Mon travail de thèse présente deux types de structures denses : des sources froides compactes détectées par Planck et des condensations denses dans une région de photodissociation (PDR), à savoir la Barre d’Orion. Les deux types de structures sont étroitement liées à la formation des étoiles. Les sources froides sont étudiées comme objets potentiellement gravitationnellement liés, c’est-à-dire comme objets préstellaires. La Barre d’Orion est intéressante en tant que PDR à fort champ UV (G0 ∼104) prototypique, avec plusieurs disques protoplanétaires connus, éclairés par les jeunes étoiles du Trapèze.D’abord, je présente un article publié dans A&A: The Physical state of selected cold clumps. Dans cet article, nous avons comparé les observations du continuum de la poussière par Herschel provenant de l’open time key program Galactic Cold Cores (Herschel) aux observations de raies moléculaires par le radiotélescope de 20-m de l’Onsala Space Observatory en Suède. Les objets ont été sélectionnés en fonction de leur luminosités et faibles températures de couleur des poussières (T∼10−15 K). Nous avons calculé les masses du viriel et de Bonnor-Ebert et les avons comparées aux masses déduites à partir des observations. Les résultats indiquent que la plupart des objets froids observés ne sont pas nécessairement préstellaires.Dans mon étude de la Barre d’Orion, j’utilise des observations de l’instrumentPACS d’Herschel du programme Unveiling the origin and excitation mechanisms of the warm CO, OH and CH+ . Je présente des cartes de 110” ×110” du cation méthylidyne (CH+ J=3-2), des doublets de OH à 84 μm, et des raies de CO á hauts J (J=19-18). C’est la première fois que ces traceurs des PDR ont présentés avec une telle résolution spatiale et un tel rapport signal-sur-bruit.La répartition spatiale de CH+ et OH montre la même structure de la Barre qui a été vue dans d’autres observations. La morphologie du CH+ et H2 confirme que la formation et l’excitation de CH+ est fortement dépendante du H2 excité vibrationnellement. Le maximum d’émission de OH84 μm correspond à un objet brillant jeune, identifié comme le disque protoplanetaire 244-440.Je présente également des transitions rotationnelles de CO de moyenne (∼20 K) et haute (∼1000 K) énergie. La morphologie de l’émission du CO rotationnellement excité est corrélée avec la présence des petites structures denses irradiées. Nous établissons le lien entre le coeur de ces structures, tracé en CS J=2-1 par Lee et al. (2013) et H 13 CN par Lis and Schilke (2003) et le bord de la PDR, tracé en CO J=19-18 et le H 2 vibrationnellement excitée. Nous montrons également que le CO est principalement excité par le chauffage UV. / In this thesis I present a study of two kinds of dense ISM structures: compact cold sources detected by Planck and dense condensations in a photodissociation region (PDR), namely the Orion Bar detected by ground-based and Herschel telescopes. Both kinds of structures are closely related to star formation. The cold sources are investigated as potentially gravitationally bound, prestellar, objects. The Orion Bar is a highly FUV-illuminated (G0=104) prototypical PDR, with several known protoplanetary disks, illuminated by the young Trapezium stars.First I introduce a paper published in A&A: The Physical state of selected cold clumps. In this paper we compared the Herschel dust continuum observations from the open time key program Galactic Cold Cores to ground based molecular line observations from the 20-m radio telescope of the Onsala Space Observatory in Sweden. The clumps were selected based on their brightness and low dust color temperatures (T=10-15 K). We calculated the virial and Bonnor-Ebert masses and compared them to the masses calculated from the observations. The results indicate that most of the observed cold clumps are not necessarily prestellar.Then I move on to the warm and dense condensations of the ISM. In my study of the Orion Bar, I use observations from PACS instrument on board Herschel from the open time program Unveiling the origin and excitation mechanisms of the warm CO, OH and CH+. I present maps of 110”x110” of the methylidyne cation (CH+ J=3-2), OH doublets at 84 µm, and high-J CO (J=19-18). This is the first time that these PDR tracers are presented in such a high spatial resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio. The CH+ and OH have critical densities (1010 cm-3) and upper level energy temperatures (250 K). In addition the endothermicity of the CH+ + H2 reaction (4300 K) that forms CH+ is comparable to the activation barrier of the O + H2 reaction (4800 K) forming OH. Given these similarities it is interesting to compare their emission. The spatial distribution of CH+ and OH shows the same clumpy structure of the Bar that has been seen in other observations. The morphology of CH+ and H2 confirms that CH+ formation and excitation is strongly dependent on the vibrationally excited H2, while OH is not. The peak in the OH 84 µm emission corresponds to a bright young object, identified as the externally illuminated protoplanetary disk 244-440.Finally, I study the high-J CO in the Orion Bar. I also introduce low- and mid-J CO observations of the area. The high-J CO morphology shows a clumpy structure in the Bar and we establish a link between the dense core of the clumps, traced in CS J=2-1 by Lee et al. (2013) and in H13CN by Lis and Schilke (2003). We also show that the high-J CO is mainly excited by the UV heating.

Neste trabalho desenvolveram-se diferentes tipos de barras para extração por sorção em barras de agitação (SBSE). Esta técnica foi desenvolvida para extrair analitos orgânicos de matrizes aquosas por meio da sorção destes em uma barra de agitação. As barras c omerciais consistem em um magneto inserido no interior de um tubo de vidro, o qual é recoberto por uma camada de poli(dimetilsiloxano) (PDMS). A SBSE apresenta várias vantagens em relação às técnicas de extração convencionais, tais como: não utiliza solvente orgânico, não requer instrumentação analítica sofisticada, as barras de extração são reutilizáveis e, principalmente, possui um volume maior de recobrimento quando comparada com a microextração em fase sólida. As barras desenvolvidas para este estudo contêm fases mais seletivas, já que, comercialmente disponível, existe apenas um único tipo de recobrimento - o PDMS. Estas barras \"home-made\" foram preparadas com PDMS modificado com diferentes tipos de fases, as quais são usualmente empregadas no preparo de colunas de cromatografia gasosa. O objetivo desta modificação foi aumentar a polaridade das mesmas e, consequentemente, melhorar a eficiência e a seletividade da extração.para analitos com características mais polares. As barras desenvolvidas foram aplicadas para a análise de anticonvulsivantes e antidepressivos em plasma humano e também para a análise de anti-helmínticos em plasma bovino. Em todas as aplicações realizadas, as barras \"home-made\" demonstraram um aumento de seletividade quando comparadas à barra comercial. Além disso, as barras foram empregadas em estudos visando o acoplamento entre as técnicas SBSE e HPLC, através de uma interface desenvolvida no Laboratório de Cromatografia. O acoplamento apresentou bons resultados para a análise de antidepressivos em plasma humano, sendo observada uma maior dessorção em temperaturas mais altas, devido ao aumento da transferência de massa dos analitos, do recobrimento da barra \"home-made\" para o solvente de dessorção. / The development of different kinds of bars for stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) was described in this work. This technique has been applied for the extraction of organic compounds from aqueous matrices due to their sorption on the stir bar. Stir bars are composed of a magneto inserted into a glass tube and coated with a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer. SBSE presents many advantages over the conventional extraction techniques such as, solventless sample preparation, simple analytical instrumentation, reuse of stir bars and mainly the higher volume of coating when compared to solid phase microextraction. The bars have been developed with more selective phases, once the unique commercially available bar presents the disadvantage of being coated solely with PDMS polymer. The home-made stir bars were prepared using PDMS modified with different materials, often used in gas chromatography columns. The goal of this modification was to increase coating polarity and to improve efficiency and selectivity of the extraction for polar compounds. The developed bars were applied to the analysis of anticonvulsivant and antidepressant in human plasma and anthelmintic in bovine plasma. In all applications, the home-made bars showed better selectivity when compared to commercial bars. An interface for coupling SBSE to HPLC developed at Laboratory of Chromatography was also evaluated for antidepressant analysis in human plasma. This coupling presented satisfactory results, being desorption more efficient when high temperatures was used. Temperature increases affinity between analytes and desorption solvent.

Este trabalho foi realizado no período de 06 de abril de 2004 a 21 de julho de 2004, com o objetivo de descrever a estrutura e funcionamento do sistema informatizado para controle da dispensação de medicamentos na Divisão de Assistência Farmacêutica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, bem como avaliar os resultados obtidos com a sua implantação em relação aos serviços de enfermagem e farmacêutico. Foi aplicado um formulário padronizado a 58 enfermeiros, 10 farmacêuticos e 15 auxiliares de farmacêutico que participaram da fase de estruturação, para avaliar a sua opinião quanto aos aspectos relativos à requisição de medicamentos, à forma de apresentação dos medicamentos dispensados pela farmácia hospitalar e à operacionalização do sistema. Como resultados observou-se que para estes profissionais, as principais vantagens obtidas foram: a eliminação da transcrição manual para requisição do medicamento prescrito, a rapidez, a melhor identificação das doses prescritas pelo médico, a embalagem dos medicamentos contendo toda a identificação necessária e a conferência do medicamento requisitado e dispensado através da leitura óptica do código de barras. Os resultados deste estudo permitiram-nos concluir que a grande maioria dos entrevistados considerou o sistema informatizado de dispensação de medicamentos de boa qualidade. A análise dos dados aqui descritos, embora possa não englobar algumas dimensões importantes na busca de uma terapia medicamentosa mais racional, forneceu subsídios que podem contribuir para a expansão e o aperfeiçoamento do sistema, visando dar suporte à realização de estudos de utilização de medicamentos e proporcionar novas perspectivas de trabalho e produtividade. / The present study was conducted from April 6 to July 21, 2004 with the objective of describing the structure and functioning of the informatized system for the control of the delivery of medications at the Division of Pharmaceutical Assistance of the University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, and to assess the results obtained with its implantation regarding the nursing and pharmaceutical services. A standardized form was distributed to 58 nurses, 10 pharmacists and 15 pharmacist assistants who participated in the structuring phase in order to obtain their opinion regarding the requisition of medications, the form of presentation of the medications distributed by the hospital pharmacy, and the operationalization of the system. As a result, we observed that according to these professionals, the major advantages of the system are: the elimination of manual transcription for the requisition of the prescribed medication, the rapidity, the better identification of the doses prescribed by the doctors, the packaging of the medications containing all the necessary identification, and the verification of the requisitioned and distributed medication by optic reading of the bar code. The data collected in this study permitted us to conclude that most of the persons interviewed consider the system of distribution of medications to be of good quality. Analysis of the data reported here, although it may not involve some important dimensions for the search of a more rational medicamentous treatment, provides information that might contribute to the expansion and refining of the system, also providing support for the execution of studies on the use of medications and opening new perspectives of work and productivity.

Resumo: O objetivo buscado com o desenvolvimento do trabalho foi obter informações quanto às melhores alternativas para o sistema de semeadura direta em regiões com características semelhantes às de Jaboticabal/SP, na cultura do milho, em diferentes manejos de culturas de cobertura do solo. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental do Laboratório de Máquinas e Mecanização Agrícola (LAMMA) da UNESP/Jaboticabal. Avaliou-se o desempenho do conjunto trator-semeadora-adubadora, o desenvolvimento de um híbrido simples de milho (DKB 390), e as perdas na colheita mecanizada em função de 2 culturas de cobertura crotalária (Crotalária juncea L.) e mucuna preta (Mucuna aterrina L.), manejadas de 3 formas, sendo duas mecânicas (triturador de palhas e rolo-faca) e uma química (herbicida via pulverizador) com a cultura do milho semeada a 5 cm de profundidade e deposição de adubo em 3 profundidades (11, 14 e 17 cm) totalizando 18 tratamentos com 4 repetições com delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial. Os resultados evidenciaram que a força de tração na barra foi menor nas profundidades 11 e 14 cm do sulcador de adubo, e o mesmo ocorreu para a força de tração na barra por fileira de semeadura, força de pico na barra de tração, potência na barra de tração, potência na barra por fileira de semeadura, consumos volumétrico e ponderal. O consumo específico foi maior na profundidade de 11 cm do sulcador de adubo. A distribuição longitudinal de plantas não foi influenciada pelos fatores. Os fatores cultura, manejo e profundidade não influenciaram as variáveis, fluxo de grãos, fluxo de material não grão, fluxo total e perdas totais. As perdas totais não foram influenciadas por nenhum dos fatores estudados. / Abstract: The objective sought with the development of the work was to obtain information on the best alternatives to the no-tillage system sowing in regions with similar characteristics to those of Jaboticabal / SP, in the corn crop in different management cultures of soil cover. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the Laboratory of Machinery and Agricultural Mechanization (LAMMA) of São Paulo University State. It was evaluated the performance of all tractor-seeder-fertilizer, the development of a simple hybrid maize (DKB 390), and losses in mechanized harvesting crops in function of 2 coverage cultures (Crotalária juncea L.) and black mucuna ( Mucuna aterrina L.), managed in 3 ways, two mechanical (crusher of straw and roll-knife) and a chemical (herbicide spray route) with the corn crop sown to 5 cm deep and deposition of fertilizer in 3 depths ( 11, 14 and 17 cm) totaling 18 treatments with 4 repetitions with design in randomized blocks in factorial plots. The results showed that the force of traction in the bar was lower at depths of 11 to 14 cm stem of fertilizer, and the same occurred for the traction force on the bar by row of sowing, the power peak in the bar of traction, potency on the traction bar, potency on the traction bar by the row of sowing, consumption volumetric and weight. The specific consumption was higher in the depth of 11 cm from steam of fertilizer. The longitudinal distribution of plants was not influenced by factors. The factors culture, management and depth did not influence the variables of grain flow, flow of material non-grain, total flow and total losses. The total losses were not affected by any of the factors studied. / Orientador: Carlos Eduardo Angeli Furlani / Coorientador: Rouverson Pereira da Silva / Banca: Alberto Carvalho Filho / Banca: Wilson José Oliveira de Souza / Banca: Afonso Lopes / Banca: Leandro Borges Lemos / Doutor

As defensas rodoviárias têm a finalidade de redirecionar com segurança um veículo fora de controle de uma colisão frontal ou trajetória mais perigosa. Secundariamente, a absorção de energia através da deformação do sistema de contenção ou outro método de dissipação da energia de impacto é ressaltado como um benefício em prol da segurança dos ocupantes. Considerando as premissas anteriores e os índices de severidade ao ocupante ASI, THIV e PHD, os desempenhos de uma defensa metálica e outras defensas de concreto são então classificados. Além disso, investiga-se o mecanismo de falha das conexões parafusadas e a sua influência no resultado do impacto de um automóvel leve contra uma defensa metálica. Importância é dada à modelagem do comportamento do material da defensa metálica sob baixas e altas taxas de deformação. Dessa forma, a necessidade de avaliar as propriedades dinâmicas do material motivou o projeto e construção de uma Barra de Hopkinson para testes de tração e compressão até 5000s-1. Adicionalmente, um modelo analítico simplificado da defensa metálica sob ação de uma força estática foi equacionado para validar um modelo em elementos finitos. Um estudo paramétrico da falha da conexão parafusada foi levantado através de diversas simulações estáticas e também do impacto de um veículo leve em uma defensa metálica de acordo com a norma EN 1317. Os resultados das simulações de impacto utilizando um modelo de veículo leve e diferentes sistemas de contenção foram comparados em função dos índices de severidade ao ocupante, indicando que a defensa metálica é mais segura do que uma defensa de concreto com perfil New Jersey ou vertical. / The main function of a road guardrail is to redirect an out of control vehicle avoiding a frontal collision or a dangerous veering off the road trajectory. Secondarily, the energy absorption measured by barrier deformation or any other energy dissipation method is beneficial to the car occupant safety. Considering the previous tasks and some severity occupant index like ASI, THIV and PHD, the performance of a guardrail and other concrete barriers are classified. Besides, it is investigated the fail mechanism of bolted connections and its influence on the guardrail impact result of an automobile. Special attention was taken into the material behavior modeling under low and high strain rates. Thereby, the need of accessing dynamic material properties motivated the design and manufacture of a Hopkinson Bar set-up for tension and compression tests up to 5000s-1. In addition, a simplified analytical model of a guardrail subjected to a static force was settled in order to validate a guardrail finite element model. A parametric study of the bolted connection failure was performed through several impact simulations of a light car model and a guardrail according to EN 1317 standard. The impact simulation results using a light vehicle car model and different barriers types were compared through the occupant severity index showing that the guardrail is a safer system than concrete barrier with New Jersey or vertical profile.

Submitted by Geyciane Santos (geyciane_thamires@hotmail.com) on 2015-05-29T12:57:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - José Carlos Santos de Souza.pdf: 5981852 bytes, checksum: b6ec6867cf2b3c72d1f339ef9459a534 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-05-29T18:04:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - José Carlos Santos de Souza.pdf: 5981852 bytes, checksum: b6ec6867cf2b3c72d1f339ef9459a534 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-05-29T18:07:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - José Carlos Santos de Souza.pdf: 5981852 bytes, checksum: b6ec6867cf2b3c72d1f339ef9459a534 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-29T18:07:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - José Carlos Santos de Souza.pdf: 5981852 bytes, checksum: b6ec6867cf2b3c72d1f339ef9459a534 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-02 / Outras / This paper contextualizes the environmental reality of the creeks of Manaus along its historic building, in particular taking into consideration the changes in the drainage system of the watershed Finch located in the north of Manaus, the main area of growth in recent decades. In this sense, this work aimed to analyze the process of formation of sedimentary tecnógena river bars in that unit as well as to characterize the physical properties based on the gravimetric composition of solid waste and soil analysis through testing and determination of granulometric class’s texture. In this sense réalisés tests with soil samples showed the presence of natural sediments: sand, silt and clay and solid waste. The proportion between the two elements corresponds to 96% of natural sediments and 4% of the anthropogenic waste. Regarding the classes of waste was observed by means of gravimetric composition that tecnógena sedimentary bars are constructed of materials: plastic, metal, cloth, rubber, and other organic matter. The ratio of these residues represented in terms of the amount corresponding to 9,016kg value, and the plastic item to be greater, representing 54% of the residues analyzed. Other items that also stood out during weighing were the metal packaging which registered net weight of 1.27 kg, 1.16 kg and fabric rubber with 0,845kg. These results are key to highlight the impacts produced by sedimentary bars in the watershed of the Finch, mainly in relation to the volume of sediment, as these represent direct impact on the flow capacity of rainwater and contributes to the increased risk of flooding and proliferation diseases. / Este trabalho contextualiza a realidade ambiental dos igarapés de Manaus ao longo de sua construção histórica, em particular leva em consideração as modificações ocorridas no sistema de drenagem da microbacia do Passarinho localizado na zona norte de Manaus principal área de expansão nas últimas décadas. Neste sentido a realização deste trabalho teve por finalidade analisar o processo de formação de barras sedimentares tecnógena na referida unidade fluvial bem como caracterizar as propriedades físicas com base na composição gravimétrica dos resíduos sólidos, análise do solo por meio de testes granulométricos e determinação das classes de textura. Assim, os ensaios realizados com as amostras de solo evidenciaram a presença de sedimentos: areia, silte e argila e dos resíduos sólidos. A proporção entre os dois elementos correspondeu a 96% de sedimentos e 4% de resíduos de origem antropogênica. Com relação às classes dos resíduos foi constatado por meio da composição gravimétrica que as barras sedimentares tecnógenas são constituídas essencialmente por materiais: plásticos, metal, tecido, borracha, matéria orgânica entre outros. Assim, o valor total dos resíduos sólidos urbanos identificados nas amostras representou em termos de quantidade o valor correspondente a 9,016kg, sendo o plástico o item de maior proporção, representando 54% dos resíduos avaliados. Outros itens que também se destacaram durante a pesagem foram às embalagens de metal que registraram peso líquido de 1,27 kg, tecido 1,16 kg e borracha com 0,845kg. Estes resultados constituem elementos fundamentais para evidenciar os impactos produzidos pelas barras sedimentares formadas na microbacia do Passarinho, principalmente no que se refere ao volume de sedimentos depositados no canal, pois estes representam impacto direto ao sistema de drenagem tanto no que se refere às alterações na paisagem, quanto no comprometimento da capacidade de vazão das águas pluviais que contribuem para o aumento no risco de inundação, proliferação de doenças e danos materiais causados a população residente no local.

Este trabalho foi realizado no período de 06 de abril de 2004 a 21 de julho de 2004, com o objetivo de descrever a estrutura e funcionamento do sistema informatizado para controle da dispensação de medicamentos na Divisão de Assistência Farmacêutica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, bem como avaliar os resultados obtidos com a sua implantação em relação aos serviços de enfermagem e farmacêutico. Foi aplicado um formulário padronizado a 58 enfermeiros, 10 farmacêuticos e 15 auxiliares de farmacêutico que participaram da fase de estruturação, para avaliar a sua opinião quanto aos aspectos relativos à requisição de medicamentos, à forma de apresentação dos medicamentos dispensados pela farmácia hospitalar e à operacionalização do sistema. Como resultados observou-se que para estes profissionais, as principais vantagens obtidas foram: a eliminação da transcrição manual para requisição do medicamento prescrito, a rapidez, a melhor identificação das doses prescritas pelo médico, a embalagem dos medicamentos contendo toda a identificação necessária e a conferência do medicamento requisitado e dispensado através da leitura óptica do código de barras. Os resultados deste estudo permitiram-nos concluir que a grande maioria dos entrevistados considerou o sistema informatizado de dispensação de medicamentos de boa qualidade. A análise dos dados aqui descritos, embora possa não englobar algumas dimensões importantes na busca de uma terapia medicamentosa mais racional, forneceu subsídios que podem contribuir para a expansão e o aperfeiçoamento do sistema, visando dar suporte à realização de estudos de utilização de medicamentos e proporcionar novas perspectivas de trabalho e produtividade. / The present study was conducted from April 6 to July 21, 2004 with the objective of describing the structure and functioning of the informatized system for the control of the delivery of medications at the Division of Pharmaceutical Assistance of the University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, and to assess the results obtained with its implantation regarding the nursing and pharmaceutical services. A standardized form was distributed to 58 nurses, 10 pharmacists and 15 pharmacist assistants who participated in the structuring phase in order to obtain their opinion regarding the requisition of medications, the form of presentation of the medications distributed by the hospital pharmacy, and the operationalization of the system. As a result, we observed that according to these professionals, the major advantages of the system are: the elimination of manual transcription for the requisition of the prescribed medication, the rapidity, the better identification of the doses prescribed by the doctors, the packaging of the medications containing all the necessary identification, and the verification of the requisitioned and distributed medication by optic reading of the bar code. The data collected in this study permitted us to conclude that most of the persons interviewed consider the system of distribution of medications to be of good quality. Analysis of the data reported here, although it may not involve some important dimensions for the search of a more rational medicamentous treatment, provides information that might contribute to the expansion and refining of the system, also providing support for the execution of studies on the use of medications and opening new perspectives of work and productivity.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:18:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Carlos Otavio Jordao Moreira da Rocha.pdf: 1867760 bytes, checksum: 3392639adc640e871d82c97af23d8da8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-29 / With the objective of testing the resistance and the biomechanical behavior of external fixators of low cost used in veterinary medicine, were created 6 prototypes la type manufactured from alternative materials, using as orthopedic implants, stainless steel screws 304 porous, and as stabilized bar the methacrylate resin or wood poles (Pinnus ellioti). The models of the fixators tested differ because they have 2, 3 or 4 implants per fractured segment. With the purpose of doing biomechanical evaluations that are closer to the real clinical situation, were selected 2 tubes of polyvinylchloride, commercially known as PVC, with 10 cm length, internal diameter of 1,27 cm and external diameter of 1,95, far 5 cm from each other, representing, this way, the bone bands and the focus of an unstable fracture. This kind of tube is like a long bone because it has an internal space that represents the medullar area and external walls that represent the two osseous cortical. To each external fixator model, were created 5 prototypes, which were submitted to mechanic tests to evaluate the axial compression strength. The device to evaluate the prototypes was the Instron model 4204, with a charge cell of 5 KN (Kilogram-Newton) and the speed of the axial compression was 2 cm/minute, according the rules ASTM D695-92. The values of rigidity, drainage point and maximum security charge were calculated, according to the methodology used by Willer et al., (1991) and by Falc?o (2004). The mechanical evaluation was done in the Instituto de Macromol?culas Elo?sa Mano in the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. We concluded that the models with the stabilized bar made of resin required a larger load than the models made of wood to suffer a plastic deformation. The model with 3 screws per segment of PVC tube and a resin stabilized bar showed to tolerate a higher weight than the others, before showing a plastic deformation, this way it s indicated to dogs that weight up to 26,5Kg with fractures in the thoracic limbs and for dogs that weight up to 44Kg that have fractures in the pelvic limbs. / Com objetivo de testar a resist?ncia e o comportamento biomec?nico de fixadores externos de baixo custo utilizados em medicina veterin?ria, foram criados 6 modelos de prot?tipos do tipo Ia confeccionados a partir de materiais alternativos, utilizando-se como implantes ortop?dicos parafusos de a?o inoxid?vel 304 porosos e totalmente rosqueados, e como barra estabilizadora a resina de metacrilato ou hastes de madeira (Pinnus ellioti). Os modelos dos fixadores testados ainda se diferenciam por apresentarem 2, 3 ou 4 implantes por segmento fraturado. Com a finalidade de realizar avalia??es biomec?nicas o mais pr?ximo poss?vel da situa??o cl?nica, optou-se pela escolha de 2 tubos de policloreto de vinila, comercialmente conhecido como PVC, apresentando 10 cm de comprimento, 1,27 cm de di?metro interno e 1,95 cm de di?metro externo, afastados 5 cm entre si, representando assim os fragmentos ?sseos e o foco de uma fratura inst?vel. Este tipo de tubo se assemelha a um osso longo por apresentar um espa?o interno que representa a ?rea medular enquanto que as paredes externas representam as duas corticais ?sseas. Para cada modelo de fixador externo foram criados 5 prot?tipos, submetidos a testes mec?nicos para avalia??o da for?a de compress?o axial. O aparelho para avalia??o dos prot?tipos foi o Instron modelo 4204, com c?lula de carga de 5 KN (Quilograma-Newton) e a velocidade da compress?o axial foi de 2 cm/minuto, seguindo as normas ASTM D695-91. Calculamos as cargas de rigidez, ponto de escoamento e carga de seguran?a m?xima. A avalia??o mec?nica foi realizada no Instituto de Macromol?culas Elo?sa Mano na Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Conclu?mos que os modelos com barra estabilizadora em resina necessitou de uma carga maior do que os modelos de madeira para sofrer deforma??o pl?stica. O modelo com 3 parafusos por segmento de tubo de PVC e barra estabilizadora de resina mostrou suportar maior peso que os demais, antes de apresentar uma deforma??o pl?stica, sendo indicado para c?es com peso corporal de at? 26,5 Kg portadores de fraturas nos membros tor?cicos e para c?es com peso de at? 44 Kg que apresentem fraturas nos membros p?lvicos.

Compliant mechanisms offer several design advantages which may be exploited in prosthetic joint research and development: they are light-weight, have low cost, are easy to manufacture, have high-reliability, and have the ability to be designed for displacement loads. Designing a mechanism to perform optimally under displacement rather than force loading allows underlying characteristics of the swing phase of gait, such as the maximum heel rise and terminal swing to be developed into a prosthetic knee joint. The objective of this thesis was to develop a mechanical add-on compliant link to an existing prosthetic knee which would perform to optimal standards of prosthetic gait, specifically during the swing phase, and to introduce a feasible method for increasing proprioceptive feedback to the amputee via transferred moments and varying surface tractions on the inner part of a prosthetic socket. A finite elements model was created with ANSYS to design the prosthetic knee compliant add-on and used to select the geometry to meet prosthetic-swing criteria. Data collected from the knee FEA model was used to apply correct loading at the knee in a SolidWorks model of an above-knee prosthesis and residual limb. Another finite element model was creating using COSMOSWorks to determine the induced stresses within a prosthetic socket brought on by the compliant link, and then used to determine stress patterns over 60 degrees of knee flexion (standard swing). The compliant knee add-on performed to the optimal resistance during swing allowing for a moment maxima of 20.2 Newton-meters (N-m) at a knee flexion of 62 degrees. The moments applied to the prosthetic socket via the compliant link during knee flexion and extension ranged from 5.2 N-m (0 degrees) in flexion, to 20.2 N-m (62 degrees) in extension and induced a varying surface tractions on the inner surface of the socket over the duration, thus posing a possible method of providing proprioceptive feedback via surface tractions. Developing a method for determining the level of proprioceptive feedback would allow for less expensive and more efficient methods of bringing greater control of a prosthesis to its user.

Streptococcus sanguinis, an abundant and benign inhabitant of the oral cavity, is an important etiologic agent of infective endocarditis, particularly in people with pre-disposing cardiac valvular damage. Although commonly isolated from patients with IE, little is known about the factors that make any particular S. sanguinis isolate more virulent than another or, indeed, whether significant differences in virulence exist among isolates. To investigate the virulence of multiple isolates, a variation of the Bar-seq (barcode sequencing) method was employed. A conserved chromosomal site was identified for subsequent insertion of a barcode identifier, unique for each strain. Barcode insertion did not affect growth in vitro or in a rabbit model of endocarditis. Pooling of these strains and inoculation into rabbits demonstrated that all strains were capable of causing disease; however, virulence varied widely among strains. Genomic comparisons of the more virulent strains versus less virulent strains failed to conclusively identify any single gene responsible for virulence. Given this result, we continued our examination of the manganese transport system SsaACB, which is present in every strain of S. sanguinis examined. Although its contribution to virulence has not been confirmed in any strain other than SK36, it has been shown to be required for virulence in multiple species of streptococci, making it a candidate for emerging targeted therapies. In S. sanguinis strain SK36, previous studies have confirmed that loss of the manganese transport protein SsaB is tantamount to loss of virulence. Moreover, ssaB-deficient mutants are deficient for serum growth—a phenotype we have previously found to be associated with virulence. Our in vitro studies of manganese transporter-deficient strain SK36 supported this, but also revealed the emergence of suppressor mutants. In each suppressor mutant that was isolated, mutations were identified that mapped to a common gene, SSA_0696. Deletion of SSA_0696 resulted in restored in vitro growth in the ssaACB-deficient background, unearthing a novel mechanism for bacterial growth under manganese limitation. Fortunately, the suppressor mutant phenotype was not maintained in vivo; however, the combined results of these experiments suggest the efficacy of future therapeutics may require consideration of virulence at the species level and the incorporation of multiple targets.