Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-03-26T12:27:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Midiã Olinto de Oliveira.pdf: 1973767 bytes, checksum: 8f0486eccbfaca774e192ce1c114e4fe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-26T12:27:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Midiã Olinto de Oliveira.pdf: 1973767 bytes, checksum: 8f0486eccbfaca774e192ce1c114e4fe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-29 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / This research investigated the insertion period of beginner teachers in nursery education in a municipal school of Guarulhos, with focus on the analysis of pedagogical activities proposed, reflecting on possible contributions and limitations of professional education. Besides that, difficulties faced by inexperienced teachers and their objective work conditions are described and analyzed. The main hypothesis is that teachers’ practices is oriented by a habitus composed of dispositions that allow the mobilization of different knowledge to promote learning and development of children. The research data were obtained during 2016, by questionnaires, semi-structured interviews and observing the performance of four teachers, two of them experienced and two of them new. For the analysis, historical-cultural theory and its conception of development and of the teacher’s central role in the organization of teaching were adopted. Also Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of habitus and cultural capital were used. The data analysis pointed to the prevalence of spontaneous and unplanned practices, as well as to formative experiences that reflect social conditions in which the education of small children in the public school occurs. The access to knowledge is poor and there is limited and restricted participation of children in the activities. Furthermore, inexperienced teachers face difficulties related to class management, discipline, mastery of specific contents of this teaching area, relating to peers and parents, as well as coping with precarious working conditions / Esta pesquisa investigou o período de inserção profissional na educação infantil, procurando analisar as atividades propostas em classe para as crianças do berçário, em uma escola municipal de Guarulhos e problematizando as possíveis contribuições e limitações da formação inicial para o exercício dessa função. Além disso, buscou descrever e analisar as dificuldades enfrentadas pelas iniciantes, bem como suas condições objetivas de trabalho. A hipótese central do estudo é a de que a ação profissional docente é orientada por um habitus composto de disposições que permitem a mobilização de diferentes conhecimentos para promover a aprendizagem e o desenvolvimento das crianças. Os dados da pesquisa foram obtidos, ao longo do ano de 2016, por intermédio de respostas a questionário, realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas e de observação da atuação de quatro professoras, duas experientes e duas ainda iniciantes. Para a análise dos elementos presentes no objeto de estudo, adotou-se o referencial da teoria histórico-cultural, sua concepção de desenvolvimento e do papel central do professor na organização do ensino. Também os conceitos de habitus e de capital cultural do Pierre Bourdieu foram fundamentais para a análise da formação e atuação profissional. A análise dos dados apontou para a prevalência de práticas espontâneas e não planejadas e a proposição de atividades e de experiências formativas condizentes com as condições sociais objetivas nas quais se processa educação das crianças pequenas na escola pública. O acesso orientado ao conhecimento é limitado e constata-se uma reduzida e restrita participação das crianças nas atividades realizadas. Além disso, professoras iniciantes enfrentam dificuldades relativas ao manejo de classe, à disciplina, ao domínio de conteúdos específicos dessa faixa de atendimento, às relações com os pares e com os pais, além de exercerem a docência em condições objetivas de trabalho precárias

As transformações intensas e aceleradas que se observam na contemporaneidade têm afetado, frontalmente, as mais diversas dimensões da vida humana, com as quais as novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TIC) mantêm estreitas ligações inclusive com a educação. Inserido neste cenário, o homem carece, cada vez mais, de balizas para orientar-se no mundo. Sob influência do pragmatismo econômico, os meios adquirem, muitas vezes, mais destaque do que os fins educacionais. Neste contexto, emergem vários princípios orientadores para a educação, nem sempre capazes de conferir sentido ao trabalho docente e ao processo de formação discente. Esta pesquisa possui como objetivo principal refletir sobre os sentidos que os professores conferem à tecnologia e sobre uma possível incorporação crítica dos recursos tecnológicos às suas práticas docentes. Para tanto, investigaram-se as concepções que os sujeitos da pesquisa possuíam a respeito da educação, de tecnologia e das relações destas na contemporaneidade, no que se refere, particularmente, aos fins educacionais e à prática docente. Para a análise dos dados, utilizou-se como principal referencial teórico a obra de Hannah Arendt, com especial atenção para o conceito de sentido e para as distinções que esta autora estabelece entre conhecimento, verdade e sentido. Utilizou-se metodologia de natureza qualitativa, e a tomada de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Os sujeitos da pesquisa são professores da disciplina de Física, que utilizam ferramentas tecnológicas em suas atividades docentes, dentro e fora de sala de aula, e lecionam em um colégio particular, de porte médio, localizado em Osasco-SP. Esta escola, que atende estudantes da educação infantil ao ensino médio além de oferecer curso pré-vestibular , encara a tecnologia como um dos principais componentes estruturantes de seu projeto-político pedagógico, disponibilizando ampla gama de recursos tecnológicos a alunos e professores (lousa eletrônica; sistema de teleconferência; auditório aparelhado com projetor estereoscópico cinema 3D; plantão on-line para esclarecimento de dúvidas dos alunos; laboratórios de informática e de robótica). Após análise das entrevistas, constatou-se que as justificativas apresentadas para o emprego das TIC não se caracterizam, mormente, como frutos do pensamento crítico, mas de pressões do pragmatismo econômico valorização do fazer processual; tentativa de amoldar os ritmos do processo de ensinoaprendizagem à dinâmica mercadológica; propósitos da educação voltados, quase exclusivamente, à capacitação dos alunos para o mercado de trabalho. Além de indícios de ausência de controle reflexivo do tempo e de certo desprezo por questões de ordem filosófica, verificou-se, nas falas registradas, que a escassez de evidências de pensamento especulativo sugere que, com os sujeitos desta pesquisa, não se desenvolveu o processo de atribuição de sentido, à luz dos conceitos definidos por Arendt, no que se refere especificamente à incorporação de recursos tecnológicos em suas práticas docentes. / The intense and rapid transformations that have marked contemporaneity directly affect a wide range of dimensions of human life to which the new information and communication technologies (ICT) are closely connected including education. Inserted in this scenario, humans find themselves increasingly at a loss for signposts to guide their way in the world. Under the influence of economic pragmatism, educational means often assume greater prominence than educational ends. In this context, several guiding principles emerge for education, not all of them able to imbue the work of teaching and the process of student education with meaning. The main objective of this research is to reflect on the meanings teachers ascribe to technology and on a possible critical incorporation of technological resources into their teaching practices. To this end, an investigation was made of the conceptions the subjects of this research possessed about education, technology and their relations in the contemporary world, particularly insofar as they concern educational ends and the practice of teaching. The work of Hannah Arendt was used as the main theoretical reference to analyze the information, with special attention focusing on the concept of meaning and on the distinctions the author establishes between knowledge, truth and meaning. A qualitative methodology was used, and the information was collected by means of semi-structured interviews. The subjects of this research are Physics teachers who use technological tools in their teaching activities inside and outside the classroom, and teach at a medium-sized private school located in Osasco, SP, Brazil. This school, which caters to children of preschool to middle school age and also gives university entry exam preparation courses , sees technology as one of the main structuring components of its pedagogical policy project, offering a wide range of technological resources to students and teachers (electronic blackboards, a teleconference system, an auditorium equipped with a stereoscopic 3D film projector, online service for clarifying students doubts, and informatics and robotics laboratories). An analysis of the interviews indicated that the justifications for the use of ICT are not generally characterized as being the fruit of critical thought, but a response to the pressures of economic pragmatism the valuing of processual action; an attempt to mold the pace of the teaching-learning process to market dynamics; educational purposes aimed, almost exclusively, to preparing students for the labor market. In addition to the absence of a reflexive control of time and a certain disdain for questions of a philosophical nature, the answers recorded in these interviews indicated that the paucity of evidence of speculative thinking suggests that, with the subjects of this research, there has been no development of the process of attributing meaning, in light of the concepts defined by Arendt, specifically insofar as the incorporation of technological resources into their teaching practices is concerned.

A formação de professores é um tema bastante explorado pelos pesquisadores da área da educação. Essas pesquisas, no entanto, acabam tendo um enfoque maior na educação básica. Com relação à formação do docente para atuação no Ensino Superior, não temos nenhuma exigência legal de formação específica para o exercício profissional; há apenas uma recomendação que esses profissionais devam ser preparados em cursos de Pós-Graduação. No entanto, esses cursos estão voltados à formação de pesquisadores em campos específicos e não objetivam a formação de professores. Diante disso, temos um quadro de profissionais altamente qualificados para a atuação em pesquisa, porém, com uma formação não adequada para a docência, exercendo funções docentes nas universidades. Com o objetivo de investigar quais são os fatores necessários para a formação do docente do Ensino Superior em Química, desenvolvemos a presente pesquisa. Para isso, aplicamos questionários, realizamos entrevistas com docentes do Instituto de Química da USP e fizemos análise da legislação e de documentos pertinentes ao tema. Os dados evidenciam que a maioria acredita que para atuação como docente no Ensino Superior basta o profundo conhecimento do conteúdo. A prática docente se dá, na maioria das vezes, de forma empírica, por tentativa e erro e imitação de seus antigos professores. Alguns docentes afirmam que não optaram pela docência, no entanto ela ocorreu de maneira circunstancial, pois para manter-se vinculado à universidade para a realização de suas pesquisas, devem atuar como docentes. Verificamos também que a docência é vista como uma atividade de menor prestígio quando comparada à pesquisa e essa desvalorização está alicerçada pelos critérios de avaliação para a progressão na carreira e liberação de financiamento de pesquisas pelas agências de fomento. Concluímos que não existe um único fator que possamos considerar como a peça fundamental para a formação do docente. O docente vai sendo formado ao longo de sua atuação profissional, a partir da reflexão que faz sobre sua prática. Além disso, acreditamos na necessidade de repensar e reorganizar a Pós-Graduação diante da real e premente necessidade da formação do docente do Ensino Superior através de atividades que possibilitem problematizar, vivenciar, refletir e pesquisar sobre a atividade profissional em docência. / Teachers Education is a topic extensively explored by researchers in the field of education. These researches, however, end up having a greater focus on basic education. As far as teachers training to perform in higher education, we have no legal requirements demanding specific training for professional practice; there is only a recommendation that these professionals should get their education in Postgraduate courses. However, these courses are focused on training researchers in specific fields and they are not aim at teacher training. Thus, we have teachers who are highly qualified researchers, but who have no adequate training for teaching, and they are occupying teaching positions at universities. With the aim of investigating what is necessary to prepared teachers for occupying positions in Chemistry Higher Education Courses, we developed this research. In order to do that, we applied questionnaires, conducted interviews with faculty members of the Institute of Chemistry, USP and analyzed the legislation and documents which are relevant for this subject matter. The collected data showed that most of them believe that to be a higher education teacher all that is necessary is to have a deep knowledge of the subject being taught. Teaching methods are acquired, in most cases, empirically, by trial and error and by imitating former teachers. Some teachers even said that they did not want teaching positions, however due to circumstances they were forced by the university to teach in order to keep doing research. We also found out that teaching is seen as less prestigious than doing research and this devaluation is grounded on evaluation criteria for career advancement and release of research funding by development agencies. We came to the conclusion that there is no single factor that can be considered fundamental to prepare them for teaching. Teachers will be trained throughout their professional careers, from their own reflections and from practice. Furthermore, we believe its necessary to rethink and reorganize the Graduate Programs taking in consideration the real and urgent need of training higher education teachers through activities that allow them to discuss, experience, reflect and research about the professional methodologies of teaching.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-04-24T12:12:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marta Cristina Cezar Pozzobon.pdf: 1268473 bytes, checksum: 1871c4af4bb37ff036505e31a125fca6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-24T12:12:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marta Cristina Cezar Pozzobon.pdf: 1268473 bytes, checksum: 1871c4af4bb37ff036505e31a125fca6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-12 / Nenhuma / Esta tese problematiza a formacao de professores que ensinam matematica nos anos iniciais a partir de um Curso de Formacao de Professores de Nivel Medio de uma Escola do interior do Rio Grande do Sul, nas decadas de 1960 a 2000, considerando algumas aproximacoes dos estudos foucaultianos, da area da educacao e da area de educacao matematica. As questoes que orientaram a pesquisa sao: de que forma os saberes matematicos constituiram as praticas de ensino de matematica de nivel medio (Normal/Magisterio) do Curso de Formacao analisado? Que praticas de ensino de matematica operaram na formacao de professores de anos iniciais no periodo analisado? Para dar conta de tais questoes, as ferramentas analiticas ?\praticas discursivas de formacao., ?\regimes de verdade. e ?\jogos de verdade. foram se constituindo juntamente com as analises do material, que consistiu de: um livro de atas de estagio, oito entrevistas com professores que trabalharam no Curso, quatro questionarios com supervisoras de estagio, um caderno de planejamentos, um Programa Experimental de Matematica, duas apostilas de planejamentos e duas propostas de estagio. Do exercicio de analise empreendido, resultaram dois movimentos, nomeados como regimes e jogos de verdade. No primeiro, sao apresentados os regimes de verdade constituidos na producao do desenvolvimento do raciocinio e do comportamento, a partir da alianca entre a psicologia e a pedagogia, no final do seculo XIX e inicio do seculo XX, no sentido de investir em praticas voltadas ao desenvolvimento do raciocinio, a producao de um sujeito inteligente, a aprendizagem de conceitos, ao uso do material concreto, ao raciocinio logico. No segundo movimento, os jogos de verdade e uma politica de verdade enfatizam as praticas de ensino de matematica voltadas aos discursos das pedagogias centradas na crianca, na pedagogia critica, em que a enfase esta em ensinar a partir do interesse da crianca, do tema gerador, da globalizacao e da realidade do aluno. Esses jogos de verdade produzem efeitos na formacao de professores, produzindo outra matematica, que assume a funcao de luta politica e esclarecimento de consciencias, tanto de alunos quanto de professores. Com essas praticas, produzem-se outros modos de ver e de dizer a matematica, o professor e o aluno. Dessa forma, a analise empreendida permitiu argumentar que as praticas de ensino de matematica nos anos iniciais constituem e sao constituidas por jogos de verdade que envolvem as concepcoes de conhecimento cientifico, de matematica, de ensino de cada epoca e de sujeito, articuladas pela razao de um Estado governamentalizado. / From approximations to both Foucauldian studies and investigations in the areas of education and mathematical education, this thesis problematizes the education provided by a Teaching Course from 1960 to 2000 in a countryside high school in Rio Grande do Sul to teachers who teach mathematics to the early grades. The questions that have guided this research are the following: How did mathematical knowledge constitute the mathematics teaching practices of the high school Teaching Course analyzed? Which mathematics teaching practices operated on the education of early grade teachers in the period analyzed? In order to address these questions, the analytical tools of ‘discursive education practices’, ‘regimes of truth’ and ‘games of truth’ were considered along the analysis of the material, which consisted of the following: a training record book, eight interviews with teachers that taught the Course, four questionnaires applied to training supervisors, a planning notebook, a Mathematics Experimental Program, two planning booklets and two training proposals. Two movements resulted from the analysis, and they were named as regimes and games of truth. The first one is related to regimes of truth constituted in the production of the development of reasoning and behavior, from the alliance between psychology and pedagogy in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century by investing in practices directed to reasoning development, production of intelligent subjects, concept learning, use of concrete material, and logical reasoning. In the second movement, the games of truth and a politics of truth emphasize mathematics teaching practices directed to discourses of pedagogy centered on the child, in the critical pedagogy, in which the emphasis has been put on teaching from the child’s interest, the generating topic, the globalization and the student’s reality. Such games of truth have produced effects on teacher education by producing other kind of mathematics, one that assumes the function of political struggle, of enlightenment of consciences of students and teachers. With these practices, other ways of regarding and talking about mathematics, teachers and students have been produced. The analysis has led to the argument that the mathematics teaching practices of early grades both constitute and are constituted by games of truth, involving the conceptions of scientific knowledge, mathematics knowledge, teaching knowledge and subject in different times, and such conceptions are articulated by the reason of a governmentalized State.

Comment les professeurs d’anglais enseignent-ils la culture ? Quels types de culture et quelles compétences culturelles ciblent-ils ? Quels sont les objectifs, les buts éducatifs, les méthodes et les stratégies mobilisées pour servir cet enseignement ? Cette thèse compréhensive de type écologique s’intéresse prioritairement aux observables liés aux enseignants ainsi qu’aux interprétations de la situation par les professeurs et par leurs élèves (Altet, 2003). Dans ce cadre, des éléments de contexteont été définis, un certain nombre de concepts et de théories ont été précisées pour permettre d’appréhender le concept de culture selon des perspectives multiples. Il s’agit de parvenir à une compréhension plus aboutie des processus à l’œuvre, selon le paradigme de complexité (Morin, 1990). Une enquête empirique permet d’étudier les conceptions et les pratiques des professeurs d’anglais en matière d’enseignement de la culture. Cette enquête comprend un questionnaire, des observations de cours encadrées par des entretiens conduits auprès des professeurs dont les cours ont été filmés. Les pré-entretiens sont semi-directifs ; les post-entretiens relèvent de la méthodologie de l’auto-confrontation simple. Des interviews d’élèves ayant participé à ces cours ont également été réalisées. Les résultats obtenus attestent qu’un genre professionnel s’est constitué chez ces professeurs d’anglais lorsqu’ils enseignent la culture. Derrière ces genres, une grande variété de styles personnels émerge. / How do English teachers teach culture? Which types of culture and cultural competencies do they target? What are the objectives, the educative goals, the methods and the strategies used to teach culture? This doctoral thesis is comprehensive with an ecological approach. It mainly focuses on observables related to the teachers, their interpretations of the situation under study and their students’ interpretations (Altet, 2003). In this perspective contextual elements have been defined and several concepts and theories have been investigated so as to study the concept of culture from several angles. The aim of this research is to develop a deeper understanding of the processes at work, to be grasped within the paradigm of complexity (1990, Morin). The conceptions and the teaching practices developed by English teachers to teach culture have been studied thanks to an empirical inquiry. This enquiry consists of a questionnaire and of a series of interviews made before the teachers’ lessons were filmed and after they were filmed. The pre-interviews were semi-directive and the post-interviews were simple self-confrontation interviews. Students who took part in the lessons that were filmed were also interviewed. The results show that these English teachers have developed a professional genre when teaching culture. Along with this shared teaching genre a wide range of personal teaching styles have emerged.

This study aims to expand studies on ESL/EFL teachers’ beliefs by investigating the relationship among Korean teachers’ beliefs about English language education in Korea, sources of their beliefs, their perceptions of the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology (MOE)-initiated reforms in English language education, and the degree of implementation of the reforms in their classroom teaching. Toward that end, the study employed both quantitative and qualitative research instruments: a survey with a questionnaire, interviews, and observations. The study surveyed 158 in-service teachers. Among these 158 teachers, 10 were selected for interviews and observations. Each of the 10 teachers was interviewed three times and his/her classroom teaching observed twice. The findings of the study indicate: a) the beliefs held by the majority of the participants were based on the communication-oriented approaches (COA) to English language teaching, which has been recommended by the MOE in its efforts to reform English language education in Korea; b) major sources of the participants’ beliefs seemed to be their experiences as learners in overseas English programs and domestic in-service teacher education programs with practical curricula; c) the teacher participants’ perceptions of the reforms’ general direction were largely consistent with their COA-based beliefs, but their perceptions of specific reform policies and measures were dictated by their concerns with realities of EFL education and their positions; and d) not the participants’ beliefs but their negative perceptions of reform policies and measures AND the constraints they cited were the main obstacles to the implementation of the reform policies and measures in their classroom teaching. The findings reveal gaps and mismatches among the participants’ beliefs, perceptions, and practices. The study interprets such gaps and mismatches not as inconsistencies but as symptoms of a transitional stage through which English language education in Korea has been going. The study discusses the implications of the findings for Korean EFL teachers, EFL/ESL teacher education programs, and reform agents. The study ends with four suggestions for future research.

With the acceptance of Outcomes-based Education (OBE) in South Africa, the emphasis shifted from a teacher-centred to a learner-centred instruction approach. The learner-centred teaching approach of OBE is based on the social constructivistic teaching view. This view is based on the fundamental acceptance that people construe knowledge through interaction between their existing knowledge and beliefs and new ideas or situations within a social environment or milieu. It is thus essential that future Geography education students receive training in a similar manner as that which is expected of them as future practising teachers. Lecturers' and students' beliefs and perceptions of how instruction must take place, in the majority of cases, still support the traditional direct instruction approach where lecturers transfer knowledge to students mainly through formal lectures. The acceptance of the social constructivistic teaching approach for the training of Geography education students implies that the beliefs of lecturers and students as well as their roles in the teaching learning process, must change. This means that the purpose of contact time between lecturer and students must necessarily change. Contact time should not just be used by the lecturer for presenting content. It is the task of the Geography lecturer to create a learning environment where students are actively involved in cooperative learning environments in the learning process. The lecturer acts as facilitator, guide, enabler and fellow-explorer in the learning process. Contact sessions must be used to offer the students the opportunity to report back on the learning assignments and activities or to reflect on what has been learnt. Continuous formative assessment takes place during contact and non-contact times to give quick feedback on learning. The lecturer and students are involved in the assessment process. Clear assessment criteria must be compiled by the lecturer in cooperation with students so that the students will know precisely what is expected of them. Together with the learner-centred teaching approach, certain universities worldwide have been obliged to decrease contact time between lecturer and student. Reasons for this can mainly be ascribed to an increase in student numbers and to effectively vii manage the lecturers' time so that more time can be spent on research. The lecturer is supposed to design and plan a specific module so that the set learning outcomes could be achieved within the reduced time. Different guidelines are identified in the context of reducing contact time so as to ensure the effective achievement of learning outcomes. The lecturer should prepare, plan and manage contact time. Students must also accept larger responsibility for independent learning and attain some of the learning outcomes during non-contact times. To support students during non-contact times and to guide them in the attainment of learning outcomes and completion of assignments, students must make use of resource-based learning. The interactive study guide and work planning, as developed and compiled by the lecturer, is necessary for providing students with assistance and guidance so that students know precisely what is expected of them, what resources to use and when. It is furthermore necessary that the assessment strategies, that are used in the teaching of Geography, support the decrease in contact time. Bigger responsibility is given to students in the assessment process and is included in self and peer group assessment of and feedback to assignments. The Geography education lecturer involved in the development of the different Geography modules must make sure that over-assessment does not take place, but that students are exposed to multiple assessment methods. Decision-making by university management on decreased contact time was probably taken without considering the full implications for learner-centred teaching. This study is an attempt to implement a learner-centred teaching approach in the Geography training of education students within the optimising of contact time between lecturer and students. A concept model for the Geography training of education students was developed to ensure the successful attainment of learning outcomes. The perception and attitudes of the students regarding the concept model in Geography-training within the optimising of contact time was analysed, after which the examination results of the students were compared with results of previous years. From the information required in the literature as well as in the implementation of the concept model in Geography training, criteria and strategies for the effective training of Geography teachers in the optimising of contact time were developed. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Despite high achievement by many Māori (indigenous people of Aotearoa New Zealand) students there is still a disparity between the achievements of Māori students and Non Māori students in the New Zealand educational context. Given that over 85% of Māori students are currently in mainstream settings rather than Māori medium settings the Government has initiated and supported teacher professional development approaches in efforts to enhance teacher effectiveness for teachers working with Māori in mainstream settings. This investigation looks specifically at the practice of four teachers who have been on the Te Kauhua/Māori in Mainstream Pilot project in a decile1 5 Intermediate school in the South Island of New Zealand. An important aspect of this investigation is that it listens to and includes the voices and opinions of eight students who are in the classes of these teachers. Early on in the Te Kauhua project teachers at the school articulated that it was the lack of engagement from their Māori students that was the problem and they wanted to look at ways in which they could maximise Māori student engagement in the classroom learning contexts. The particular aim of this investigation was to look at specific strategies and practices that teachers used to successfully maximise Māori student engagement in the classroom curriculum. The results highlighted the importance of the quality of the relationship between the teacher and the students, the positive impact of the extra effort that teachers applied to engage their students and the students’ preferences for working in small groups. Underpinning these aspects of practice was the importance that teachers placed on developing their reflective practice and the participation in small learning professional learning groups.

With the acceptance of Outcomes-based Education (OBE) in South Africa, the emphasis shifted from a teacher-centred to a learner-centred instruction approach. The learner-centred teaching approach of OBE is based on the social constructivistic teaching view. This view is based on the fundamental acceptance that people construe knowledge through interaction between their existing knowledge and beliefs and new ideas or situations within a social environment or milieu. It is thus essential that future Geography education students receive training in a similar manner as that which is expected of them as future practising teachers. Lecturers' and students' beliefs and perceptions of how instruction must take place, in the majority of cases, still support the traditional direct instruction approach where lecturers transfer knowledge to students mainly through formal lectures. The acceptance of the social constructivistic teaching approach for the training of Geography education students implies that the beliefs of lecturers and students as well as their roles in the teaching learning process, must change. This means that the purpose of contact time between lecturer and students must necessarily change. Contact time should not just be used by the lecturer for presenting content. It is the task of the Geography lecturer to create a learning environment where students are actively involved in cooperative learning environments in the learning process. The lecturer acts as facilitator, guide, enabler and fellow-explorer in the learning process. Contact sessions must be used to offer the students the opportunity to report back on the learning assignments and activities or to reflect on what has been learnt. Continuous formative assessment takes place during contact and non-contact times to give quick feedback on learning. The lecturer and students are involved in the assessment process. Clear assessment criteria must be compiled by the lecturer in cooperation with students so that the students will know precisely what is expected of them. Together with the learner-centred teaching approach, certain universities worldwide have been obliged to decrease contact time between lecturer and student. Reasons for this can mainly be ascribed to an increase in student numbers and to effectively vii manage the lecturers' time so that more time can be spent on research. The lecturer is supposed to design and plan a specific module so that the set learning outcomes could be achieved within the reduced time. Different guidelines are identified in the context of reducing contact time so as to ensure the effective achievement of learning outcomes. The lecturer should prepare, plan and manage contact time. Students must also accept larger responsibility for independent learning and attain some of the learning outcomes during non-contact times. To support students during non-contact times and to guide them in the attainment of learning outcomes and completion of assignments, students must make use of resource-based learning. The interactive study guide and work planning, as developed and compiled by the lecturer, is necessary for providing students with assistance and guidance so that students know precisely what is expected of them, what resources to use and when. It is furthermore necessary that the assessment strategies, that are used in the teaching of Geography, support the decrease in contact time. Bigger responsibility is given to students in the assessment process and is included in self and peer group assessment of and feedback to assignments. The Geography education lecturer involved in the development of the different Geography modules must make sure that over-assessment does not take place, but that students are exposed to multiple assessment methods. Decision-making by university management on decreased contact time was probably taken without considering the full implications for learner-centred teaching. This study is an attempt to implement a learner-centred teaching approach in the Geography training of education students within the optimising of contact time between lecturer and students. A concept model for the Geography training of education students was developed to ensure the successful attainment of learning outcomes. The perception and attitudes of the students regarding the concept model in Geography-training within the optimising of contact time was analysed, after which the examination results of the students were compared with results of previous years. From the information required in the literature as well as in the implementation of the concept model in Geography training, criteria and strategies for the effective training of Geography teachers in the optimising of contact time were developed. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

La présente recherche vise à décrire les pratiques d’enseignement de la littératie au premier cycle du primaire en contexte montréalais d’enseignants considérés experts. Plus précisément, les trois objectifs de recherche consistent à décrire les pratiques d’enseignement de la langue écrite au premier cycle du primaire en contexte montréalais privilégiées par certains enseignants considérés experts (N=6) (objectif 1); à décrire les différentes formes de différenciation pédagogique privilégiées pour l’enseignement de la lecture et de l’écriture en contexte montréalais de certains enseignants considérés experts afin de répondre aux besoins variés de tous leurs élèves (objectif 2) et à étudier les liens possibles entre les pratiques d’enseignement de la langue écrite d’enseignants considérés experts et la progression de leurs élèves (N=100) du premier cycle du primaire en contexte montréalais, au regard de leur connaissance des correspondances phonographiques et de la norme orthographique (objectif 3). Afin de répondre aux objectifs, deux entretiens ont été menés auprès des enseignantes, de même que deux observations en classe, une à l’automne et une au printemps. Pour leur part, les élèves ont été soumis à deux tâches d’écriture à deux reprises durant l’année (une tâche de production de mots et une tâche de production de texte) permettant de mesurer leur progression en cours d’année relativement à leurs connaissances des correspondances phonographiques et de la norme orthographique. Nos résultats nous ont permis de recueillir des pratiques très diversifiées et conduites avec une fréquence fort différente d’une enseignante à l’autre. La densité des contenus abordés en classe diffère également beaucoup entre les enseignantes. En lien avec le modèle du multi-agenda de Bucheton et Soulé (2009), les cinq composantes constituant la matrice de l’activité de l’enseignant se retrouvent dans toutes les classes, mais ces préoccupations n’occupent pas toutes la même place dans les pratiques des enseignantes de la recherche. Nos résultats indiquent aussi que toutes les enseignantes différencient leur enseignement, mais de façon variable. Il semble que ce soit la différenciation des processus, des contenus et des structures qui soit la plus aisée à mettre en place en classe. En lien avec notre adaptation du modèle de différenciation pédagogique de Caron (2008), il semble que ce soit la diversification et l’offre de choix qui sont mobilisées le plus fréquemment. Les mesures d’adaptation sont rarement mises en avant dans les pratiques de classe, tandis que les mesures d’individualisation n’ont pas été constatées. En ce qui a trait aux résultats des élèves aux tâches en écriture, nos résultats indiquent que deux groupes se démarquent parmi les six. En effet, c’est dans ces deux classes que la plus forte progression est constatée. Les pratiques des enseignantes de ces deux classes sont très diversifiées et elles sont les seules à mettre en avant dans leurs pratiques tous les dispositifs dont il est question en entretiens. De plus, les contenus enseignés sont denses, ce qui est réputé pour caractériser les pratiques des enseignants efficaces (Hall, 2003). De même, ces deux enseignantes offrent un étayage de grande qualité à leurs élèves et maîtrisent parfaitement le pilotage des tâches. La présente recherche peut servir à apporter un éclairage nouveau sur les pratiques de littératie des enseignants considérés experts afin de mieux comprendre leurs pratiques, de même que la place qu’ils accordent à la différenciation pédagogique. / The present research document aims to describe the practices of literacy of teachers considered as experts in an early elementary school context in Montreal. Specifically, the three research objectives of our work are as follows: describe the teaching practices applied to written language used by some teachers considered as experts (N = 6) in an early elementary school context in Montreal (objective 1); describe the various types of differentiated teaching selected by some teachers considered as experts in a Montreal-specific context to teach reading and writing skills according to the varying needs of their students (objective 2); and investigate possible links between the teaching practices applied to the acquisition of writing skills used by teachers considered as experts and the progress made by their students (N = 100) in the first cycle of elementary school in a Montreal, in terms of their knowledge of phonographic relationships and the spelling standard (objective 3). In order to meet these goals, we conducted two interviews with teachers, and ran two classroom observations, one in the fall and the other in spring. For their part, students were subjected to two writing tasks twice during the year (one aimed at word generation and the other at text production) to measure their progress during the year as it relates to their knowledge of phonographic relationships and to the spelling standard. Results showed that teaching practices as well as frequency vary greatly from one teacher to another. The richness of the material presented in class also differs greatly. In accordance with the multi-agenda model of Bucheton and Soulé (2009), the five components of the activity matrix of the teacher were found in all classes, but did not have the same importance for every one of the teachers engaged in our research. The results also indicate that all teachers differentiate their teaching, although at varying degrees. It seems that differentiation of processes, of contents and of structures is the easiest factor to implement in the classroom. In line with our adaptation of Caron’s model of differentiated instruction (2008), it seems that the elements that were most mobilized were diversification and the offering of choices. Adaptation measures were seldom emphasized in classroom practices, while no measures of individualization were observed. In regard to student performance in writing tasks, our results indicate that two groups stand out among the six. Indeed, it is in these two classes that we observed the greatest increase. Practices used by the teachers in these two classes were very diverse and they were the only ones who used all of the methods discussed in interviews. Furthermore, the content of the course was rich, a characteristic of effective teaching practices (Hall 2003). Similarly, these two teachers offered their students a high quality scaffolding and mastered coaching tasks. This research can be used to shed new light on the practices of literacy used by teachers that are considered as experts in order to better understand these practices, as well as the importance given to differentiated instruction.