Escherichia coli survives in both nutrient rich nutrient-limited environments. As such, understanding the gene and protein level activity that occurs during stationary phase is considered an important aspect of bacterial survival. Escherichia coli has been studied for decades providing substantial insight into gene expression profiles in exponential phase and recently, during adaptation to stationary phase. This led to the discovery of RpoS as a growth phase-dependent sigma factor. Further studies indicated that there are many genes that are expressed in an RpoS-independent but stationary phase-specific manner. However, proteins represent the functional molecules of the cell. Additionally, protein expression does not always correlate with the corresponding gene expression patterns. Therefore, to obtain an in depth understanding of the proteins that play a role in long-term growth in E. coli, TMT- (Tandem Mass Tags) based quantitative proteomic analysis was performed to identify proteins that are preferentially expressed during prolonged starvation. We identified proteins that were both positively and negatively regulated by RpoS during stationary phase, such as GadA and TnaA, respectively. RpoS levels peaked during early stationary phase and declined thereafter. However, proteins that were RpoS-dependent continued to increase during prolonged stationary phase. Additionally, we identified proteins that were expressed in an RpoS-independent manner during stationary phase. This suggests that protein expression during early stationary phase is distinct from prolonged stationary phase. Furthermore, RpoS-independent proteins may also play an important role during long-term growth. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Escherichia coli adapts to shifts in nutrient availability using the alternative sigma factor RpoS which controls morphological and physiological changes. Although gene expression during growth has been extensively studied, comparable information regarding changes in protein abundance during prolonged incubation is not available. We employed a quantitative proteomics approach to identify proteins that are preferentially expressed during stationary phase in E. coli. We identified classes of proteins that are upregulated and downregulated by RpoS in addition to proteins regulated independently of RpoS. Global analysis of protein expression during growth can aid in understanding the adaptation of E. coli under starvation conditions.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a versatile wireless technology usedworldwide. The fields of applications are many and its popularity constantlygrows due to smaller in size, better and less expensive components. RFID isused to identify, track or share information about an object using radio waves. This master thesis describes the process of designing and implementing ahandheld UHF RFID reader. The goal was to, based on a UHF RFID-chipdesign a fully functional, small in size and power efficient device. Amicrocontroller provides the user interface and is also used to control theRFID-chip and a Bluetooth device. A Bluetooth- and GPRS-compatible mobilephone will be used to forward data to a server connected to the Internet. Allparts of the design are described, such as the printed circuit board design aswell as the software for the micro controller and the mobile phone. Because the extent of this thesis it is neither possible nor necessary to dig toodeep into the Bluetooth- or GPRS-protocol. The focus will be on designingsoftware and hardware for the handheld unit. / Radio frekvens identifiering (RFID) är en mångsidig trådlös teknik somanvänds över hela världen. Områdena där tekniken används är många och dess popularitet växer konstant tack vare mindre storlek, bättre och billigarekomponenter. RFID används för att identifiera, spåra eller dela med siginformation om ett objekt med radiovågor. Det här examensarbetet beskriver processen av design och implementering aven handburen UHF RFID läsare. Målet har varit att, baserat på ett UHF-RFIDchip, designa en fullt fungerande, liten och strömsnål enhet. En microcontroller förser dels användaren med ett användargränssnitt och sköter delskommunikationen med RFID chip och en blåtandsmodul. En blåtands- ochGPRS- eller 3G-kompatibel mobiltelefon används for att skicka vidare data tillen server kopplad till Internet. Alla delar av designen är beskrivna, så som PCB design, mjukvara för micro controllern och mobiltelefonen. På grund av omfattningen av det här examensarbetet så har det inte varitmöjligt eller nödvändigt att gräva för djupt i Blåtands- eller GPRS/3Gprotokollen. Fokus är på att designa hårdvara och mjukvara för den handhållna enheten.

<p>Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a versatile wireless technology usedworldwide. The fields of applications are many and its popularity constantlygrows due to smaller in size, better and less expensive components. RFID isused to identify, track or share information about an object using radio waves.</p><p>This master thesis describes the process of designing and implementing ahandheld UHF RFID reader. The goal was to, based on a UHF RFID-chipdesign a fully functional, small in size and power efficient device. Amicrocontroller provides the user interface and is also used to control theRFID-chip and a Bluetooth device. A Bluetooth- and GPRS-compatible mobilephone will be used to forward data to a server connected to the Internet. Allparts of the design are described, such as the printed circuit board design aswell as the software for the micro controller and the mobile phone.</p><p>Because the extent of this thesis it is neither possible nor necessary to dig toodeep into the Bluetooth- or GPRS-protocol. The focus will be on designingsoftware and hardware for the handheld unit.</p> / <p>Radio frekvens identifiering (RFID) är en mångsidig trådlös teknik somanvänds över hela världen. Områdena där tekniken används är många och dess popularitet växer konstant tack vare mindre storlek, bättre och billigarekomponenter. RFID används för att identifiera, spåra eller dela med siginformation om ett objekt med radiovågor.</p><p>Det här examensarbetet beskriver processen av design och implementering aven handburen UHF RFID läsare. Målet har varit att, baserat på ett UHF-RFIDchip, designa en fullt fungerande, liten och strömsnål enhet. En microcontroller förser dels användaren med ett användargränssnitt och sköter delskommunikationen med RFID chip och en blåtandsmodul. En blåtands- ochGPRS- eller 3G-kompatibel mobiltelefon används for att skicka vidare data tillen server kopplad till Internet. Alla delar av designen är beskrivna, så som PCB design, mjukvara för micro controllern och mobiltelefonen.</p><p>På grund av omfattningen av det här examensarbetet så har det inte varitmöjligt eller nödvändigt att gräva för djupt i Blåtands- eller GPRS/3Gprotokollen. Fokus är på att designa hårdvara och mjukvara för den handhållna enheten.</p>

Ce travail de thèse a été réalisé dans le cadre d'un contrat avec l'ANR (ANR-09-VERS-013 « THID ») et porte sur le développement d'une nouvelle génération de tags Chipless à bas coûts fonctionnant dans le domaine THz, pour des applications d'identification et/ou authentification unitaire des articles commerciaux, des papiers d'identités, des personnes pour le contrôle d'accès... Les structures proposées, constituées d'un empilement périodique de couches diélectriques d'indices de réfraction différents, utilisent les propriétés particulières des cristaux photoniques 1D de présenter une réponse électromagnétique entrecoupée de bandes interdites photoniques (BIP). Toute perturbation de la périodicité de la structure engendre des pics dans les bandes interdites qui sont utilisés pour coder une information binaire. Cette structuration particulière des matériaux permet donc de manipuler précisément une signature électromagnétique. Pour des raisons liées à l'industrialisation (facilité de fabrication en masse) et aussi de coût, nous avons retenu des matériaux de base déjà couramment utilisés dans l'industrie papetière : le papier et le polyéthylène. Le choix de ces matériaux, qui doivent allier contraste d'indice élevé et faible absorption, représente une étape cruciale dans ce travail. Ainsi, à partir des résultats expérimentaux obtenus par spectroscopie THz dans le domaine temporel (THz-TDS) sur un grand nombre de matériaux, nous avons pu concevoir deux familles de tags sur la base de ces différents matériaux. Par ailleurs, nous avons développé deux méthodes de codage d'une information binaire, toutes deux basées sur l'absence ou la présence de pics dans une BIP, pics dont la position et le nombre dépendent bien évidemment des défauts de périodicité introduits. Pour des applications liées à l'identification, des capacités de codage de près de 20 bits ont été démontrées. Nous avons aussi montré que la richesse d'information contenue dans la réponse électromagnétique de ces Tags THz peut être utilisée pour les applications liées à l'authentification unitaire, en utilisant comme critère de discrimination le coefficient d'autocorrélation. Nous avons ainsi pu évaluer les performances d'un test d'authentification basé sur ce critère dans différents domaines d'analyse : temporel, fréquentiel et temps-fréquence. Nous avons montré qu'une étude du spectrogramme (combinant temps et fréquence) est ainsi bien plus pertinente qu'une étude dans les seuls domaines temporel ou fréquentiel. / This thesis work deals with the development of a new generation of low-cost Chipless tags operating in the THz frequency domain, it has been supported by the french national agency for research (ANR-09-VERS-013 « THID » ). It covers a wide area of applications such as the identification and/or unitary authentication of commercial items, identity papers, access control…To manufacture these tags, we proposed to use a periodic stack of dielectric material layers with different refractive index and whose thickness is of the order of the wavelength, commonly known as a one dimensional photonic crystal. The electromagnetic signature of such a structure exhibits photonic bandgaps (PBG), i.e. frequency windows in which light propagation is prohibited. We suggested modifying the periodicity of the crystal to create defect levels (peaks) for example in the 1st PBG to encode binary information. This particular structure allows to precisely tuned an electromagnetic signature. To ensure a mass and cost effective industrialization, we retained basic materials which are widely used in the pulp and paper industry: paper and polyethylene. The choice of these materials, which must combine high index contrast and low absorption, represents the first and a crucial step in this work. We characterize a wide range of materials using classical THz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) and we propose two families of tags based on paper and polyethylene. Furthermore, we developed two methods to encode binary information, both based on the absence or presence of peaks in a PBG, peaks whose number and position depend on the introduced defects of periodicity. In a real identification test, a coding capacity of nearly 20-bit has been demonstrated. We also showed that the information contained in the electromagnetic response of these THz tags can be used for other applications related to the unitary authentication and by using the correlation coefficient as criterion for discrimination of the different signatures. Therefore, we evaluate the performance of an authentication test based on this criterion in various analysis domains: time, frequency and time-frequency. We showed that a study of the spectrogram (combining time and frequency representation) is much more relevant than a study in the only time or frequency domain.

Le paysage nucléotidique – la manière dont la composition nucléotidique varie le long du génome – est une caractéristique marquante de l'organisation des génomes et varie fortement entre espèces. Plusieurs hypothèses émergent des nombreux débats autour des mécanismes évolutifs à l'origine de ces hétérogénéités du taux de GC, parmi lesquelles la conversion génique biaisée vers G et C (BGC) et la sélection sur l'usage du code (SUC). La BGC est un processus neutre associé à la recombinaison qui favorise les allèles en G ou C au détriment des allèles en A ou T. La SUC est une force de sélection qui favorise les codons dits « préférés », ceux dont la traduction serait la plus efficace. Contrairement à ceux des vertébrés, les paysages nucléotidiques des plantes sont peu connus. La plupart des études ont été consacrées au génome d'Arabidopsis thaliana, pauvre en GC et homogène, et à celui du riz, riche en GC et hétérogène. Le contraste entre ces deux génomes a souvent été généralisé comme une dichotomie entre dicotylédones et monocotylédones, mais cette vision est clairement phylogénétiquement biaisée.Les objectifs de ce travail de thèse sont de caractériser les paysages nucléotidiques des angiospermes à une large échelle phylogénétique et de mieux comprendre quels sont les mécanismes évolutifs jouant sur l'évolution de ces paysages nucléotidiques. Comment varient les paysages nucléotidiques le long de la phylogénie des angiospermes ? SUC et BGC façonnent-elles ces paysages nucléotidiques ? Les différents taxons sont-ils affectés avec la même intensité ?Pour répondre à ces questions, j'ai utilisé une approche de génomique comparative basée sur l'analyse de données EST chez plus de 230 espèces d'angiospermes et de gymnospermes. L'exploration des paysages nucléotidiques de ce large éventail de plantes a montré que les patrons d'hétérogénéité des paysages nucléotidiques suivent un continuum le long de la phylogénie, avec des groupes particulièrement riches et hétérogènes en GC, les graminées par exemple. Mes résultats suggèrent que les paysages nucléotidiques des plantes pourraient avoir été façonnés par la BGC et, dans une moindre mesure, par la SUC. Des épisodes indépendants d'enrichissement et d'appauvrissement en GC ont vraisemblablement eu lieu au cours de l'évolution des plantes, et pourraient être expliqués par des variations d'intensité de ces mécanismes. En utilisant une prédiction du degré d'expression des EST, j'ai également mis en évidence une diversité dans les codons préférés entre espèces. Les préférences d'usage des codons se sont révélées plus labiles au cours de l'évolution pour les codons des acides aminés au code quatre et six fois dégénéré. J'ai pu lier l'évolution des préférences d'usage des codons à l'évolution de la composition nucléotidique des génomes. Mes résultats suggèrent que la composition en base des génomes, affectée en partie par la BGC, orienterait la coévolution entre préférence d'usage du code et ARNt. / The nucleotide landscape – the way base composition varies along a genome – is a striking feature of genome organization and is highly variable between species. The evolutionary causes of such heterogeneity in GC content have been much debated. Biased gene conversion towards G and C (BGC) and selection on codon usage (SCU) are thought to be main forces. BGC is a neutral process associated with recombination favouring G and C alleles over A and T ones. SCU is a selection process favouring the so-called “preferred” codons, i.e., those whose translation is the most efficient. Contrary to vertebrates, plant nucleotide landscapes are still poorly known. Most studies focused on the GC-poor and homogeneous Arabidopsis thaliana genome and on the GC-rich and heterogeneous rice genome. The contrast between these two genomes was often generalized as a dicot/monocot dichotomy but this vision is clearly phylogenetically biased.The objectives of this study are to characterize angiosperm nucleotide landscapes on a wide phylogenetic scale and to better understand the evolutionary mechanisms acting upon the evolution of nucleotide landscapes. To what extent do nucleotide landscapes vary across angiosperm phylogeny? Are nucleotide landscapes shaped by BGC and SCU? Are taxa affected with the same intensity?To tackle these issues, I used a comparative genomic approach relying on EST data analysis on over 230 angiosperm and gymnosperm species. Through the nucleotide landscape survey for such a wide range of species I found a continuum of GC-heterogeneity patterns across phylogeny, some taxa such as Poaceae being strikingly GC-rich and heterogeneous. My results suggest that nucleotide landscapes could have been shaped by BGC and, to a lesser extent, by SCU. GC-content enrichment and impoverishment are likely to have occurred several times independently during plant evolution and could be explained by intensity variations of BGC and SCU. Using a proxy for EST expression level, I also characterized the diversity of preferred codons between species. Codon usage preferences were shown to be evolutionarily more unstable for four- and six-fold degenerate codon families. Finally, I could link the evolution of codon usage preferences to the evolution of genome base composition. My results suggest that genome base composition, partially shaped by BGC, seems to drive the coevolution between codon usage preferences and tRNAs.

Ces dernières années, la technologie RFID (identification par radiofréquence) s’est fortement développée dans de nombreuses applications industrielles parmi lesquelles les secteurs de l’aéronautique et l’automobile où il y a une forte demande en systèmes d’auto-identification fonctionnant dans des environnements difficiles. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de ces travaux de thèse est d'étudier les effets du stockage thermique sur la fiabilité des tags RFID UHF passifs. Pour ce faire nous avons adopté une méthodologie homogène contribuant de façon significative à atteindre nos objectifs. La première étape de cette méthodologie consistait à choisir le tag à tester, deux types de tags Web et Tageos provenant de deux fabricants différents ont été soumis à des tests de vieillissement accélérés sous différentes températures. La deuxième étape était de définir les paramètres des tests de vieillissement et de caractériser les tags vieillis. À l'aide d'un banc de mesure dédié, la puissance réfléchie par l’ensemble des tags vieillis est mesurée après chaque phase de vieillissement en fonction de la distance entre l’antenne du tag et celle du lecteur RFID. La puissance réfléchie diminue considérablement après chaque phase de vieillissement avec différentes dynamiques de dégradation pour tous les tags vieillis. Cette dynamique de dégradation dépend du type de tag testé et de la température de test. La dernière étape de la méthodologie comportait l’analyse statistique et physique de défaillance, des différences claires dans les modes, les mécanismes et les temps de défaillance entre les tags Web et Tageos ont été observées. L’analyse physique de défaillance par microscopie optique et MEB a révélé des fissures dans les conducteurs métalliques de l'antenne pour une partie des tags vieillis, cependant pour l’autre partie des tags, aucune défaillance de l'antenne n'a été observée. Des déformations au niveau de la matrice polymère de l'ACP ont été révélées, ce qui a modifié l'adaptation d'impédance entre le RFIC et l'antenne. Des simulations en utilisant le logiciel de modélisation multi-physique COMSOL a été mise en place dans le but de reproduire les mécanismes de défaillances révélés expérimentalement soit au niveau de l’antenne ou de la RFIC. Ces travaux de thèse ont démontré l'importance d'étudier les effets du stockage en haute température sur la fiabilité des tags RFID passifs. Les défaillances sont apparues plus rapidement et les tests ont coûté considérablement moins onéreux par rapport aux autres types de tests de vieillissement accélérés. / Nowadays, RFID has strongly developed in many industrial applications, including the aeronautics and automotive sectors, where there is a strong demand for auto-identification systems operating in severe environments. In this context, the objective of this thesis is to study the effects of thermal storage on the reliability of passive UHF RFID tags. To achieve this, we adopted a consistent methodology. The first step of this methodology was to choose the tag under test. Two types of tags Web and Tageos from two different manufacturers are aged under high temperatures. The second step was to define the parameters of the aging tests and to characterize the aged tags. Using a dedicated measurement bench, the reflected power is measured after each aging phase for all tested tags to determine the power loss caused by the high temperature storage. Reflected power decrease significantly after each aging phase with different dynamics of degradation for all aged tags. This dynamics of degradation depends on the temperature test and the type of tag. The final step involved statistical and physical failure analysis. Clear differences about modes, mechanisms and failure times between Web and Tageos tags have been observed, it seems that Tageos tags are more reliable than Web tags. Failure analysis of the samples, using an optical microscope and SEM, has revealed, cracks in the antenna metallic conductors on a part of the aged tags. In another part of the tags, no failures in the antenna have been seen, but clear deformations at the polymer matrix of the ACP have been observed, thus changing the impedance matching between the RFIC and the antenna. Simulations using the COMSOL multiphysics software have been implemented in order to reproduce the experimental failure mechanisms. This thesis work has demonstrated the importance of studying the effects of high temperature storage on the reliability of passive RFID tags. Failures appeared faster and tests cost considerably less than other types of accelerated aging tests.

No description available.

Den konstanta närvaron och fortsatta tillväxten av sociala medier har resulterat i en mängd utmaningar och desslika möjligheter för företag och hela industrier. Idag är Instagram och bloggar två av de mest framstående sociala medierna där användare, konsumenter, marknadsförare, påverkare och organisationer kan skapa synergier för att utöka både närvaro och bredda sin målgrupp.Syftet med denna studie är att befästa hur marknadsförare kan dra nytta av nya marknadsföringstekniker såsom taggar och länkar som påverkar svenska konsumenter i deras köpprocesser online. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av en online-baserad enkät distribuerad till 300 respondenter identifierade genom ett snöbollsurval. Resultaten som har framkommit indikerar att trovärdighet är en viktig komponent i hur konsumenter agerar på nätet och vilka reklambudskap de är benägna att lägga märke till och acceptera. Det har också noterats att taggar och länkar inte nödvändigtvis leder till ett köp, men att taggar och länkar fungerar som mellanhänder som väcker ett intresse bland konsumenterna. Vidare har det fastställts att de konsumenter som faktiskt klickar på en tagg eller länk efter att ha sett dem i större utsträckning faktiskt fullföljer med att göra ett köp, alternativt använder taggen eller länken som en inkörsport för att visa andra produkter på samma webbsida. Slutligen har det framkommit att den största motivationen bakom ett klick på en tagg eller länk är för att fördriva samt ett intresse eller en nyfikenhet kring produkten.Resultaten från denna studie presenteras på engelska och kommer inte agera som en representation av hela Sverige utan snarare som en spegling av existerande attityder inom det berörda urvalet. / The constant presence and continuous growth of social media has resulted in new challenges and opportunities for brands and entire industries. Today, Instagram and blogs are among the most popular and frequently used social media platforms where users, consumers, marketers, influencers, and brands communicate and can join forces to create synergies and expand their presence and widen their targeted audience.The purpose of this study is to establish in which ways marketers can use the new marketing techniques of tags and ad links on Instagram and blogs that affect Swedish consumers in their online purchasing processes. The study was conducted through the distribution of an online self-completion questionnaire to a snowball sample of 300 respondents. The results that have been reached are that trustworthiness connected to the source plays a big role in how consumers decide to act online, and which advertising messages they are likely to seek out and accept. It has also been noted that the occurrence of tags and ad links does not necessarily have to result in a purchase, but that tags and ad links are important intermediaries that catches consumers attention and serves as a gateway. Once the tags and ad links have been noticed there is a great chance that the consumer will follow the link to the specifically linked product and make a purchase, or browse to through other products as a time passing activity, or due to a curiosity or interest in the product.The results of this study are presented in English and will most likely not serve as a representation of the entire Swedish population but more likely as a reflection of the attitudes existing within the concerned sampling frame.

The goal of the paper is to suggest a solution of an inefficiency in searching for previously searched and found information. The suggested solution is based on the use of a personal knowledge base built upon existing technologies and adapted to needs of common users. The thesis is focused especially to the search based on semantic similarities between tags. Collective knowledge is used for finding the similarities. The first part of the paper introduces the repetitive search problem by a few real world scenarios. In the second part the problem is analyzed from the personal knowledge base point of view. The third part explains the suggested solution that is built upon Delicious, a bookmarking service and DBpedia. The suggested solution is implemented as a prototype. In the final part the prototype is tested and evaluated. The test results suggest that the presented solution can make the repetitive search easier, but at the same time it exposes some performance issues that the proposed method brings up. The paper recommends modifications that could improve the performance and allow more extensive prototype testing. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

by Shuk-kei Lau. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 141-148). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgement --- p.i / Table of Contents --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.vi / 論文摘要 --- p.viii / Abbreviations --- p.ix / List of Figures --- p.x / List of Tables --- p.xii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- General introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- HBV and its role in hepatocarcinogenesis --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Current situation of HBV infection and the HCC incidencein the world --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Current situation of HBV infection and the HCC incidencein Hong Kong --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Genetic organization of HBV --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Principle of hepatocarcinogenesis induced by HBV --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.4.1 --- Role of chronic hepatitis in hepatocarcinogenesis --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.4.2 --- Role of HBV in hepatocarcinogenesis --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Current screening tests for HCC --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.6 --- Current therapies for HCC --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3 --- Aim of the present study --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4 --- "Combining Expressed Sequence Tag (EST), Suppression Subtractive Hybridization and cDNA microarray for rapid differentially by expressed genes screening" --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- cDNA subtraction --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- cDNA microarray --- p.16 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 2.1 --- PCR-select cDNA subtraction --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Amplification of subtracted cDNA clones by PCR --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Cycle sequencing of subtracted cDNA clones --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Sequence analysis using BLAST server and Stanford Online Universal Resource for Clones and ESTs (SOURCE) --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2 --- cDNA microarray analysis --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Array fabrication --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Amplification of cDNA clones by PCR --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Purification of PCR products --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.1.3 --- Cycle sequencing for clones checking --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Microarray printing --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Preparation of cDNA target --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Arraying --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Screening of differentially expressed genes in hepatocellular carcinoma and its surrounding normal counterpart by cDNA microarray --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Extraction of RNA --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- RNA labeling --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Microarray hybridization --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.3.4 --- Collection of data --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.3.5 --- Data normalization and analysis --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3 --- Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel cDNA clone differentially expressed in HCC --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Tissue distribution of T2L522 gene --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- Northern hybridization --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.1.2 --- Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Expression level of T2L522 in HCC and its surrounding normal counterpart --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Identification of interacting partner of T2L522 using yeast two-hybrid assay --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.3.1 --- "Cloning of T2L522 gene into the yeast two-hybrid DNA-BD vector, pGBKT7" --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.3.2 --- Transformation of yeast competent cells --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3.3.3 --- Mating of T2L522-BD with pretransformed human liver cDNA library --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.3.4 --- Colony lift p-galactosidase filter assay --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Subcellular localization of T2L522 gene by tagging with green fluorescence protein (GFP) --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.4.1 --- "Cloning of T2L522 gene into the eukaryotic GFP expression vector, pEGFP-Cl" --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.4.2 --- Transfection of pEGFP-T2L522 into HepG2 cell --- p.43 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Results / Chapter 3.1 --- PCR-select cDNA subtraction --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- The sequencing results of subtracted-HCC cDNA clones --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Categorization of ESTs sequenced from subtracted-HCC library --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2 --- Microarray analysis --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Array fabrication --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- Amplification of cDNA microarray targets --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Microarray printing --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Microarray analysis of differentially expressed genesin hepatocellular carcinoma and its surrounding normal counterpart --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Data collection --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Image processing: spots finding and quantitation --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Data normalization and analysis --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3 --- Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel cDNA clone differentially expressed in HCC --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Tissue distribution of T2L522 --- p.77 / Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- Northern hybridization --- p.77 / Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Expression level of T2L522 in hepatocellular carcinoma and its surrounding normal counterpart --- p.81 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Identification of interacting partner of T2L522 using yeast two-hybrid assay --- p.85 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Subcellular localization of GFP tagged T2L522 --- p.87 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Discussion / Chapter 4.1 --- EST analysis on subtracted-HCC cDNA library --- p.89 / Chapter 4.2 --- cDNA microarray analysis --- p.92 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Generation of reliable data using cDNA microarray --- p.92 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- Reproducibility of signal and normalized ratio --- p.92 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Comparison of data between multiple slides --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- Assession of data quality and statistical significance --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- Interpretation of gene expression data from single and multiple hybridizarion --- p.97 / Chapter 4.3 --- Candidate genes differentially expressed in HCC and its surrounding normal counterpart --- p.99 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Protein up-regulated in HCC --- p.99 / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- Extracellular matrix protein --- p.99 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- Protein involved in other metabolism --- p.100 / Chapter 4.3.1.3 --- Protein involved in transcription and translation --- p.100 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Protein down-regulated in HCC --- p.101 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Membrane associated protein --- p.101 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Protein involved in other metabolism --- p.102 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Secretory protein --- p.104 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Novel protein differentially expressed in HCC --- p.107 / Chapter 4.4 --- "TBC1 domain containing protein, T2L522" --- p.108 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Possible involvement of T2L522 gene in HCC --- p.109 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Tissue distribution and expression pattern of T2L522 --- p.110 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Potential interacting partner of T2L522 --- p.110 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Subcellular localization of T2L522 --- p.112 / Chapter 4.5 --- Summary --- p.113 / Appendix --- p.114 / References --- p.141