I argue that competing visions of development guided the interventions of the United States and France in the West African country of Ivory Coast during the late colonial and early independence periods from 1946 through the 1960s. Indeed, the postwar arrival of American modernity provided an opportunity for nationalist leaders to triangulate the relationship between metropolitan France and colonial Ivory Coast. The ensuing politics of triangulation forced French colonial officials, diplomats, and development experts to “dub” modernization in order to bolster (neo)colonial ties between France and the Ivory Coast. By dubbing I mean the effort to translate and adapt for French purposes development concepts and techniques first elaborated in the United States. I explore these issues in case histories of the port of Abidjan, Kossou dam, and San Pedro development projects. I highlight the discursive as well as institutional frameworks that shaped the development of Ivory Coast. In the early twentieth century, French colonialism’s mission civilisatrice and mise en valeur posited that the colonizers were rational and productive, while the colonized were backward and incompetent to exploit their natural resources. After the Second World War, the ascendant American modernization paradigm added a new level of valuation to colonialism’s moral economy. It proposed a dynamic and progressive teleology in which the colonized could become modernized and actually “work by themselves” to reproduce hegemonic U.S. technological, economic, and political norms. Modernization was a civilizing project as well, but in contrast French (neo)colonialism now appeared static and paternalistic. French attempts to recuperate their position in the Ivory Coast deployed the epistemic memories of decades of work in the colony but ironically involved promoting forms of regional planning pioneered by the Tennessee Valley Authority. To reach these insights, I have used an interdisciplinary historical methodology that is multiarchival and multisited. My dissertation is based on research in numerous French and American archives as well as oral histories with French and American actors who participated in the (post)colonial development drive in the Ivory Coast.

The theses Maxmilian Pirner - The conception of allegory and symbol in the work of one artist on the end of 19th century discusses the work of Maxmilian Pirner and his attitudes to allegory and symbol. Becouse at the end of 19th century was the allegorical system in crisis, Pirner reflected it by its' modernization. The modernisation of system in his own conception consisted in gradual rejection of traditional allegory and admission of symbol. The these is trying to answer the question how this process came through and why it was unique. The main focus of the theses is to describe Pirners'role in the process of development in art since neoromantism to symbolism at the turn of 19th and 20th century.

In the theoretical part of this thesis are discussed concepts of collective memory created by Maurice Halbwachs, Pierre Nora and Jan Assmann, the author considers them inspiring for the research about forming of collective identity. Case study is given to the South Bohemian town of Pisek and the changing of its identity in the second half of the 19th century. It gives an overview of available sources and detailed biographies of people, who were most important for the forming of local identity. By using the analysis of dictionary entries are recognized basic attributes of local identity and their various forms, focusing particularly on process of modernization. KEYWORDS City of Písek, local identity, collective memory, process of modernization.

(in English): The theoretical part of the dissertation analyzes the process of modernization in the long- lasting nineteenth century and related terms. In particular nationalism, nation, identity, and memory. The case part follows up the towns Děčín and Podmokly and the beginnings and changes in identity of the local inhabitants in the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. It lists the available sources and bibliography that are related to local identity. It describes the social life and the divelopment of both towns. The dissertation finds through the analysis of the dictionary entry the basic components of the local identity. The selected components are being analyzed by means of toponymy books, guide books, and primary sources. The work also follows the ways of influencing the local identity by the national proportionality and the national rivalry between the Czechs and the Germans.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / Identifying, countering, andpreventing operational obsolescence is a challenging but vital task for personnel involved in the design, acquisition and support of military equipment. In this thesis, I define the concept of operational obsolescence and show quantitative relationships between modernization funding timelines and operational obsolescence. Only if we truly understand obsolescence can we best combat its onset and effects. I use example data from both legacy and current Army Aviation Systems to draw conclusions about the impacts of particular modernization timelines on the various forms of obsolescence that cause operational obsolescence. I then make recommendations concerning the optimal modernization strategies for current and future aviation systems in order to facilitate the Army's ability to field and sustain the most tactically and logistically superior weapon systems possible. Using first principles, I construct Life Models based on hazard functions for each of the different forms of obsolescence. I then combine these models into an overall model, and discuss the design of a data system to estimate model parameters. / http://hdl.handle.net/10945/998 / Lieutenant Colonel, United States Army

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a key option for economic growth in most, if not all, developing countries. However, not all developing countries are equally open to foreign investment. Some restrict foreign equity, while others encourage multinational corporations to enter their markets. Because FDI involves outsiders entering national markets and profits, it is very political. FDI can bring economic benefits, such as jobs and new technology, but it may also entail economic costs, such as increased competition for national businesses. FDI may also bring political costs, as governments that open to foreign equity may see a popular backlash. Most governments have policies to control FDI's entry into their markets. These policies have been inadequately explored in quantitative studies of FDI because of a lack of available data. This study seeks to rectify that problem by introducing a new set of data: The Foreign Equity Index. I develop a theory and model of FDI in developing countries framed by the logic of two-level games. FDI requires agreement between developing states and international firms, and therefore agreements are reached with influence from domestic-level political and economic factors, as well as international-level factors. FDI policies are an indication of developing countries win-sets, or range of agreements they are willing to accept when dealing with foreign multinational corporations. I test this theory quantitatively using the Foreign Equity Index, which covers 55 developing countries from 1976-2004. I first estimate the international and domestic factors that influence the degree of openness to FDI indicated by FDI equity policies in developing countries. I then test the effect these policies have on FDI inflows. I find that both domestic and international factors affect developing countries’ FDI policies, and in turn, policies are a significant factor determining the flow of FDI into national markets. I also explore the ways in which FDI policies have played a role in economic development strategies of El Salvador and Nicaragua. This research and the Foreign Equity Index should aid in a better understanding of foreign direct investment and growth in developing countries in general.

Albert Baldwin Wood and his screw pumps modernized New Orleans by bringing flood-free streets and cleaner water to the city while providing the potential for growth by pumping swamp lands dry. While Wood was never part of the local Progressive movement, his work with the pumps fit with Progressive initiatives for modernization. At first, the screw pumps removed rain water from the streets. Then New Orleans expanded the drainage to include sewerage removal and water purification. The pumps successfully drained thousands of acres of land once considered uninhabitable swamp land. This additional land extended New Orleans city limits but also aided in the acceleration of residential segregation. Cities from around the world used the designs for the screw pump and consulted Wood for advice on drainage systems.

The purpose of this paper was to study the relationship between democracy and economic development in Mongolia, Turkey and Vietnam during 1980-2017. The study’s questions are (1) How has the relationship between state and economic development been described and explained in selected research literature? (2) How has the relationship between state and economic development manifested in Mongolia, Turkey and Vietnam in 1980-2017? And (3) What can we learn of this study for future research? Based on data derived from political science institutions such as Variety of Democracy and Transformation Index BTI and statistical and economic organizations such as The World Bank and The Global Economy, case study method was applied to examine the relationship between these two concepts country by country. In line with other similar studies the result indicates that the relationship between democracy and economic development is complex and should be understood in relation to each country’s historical, institutional and geopolitical setting. In Mongolia, democratic transition was accompanied by economic progress. Turkey recently experienced some success in economic development despite enduring political instability and the weakening of democratic institutions and in civil society. In Vietnam, economic progress has not so far been accompanied by a parallel improvement of democratic institutions and practice. For future research, it is crucial to study the history of a developing country about political and economic institutions, civil society and its relations with other countries.

Nosso trabalho baseia-se na análise da obra de quatro escritoras cuja obra se constituiu na São Paulo do século XX: Patrícia Galvão (anos 30), Maria José Dupré (anos 40), Carolina Maria de Jesus (anos 50 e 60) e Zulmira Ribeiro Tavares (anos 80 e 90). O objetivo do ensaio é demonstrar como o conteúdo histórico da modernidade brasileira se articula na forma dos romances, poemas e diários de cada uma das escritoras, compondo um painel fragmentário da cidade e discutindo suas obras em relação à produção canônica de sua época, questionando inclusive a posição do escritor dito secundário e sua importância crítica não apenas para a historiografia literária como para uma compreensão mais aprofundada de nosso processo histórico de modernização, ainda em curso. Através de escritoras e gêneros diferentes, cujos temas mais ao rés do chão deslindam uma imagem crua da cidade, procuramos enfatizar a necessidade de um método crítico atento à variedade do sistema literário, além da importância da comparação entre obras grandes e obras menores, no poder que ambas possuem de iluminarem-se entre si e conseqüentemente a sociedade que as cerca, em contraposição à usual prática de estudos centrados em grandes figuras de nosso modernismo, abordadas geralmente em seus aspectos mais metafísicos, distanciados do terreno histórico e social de onde brota o fenômeno literário. / Our work is based on the analysis of four writers whose work has been composed in the city of São Paulos 20th century: Patrícia Galvão (1930s), Maria José Dupré (1940s), Carolina Maria de Jesus (1950s and 60s) and Zulmira Ribeiro Tavares (1980s and 90s). The aim of our essay is to show how the historic content of Brazilian modernity appears in the aesthetic form of the novels, poems and journals of each writer, composing a fragmentary panel of the city and discussing their works in relation to the canonic production of their time, questioning the position of the so called secondary writer and his critical importance not only for literary historiography but as to a more deep comprehension of the historical process of modernization, still in course. Through different writers and genres, whose more down-toearth themes show a raw image of the city, we try to emphasize the necessity of a critical method aware of the variety of the literary system and the importance of comparing great and minor literary works, in the power that both have of throwing light to each other and consequently to the society that surrounds them, in opposition to the usual studies of great figures of our modernism, approached generally in their more metaphysical aspects, distanced from the historical and social ground from where grows the literary phenomenon.

Partindo do problema da conjugação das ideias jurídicas para as artes de governabilidade na Guerra Fria, em particular sua organização no Brasil, o Arquivo constituído por esta pesquisa permitiu elencar questões sobre uma ensejada modernização do ordenamento jurídico no país. Tal Arquivo é, assim, composto pelas principais publicações periódicas do Direito, no país, tais como as Revistas Forense e dos Tribunais, pelos debates do Congresso Brasileiro para Definição das Reformas de Base, por uma documentação do Instituto de Pesquisa e Estudos Sociais e por uma documentação norte-americana, do National Archives e do Rockefeller Archive Center, relativa à modernização da Administração Pública, à reforma do Ensino do Direito, à Comissão Internacional de Juristas e a programas voltados para a Justiça Social e Direitos Humanos. Relançando, nos quadros da luta antitotalitária transnacional, o desafio posto pela \"questão social\", no pós-guerra, o debate jurídico, no Brasil, voltou-se para as tentativas de dar forma legal-legítima à expansão da Administração Pública, de modo a manter o indivíduo como fundamento da civilização cristã e liberal. Outrossim, as ideias jurídicas lidavam, para o referido direcionamento, com um novo ritual do tempo sob a modernidade industrial e urbana, a \"aceleração do passo da história\", que, especificamente para o Direito, vinha produzindo um descompasso entre a lei e a realidade social. A partir disso, o debate jurídico voltou-se para o que nomeou de crise: do direito positivo, da tradição Civil do ordenamento nacional, do Estado de Direito, do Parlamento, do Supremo Tribunal Federal, do Ensino do Direito e, mais amplamente, das formas políticas do Ocidente. No Brasil, o que se sentia como a irresolução dessas questões, ao passo do que teria sido uma aproximação dos herdeiros de Vargas ao totalitarismo, levou ao acolhimento, a partir de um pensamento conservador norte-americano, capitaneado, especialmente, por Samuel Huntington, das premissas do que seria uma necessária transição. Isto é, dos instrumentos de compressão e descompressão políticas. Ao lado de tais instrumentos, a reorganização mais ampla da ordem jurídica do país possibilitou a ação intervencionista do Poder Executivo em nome de uma modernização. A passagem dos anos 1960 para os anos 1970 marca, todavia, uma desarticulação das artes de governo e um novo aggiornamento das políticas de Guerra Fria, especialmente a partir dos Estados Unidos: de fundo, os direitos humanos vão sendo trazidos como amálgama de uma ensejada recuperação ética e moral da Política e que teriam nos EUA seu modelo mais bem-acabado. Para países em processo de transição negociada, como o Brasil, a recuperação dessa virtude veio a informar um reajustamento das disputas palacianas, favorecendo um centro moderado que, longe de rupturas, liderasse o debate da \"redemocratização\". / Starting from the problem of the conjugation of legal ideas for the arts of governability in the Cold War, in particular its organization in Brazil, the Archive constituted by this research allowed to list questions about a modernization of the juridical order in the country. This Archive is, therefore, composed of the main periodical publications of the Law, in the country, such as the Revista Forense e a Revista dos Tribunais, by the debates of the Brazilian Congress to Define the Basic Reforms, by a documentation of the Institute of Research and Social Studies and by the National Archives and the Rockefeller Archive Center, on the modernization of public administration, reform of law education, the International Commission of Jurists and programs for \"Social Justice and Human Rights\". In the framework of the anti-totalitarian struggle, the challenge posed by the \"social question\" in the post-war period, the legal debate in Brazil attempted to give a legal and legitimate form to the expansion of Public Administration, maintaining the individual as the foundation of Christian and liberal civilization. Moreover, legal ideas dealt with a new ritual of time under industrial and urban modernity, the \"acceleration of the passage of history,\" which, specifically for law, had produced a mismatch between law and social reality. From this, the legal debate turned to what it called a \"crisis\": of the positive law, the Civil tradition of national law, the Rule of Law, the Parliament, the Federal Supreme Court, the Law Education and more broadly, of the political forms of the West. In Brazil, what was felt as the irresolution of these questions, which would have been an approximation of the \"heirs of Vargas\" to totalitarianism, led to the reception, from a conservative American thought, led, especially, by Samuel Huntington, of the premises of what would be a necessary transition. That is, of the instruments of political compression and decompression. Alongside these instruments, the broader reorganization of the country\'s legal order has enabled interventionist action by the Executive branch in the name of a modernization. The passage from the 1960s to the 1970s marks, however, a disarticulation of the arts of government and an update of Cold War policies, especially from the United States: gradually, human rights are being brought as an amalgam of a desired ethical and moral recovery of Politics and that would have in the US their best-finished model. For countries in the process of negotiated transition, like Brazil, this recovery of what would be a political virtue came to inform a readjustment of the palatial disputes, favoring a moderate center that, far from ruptures, led the debate of \"redemocratization\".