03-13T17:17:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 julianagoncalvestaveira.pdf: 2007833 bytes, checksum: 42c853236922fd3e295e36bad7586914 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-13T17:17:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 julianagoncalvestaveira.pdf: 2007833 bytes, checksum: 42c853236922fd3e295e36bad7586914 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-17 / A literatura aponta que a P&D e as medidas de capital humano seriam um dos principais insumos para a inovação. Além disso, é comprovada a importância desta sobre a produtividade e desenvolvimento. A partir de um modelo estrutural nos moldes do modelo CDM, esta tese analisa o impacto das atividades inovativas sobre a produtividade da firma industrial brasileira ao conectar o insumo da inovação, o produto da inovação e a performance econômica das empresas. Pretendeu-se ainda avaliar paralelamente duas medidas de insumo inovativo, o gasto interno com P&D e trabalhadores classificados como PoTec. Para tal, utilizar-se-á principalmente dados da Pesquisa de Inovação (PINTEC), disponibilizada pelo IBGE, e de trabalhadores da RAIS, disponibilizada pelo MTE, para construção de um painel de dados. Do ponto de vista econométrico, submete-se esta base de dados ao método probit de efeitos aleatórios de Chamberlain, para a estimação da decisão de investir em pesquisa e da função de produção da inovação, estimador proposto pelo Wooldridge (1995) para correção do viés de seleção, dentro da estimação da equação de intensidade de gasto em P&D, e, por último, o método de efeitos fixos, para a estimação da função de produção da firma. Constata-se a importância de se inserir na análise o controle de efeitos não observados e de uma medida alternativa ao gasto em P&D, para se obter estimativas consistentes. Para o caso brasileiro, observa-se que a intensidade do gasto com trabalhadores PoTec afeta positivamente a probabilidade de inovar para o mercado e destaca-se a importância da inovação para o aumento da produtividade da indústria nacional. / The following literature suggests that R&D and human capital measures are the main inputs for innovation. Furthermore, it is well established that innovation is fundamental for productivity and development. This study, from a structural model in line with the CDM model, analyzes the impact of innovative activities on the productivity of Brazilian industrial firms connecting innovation input, innovation output and firms' economic performance. This paper aims to evaluate two parallel measures of innovative input, internal R&D expenditure and workers classified as PoTec. For this purpose, mainly data from the Pesquisa de Inovação (PINTEC) will be used, which were released by the IBGE, and in regards to workers, RAIS data, provided by the MTE, in order to create panel data. From an econometric perspective, one can submit this database to Chamberlain's random effects probit model to estimate the decision to invest in research and innovation production function. For the R&D expenditure equation, one uses an estimator proposed by Wooldridge (1995) for selection bias correction, and finally, uses a fixed effects model for the estimation of the firm's production function. To provide consistent estimates, the importance of controlling unobserved effects and considering an alternative measure to R&D expenditure is noted. For Brazil, it can be observed that the intensity of PoTec workers positively affects the probability of innovation in the market and highlights the importance of innovation for increased productivity of the domestic industry. The results point to the importance of controlling unobserved effects and using alternative measures to R&D expenditure in order to provide consistent estimates. For Brazil, it can be observed that the extent PoTec workers positively affects the probability of leading to innovation in the market and it is important to highlight that innovation increases domestic industry productivity.

Face aux enjeux environnementaux actuels, s’investir dans les énergies renouvelables au nom de la « transition énergétique » est l’alternative la plus adoptée par de nombreux pays. Les énergies renouvelables, en particulier l’énergie photovoltaïque, sont ainsi devenues des secteurs concurrentiels innovants en pleine expansion. Dans ce contexte, il est donc nécessaire de s'assurer que les nouvelles technologies PV, qui sont complexes et issues de plusieurs étapes de fabrication, répondent aux critères d'un produit peu impactant pour l’environnement, dénommé ici éco-conçu. L’état de l’art sur l’éco-conception montre que la prise en compte des contraintes environnementales dans les projets de R&D à échelle TRL « Technology Readiness Level » bas est encore un phénomène émergent, pour les raisons suivantes : d’une part l’évaluation de l’impact environnemental est relativement complexe pour une technologie non mature en cours de développement (TRL bas) ; ses caractéristiques et procédés de fabrication n’étant pas encore tous connus ; d’autre part les outils identifiés présentent plusieurs écueils qui limitent leur intégration dans les organismes PV de R&D.Ce travail de recherche vise donc à développer une méthodologie pour permettre l’intégration pérenne de l’éco-conception dans les organismes de R&D, pour accompagner leurs partenaires industriels dans leur effort d’innovation et de compétitivité.La méthode développée est ainsi basée sur le principe d’estimation des taux d’évolutions techniques, économiques et environnementales d’une nouvelle technologie (TRL bas) par l’intermédiaire d’une base de données de référence. La construction de cette dernière s’appuie sur l’Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV) comme outil de pilotage pour fournir des résultats fiables, malgré le faible niveau TRL.Pour intégrer de façon pérenne cette approche au sein des organismes de R&D, la méthode développée a été implémentée dans un outil informatique « ECO PV » dédié aux systèmes PV en silicium cristallin, qui constituent plus de 90% du marché PV actuel. Basé sur le principe de démocratisation des connaissances environnementales et de la capitalisation des informations, cet outil est accessible non seulement aux experts en ACV mais aussi à l’ensemble des ingénieurs du domaine PV.Ce travail de recherche a enfin permis d’une part de générer des premiers résultats à la fois fiables, simples et quantifiés, et de développer une méthodologie d’éco-conception pour orienter les choix technologiques des projets dans les phases amont de R&D, afin de développer des systèmes PV plus respectueux de l’environnement. / Faced with current environmental challenges, investing in renewable energies in the name of the "energy transition" is the alternative most adopted by many countries. Renewable energies, in particular photovoltaic solar (PV) energy, have thus become innovative and competitive sectors in full expansion. In this context, it is therefore necessary to ensure that new PV technologies, which are complex and the result of several manufacturing stages, meet the criteria of a product with low environmental impact, referred here as eco-designed.The state of the art on eco-design shows that the consideration of environmental constraints in R&D projects with low TRL "Technology Readiness Level" is still an emerging phenomenon, for two main reasons. On the one hand, environmental impact assessment is relatively complex for a non-mature technology under development (TRL low) because its characteristics and manufacturing processes are not yet fully defined. On the other hand, the identified tools in the literature have several limitations that impede their appropriation in R&D organizations.This research work therefore aims to develop a methodology to enable the sustainable integration of eco-design into R&D organizations, supporting their industrial partners in innovation and competitiveness. Thus, the developed method is based on the estimation of the evolution rate of technical, economic and environmental criteria of a new technology (low TRL) through a specific database of reference. The construction of the database relies on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), used as a management tool to provide reliable results, despite the low TRL level.To integrate this approach into R&D organizations in a sustainable way, the method developed was implemented in a software "ECO PV" dedicated to crystalline silicon PV systems, which represent more than 94% of the current PV market today. Based on the principle of democratization of environmental knowledge and capitalization of information, this tool is accessible not only to LCA experts but also to all engineers in the PV field.Finally, this research work enabled to generate reliable, simple and quantified results and to develop an eco-design methodology to guide the technological choices of projects in the upstream phases of R&D, in order to develop PV systems more environmentally friendly.