Le diagnostic de fautes est essentiel pour atteindre l'objectif de temps avant mise sur le marché (time to market) des premiers prototypes de circuits intégrés. Une autre application du diagnostic est dans l'environnement de production. Les informations du diagnostic sont très utiles pour les concepteurs de circuits afin d'améliorer la conception et ainsi augmenter le rendement de production. Dans le cas où le circuit est une partie d'un système d'importance critique pour la sûreté (e.g. automobile, aérospatial), il est important que les fabricants s'engagent à identifier la source d'une défaillance dans le cas d'un retour client pour ensuite améliorer l'environnement de production afin d'éviter la récurrence d'un tel défaut et donc améliorer la sûreté. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons développé une méthodologie de modélisation et de diagnostic de fautes pour les circuits analogiques/mixtes. Une nouvelle approche basée sur l'apprentissage automatique a été proposée afin de considérer les fautes catastrophiques et paramétriques en même temps dans le diagnostic. Ensuite, nous avons focalisé sur le diagnostic de défauts spot qui sont considérés comme le mécanisme de défauts principal de circuits intégrés. Enfin, la méthodologie du diagnostic proposée a été validée par les données de circuits défectueux fournies par NXP Semiconductors - Netherlands. Mots clés: Diagnostic de fautes, modélisation de fautes, test analogique, analyse de défauts, apprentissage automatique / Fault diagnosis of ICs has grown into a special field of interest in semiconductor industry. At the design stage, diagnosing the sources of failures in IC prototypes is very critical to reduce design iterations in order to meet the time-to-market goal. In a high-volume production environment, diagnosing the sources of failures can assist the designers in gathering information regarding the underlying failure mechanisms. In cases where the IC is part of a larger system that is safety critical (e.g. automotive, aerospace), it is important to identify the root-cause of failure and apply corrective actions that will prevent failure reoccurrence and, thereby, expand the safety features. In this thesis, we have developed a methodology for fault modelling and fault diagnosis of analog/mixed circuits. A new approach has been proposed to diagnose both catastrophic and parametric faults based on machine learning. We then focused on spot defects which are more probable to occur in reality in order to develop an efficient diagnosis approach. The proposed diagnosis methodology has been demonstrated on data of failed devices provided by NXP Semiconductors - Netherlands.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:56:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_aps_me_arafcf.pdf: 946584 bytes, checksum: 6c4fbb82549dc1046e8b7771847a8f5b (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A família Eriocaulaceae possui cerca de 1200 espécies divididas em 10 gêneros e suas espécies de plantas são conhecidas como sempre-vivas, por sua grande durabilidade e coloração paleácea. Neste trabalho foram estudadas as espécies: Eriocaulon ligulatum, Leiothrix flavescens e Leiothrix spiralis, as quais foram avaliadas quanto à mutagenicidade e estrogenicidade e algumas substâncias isoladas foram utilizadas para um estudo de relação estrutura-atividade mutagênica e estrogênica. Para avaliação da mutagenicidade, utilizou-se o teste de Ames, e o teste RYA (Recombinant Yeast Assay) foi o empregado para avaliação da estrogenicidade. Os resultados da atividade mutagênica demonstraram que apenas E. ligulatum foi considerado mutagênico e isso foi atribuído às isocumarinas e flavonóides agliconas. Os estudos de relação estrutura-atividade mutagênica mostraram que esta ação foi devida à presença de hidroxilas em posições estratégicas e à ausência de glicosilações, metoxilações, ou qualquer outro tipo de substituição. Para complementar os estudos de relação estrutura-atividade mutagênica com as isocumarinas, utilizou-se resultados já publicados de mutagenicidade de moléculas semelhantes à isocumarina eriocaulina, isolada de E. ligulatum. Verificou-se que os dímeros de isocumarinas têm a sua mutagenicidade influenciada pela conformação espacial, pela presença de grupos hidroxilas mais afastados de grupos volumosos, e pelo tipo de ligação que une os seus monômeros. Quando o potencial estrogênico foi avaliado, apenas a L. flavescens apresentou resultados positivos e que esses são devidos à presença de flavonas agliconas, como a luteolina e a metoxiluteolina. As mesmas isocumarinas, pertencentes a outras espécies da família Eriocaulaceae, avaliadas no teste de Ames, foram avaliadas no teste RYA... / Eriocaulaceae family comprises around 1200 species, divided into 10 genera, and their plant species are known as “sempre-vivas” (everlasting flowers) for its durability and color. In this work the species Eriocaulon ligulatum, Leiothrix flavescens and Leiothrix spiralis were studied. These species were evaluated for the mutagenic and the estrogenic potential and some of their isolated compounds were used for a study of structuremutagenic and estrogenic activities. To assess mutagenicity we used Ames test and the Recombinant Yeast Assay (RYA test) was used for evaluation of estrogenicity. The results of mutagenic activity showed that only E. ligulatum presented mutagenicity and that these results were due to its naphthopyranones and flavonoid aglicons. The structuremutagenic activity studies shown that this action were due to the presence of hydroxyl groups in strategic positions and no glycosylations, methoxylation or any type of substitutions. To complement the studies of structure-mutagenic activity with the naphthopyranones, we use results already published of the mutagenicity of similar compounds to the naphthopyranone eriocaulina, isolated from E. ligulatum, and compare them with the data from ericauline. It was found that the dimers of naphthopyranones have their mutagenicity influenced by its spatial conformation, for the presence of hydroxyl groups furthest away from large groups, and the type of connection that join their monomers. When the estrogenic potential was assessed, we found that only L. flavescens showed positive results and that these results are due to the presence of flavones in the form of aglycones, such as luteolin and methoxyluteolin. The same naphthopyranones belonging to other species of Eriocaulaceae family, evaluated in the Ames test, were assessed in the RYA test. Their results were crucial for the establishment of structureestrogenic activity... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Diploma thesis deals with the control of efficiency of volleyball cadet team. Thesis consists of two parts, theoretical and experimental. Theoretical part summarizes the characterization of volleyball game, the performance of player in match, the locomotive abilities and the locomotive performance tests. Experimental part consists of testing and results processing with graphical outputs. Testing object was volleyball cadet team VSK Český Krumlov. Testing methodology contained eight tests of special locomotive performance which predicate mainly speed, force and dexterity abilities. Results were compared with average values of cadets from the whole Czech Republic, statistically processed and interpreted.

This thesis deals with breeding at primary school. In the Framework Education Programme for Elementary Education is included in the educational field Man and the world of work. Pupils are brought into contact with animals in the household and hygiene conditions and farming. This work determines the extent of knowledge that students have in this area and how they relate generally to the animals. On the basis of educational tests and questionnaires which were filled in by eigth grade´s pupils a research was carried out. The results are summarized in this diploma thesis.

abstract: Radio frequency (RF) transceivers require a disproportionately high effort in terms of test development time, test equipment cost, and test time. The relatively high test cost stems from two contributing factors. First, RF transceivers require the measurement of a diverse set of specifications, requiring multiple test set-ups and long test times, which complicates load-board design, debug, and diagnosis. Second, high frequency operation necessitates the use of expensive equipment, resulting in higher per second test time cost compared with mixed-signal or digital circuits. Moreover, in terms of the non-recurring engineering cost, the need to measure complex specfications complicates the test development process and necessitates a long learning process for test engineers. Test time is dominated by changing and settling time for each test set-up. Thus, single set-up test solutions are desirable. Loop-back configuration where the transmitter output is connected to the receiver input are used as the desirable test set- up for RF transceivers, since it eliminates the reliance on expensive instrumentation for RF signal analysis and enables measuring multiple parameters at once. In-phase and Quadrature (IQ) imbalance, non-linearity, DC offset and IQ time skews are some of the most detrimental imperfections in transceiver performance. Measurement of these parameters in the loop-back mode is challenging due to the coupling between the receiver (RX) and transmitter (TX) parameters. Loop-back based solutions are proposed in this work to resolve this issue. A calibration algorithm for a subset of the above mentioned impairments is also presented. Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) is a system-level parameter that is specified for most advanced communication standards. EVM measurement often takes extensive test development efforts, tester resources, and long test times. EVM is analytically related to system impairments, which are typically measured in a production test i environment. Thus, EVM test can be eliminated from the test list if the relations between EVM and system impairments are derived independent of the circuit implementation and manufacturing process. In this work, the focus is on the WLAN standard, and deriving the relations between EVM and three of the most detrimental impairments for QAM/OFDM based systems (IQ imbalance, non-linearity, and noise). Having low cost test techniques for measuring the RF transceivers imperfections and being able to analytically compute EVM from the measured parameters is a complete test solution for RF transceivers. These techniques along with the proposed calibration method can be used in improving the yield by widening the pass/fail boundaries for transceivers imperfections. For all of the proposed methods, simulation and hardware measurements prove that the proposed techniques provide accurate characterization of RF transceivers. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Electrical Engineering 2013

Software metrics plays an important role in measuring attributes that are critical to the success of a software project. Measurement of these attributes helps to make the characteristics and relationships between the attributes clearer. This in turn supports informed decision making. The field of software engineering is affected by infrequent, incomplete and inconsistent measurements. Software testing is an integral part of software development, providing opportunities for measurement of process attributes. The measurement of software testing process attributes enables the management to have better insight in to the software testing process. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the metric support for software test planning and test design processes. The study comprises of an extensive literature study and follows a methodical approach. This approach consists of two steps. The first step comprises of analyzing key phases in software testing life cycle, inputs required for starting the software test planning and design processes and metrics indicating the end of software test planning and test design processes. After establishing a basic understanding of the related concepts, the second step identifies the attributes of software test planning and test design processes including metric support for each of the identified attributes. The results of the literature survey showed that there are a number of different measurable attributes for software test planning and test design processes. The study partitioned these attributes in multiple categories for software test planning and test design processes. For each of these attributes, different existing measurements are studied. A consolidation of these measurements is presented in this thesis which is intended to provide an opportunity for management to consider improvement in these processes. / 00 92 51 4430327

Software producing companies want to increase their quality and efficiency. They often look at automated test tools as a part of a solution. Not many company's use test tools, the time it takes to evaluate which test tool that suites the company best costs much in both money and time. The development process within the IT world is so fast, this makes it difficult for any enterprise to put money in a test tool that may be useless within a few years. For a test tool to be valuable for a company it must be used during at least a few years. An automated test takes a lot of time to implement and introduce in the company. To get the whole picture when to automate test we have looked at different test methodologies. Step-by Step Method uses tables and lists to create the test document. Product Life Cycle Method (CPU) describes implementing of software test in the product life cycle. Well-developed test methods can save a lot of time and make it possibly for developers to work effectively. We have also investigated some general information about automated test like cost and when to automate. ATLM (Automated Test Life-Cycle Methodology) is a methodology that is used in order to take the correct decisions such as when to automate or not, (ATLM) is a structured methodology aiming toward ensuring a successful implementation. We have also described some methods of automated tools. The Record/Playback Method is a feature that executes the test manually while the test tool sits in the background and remembers what has happened. It generates a script that can re-execute the test. The Functional Decomposition Method and The Key-Word Driven Method are a data-driven automated testing methodology. That allows developing automated test scripts that are more "generic". It requires only that the input and the expected results have been updated. In this study we have examined automated test tools offered by Rational, Segue Software Inc and Mercury Interactive to survey the tools on the market. Segue Software Inc is aimed for e-business systems. Rational is a big company and has solutions for all parts in a software project. Mercury Interactive has several test solutions for testing and monitoring business- critical Web applications, and the WinRunner is most complex of the offered tools. / Mjukvaruutvecklande företag vill öka sin kvalité och effektivitet. De tittar ofta på automatiserade testverktyg som en del av lösningen. Inte så många företag använder testverktyg, tiden det tar att utvärdera vilket testverktyg som passar företaget bäst kostar mycket vad gäller både tid och pengar. Utvecklingen i IT världen är snabb, det gör det svårt för vilket företag som helst att lägga pengar på ett testverktyg som kan vara värdelöst om ett par år. För att ett testverktyg ska vara värdefullt för ett företag måste det användas under minst ett par år. Automatiserade testverktyg tar mycket tid att implementera och introducera i ett företag. För att få en helhetsbild när man ska automatisera tester har vi tittat på olika test metoder. Step-by Step metoden använder sig av listor för att skapa testdokument. Product Life Cycle Method (CPU) beskriver implementeringen av test i hela produktutvecklings cykeln. Väl utvecklade testmetoder kan spara mycket tid och gör det möjligt för utvecklarna att jobba mer effektivt. Vi har även undersökt lite mer allmän information om automatiserade test. som kostnaden och när man ska automatisera. ATLM (Automated Test Life-Cycle Methodology) är en metodik som används för att kunna ta de korrekta besluten som när man ska automatisera eller inte, ATLM är en strukturerad metodik som siktar mot att garantera en lyckad implementering. Vi har också beskrivit några metoder av automatiserade testverktyg. Record/Playback metoden är en metod som exekverar testen manuellt medan testverktyget spelar in vad som händer. Det genererar ett script som kan exekvera testet igen. Functional Decomposition metoden och The Key-Word Driven metoden är datadrivna automatiserade testmetodiker. Dessa tillåter automatiserade test script som är mer ?generiska?. De kräver bara ett indata och de förväntade resultaten har blivit uppdaterade. I denna uppsats har vi undersökt automatiserade testverktyg som erbjuds av Rational, Segue Software Inc och Mercury Interactive för att granska verktygen som finns på marknaden. Segue Software Inc siktar på e-handels system. Rational är ett stort företag som har lösningar för alla delar i ett mjukvaru projekt. Mercury Interactive har flera lösningar för testning och kontrollering av affärs kritiska web-applikationer, WinRunner är den mest komplexa av de erbjudna verktygen.

Antalet kretskort som monteras i multikortssystem, till exempel telekommunikationssystem, ökar ständigt. Samtidigt som ytmonteringstekniken och packningstekniken blir allt bättre utvecklas även tillverkningsmetoderna för olika integrerade komponenter, vilket medför att varje kretskort rymmer allt fler integrerade komponenter. Detta gör att testning av integrerade komponenter och multikortsystem blir alltmer komplex. En förutsättning för att kunna genomföra effektiv testning är standarder. Standarder över hur testning ska genomföras medför att en komponent som uppfyller kraven från en standard är direkt utbytbar mot en komponent från en annan tillverkare som uppfyller kraven från samma standard. En god standard bidrar även till att utvecklingen drivs åt samma håll istället för att varje tillverkare har sin egen lösning och ett eget gränssnitt, vilket dessutom leder till att ett antal olika gränssnittsomvandlare behövs för att koppla samman olika komponenter. Internal Joint Test Action Group (IJTAG) arbetar just nu med att ta fram en standard för inbäddade testinstrument på mikronivå. De inbäddade instrumenten kan stödja karaktärisering av komponenter likväl som strukturell och funktionell testning. På makronivå arbetar System Joint Test Action Group (SJTAG) med att ta fram en standard för testadministration. Den främsta uppgiften är att koppla samman IJTAG-standarden med systemtestadministrationen. Behovet av ett kommunikationsprotokoll mellan dessa båda är stort. I denna rapport utvärderas Standard Test and Programming Language (STAPL) i syfte att se hur det passar som länk mellan testmanager och inbäddade instrument. Vidare identifieras ett antal brister i STAPL och ett förslag på en vidareutveckling av språket tas fram. Denna vidareutveckling syftar till att göra språket mer dynamiskt och passande för inbäddad testning via Boundary-Scan-protokollet. Slutligen implementeras en demonstrator som består av mjukvara som exekveras på en PC och en Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) som tjänar som testobjekt.

Within Ericsson AB, integration and verification activities is done on the network level in order to secure the functionality of the network. Protocol analysers are used to capture the traffic in the network. This results in many log files, which needs to be analysed. To do this, a protocol decoder tool called Scapy/LHC is used. Scapy/LHC is a framework that allows the users to write their own script to retrieve the data they need from the log files. The Scapy/LHC framework is incrementally developed as open source within Ericsson when there are needs for more functionality. This is often done by the users, outside normal working tasks. Because of this, there is almost no testing done to verify that old and new functionality works as expected, and there is no formal test strategy in use today. <br />The goal of this master’s thesis is to evaluate test strategies that are possible to use on the Scapy/LHC framework. To make the time needed for the testing process as short as possible, the test strategy needs to be automated. Therefore, possible test automation tools shall also be evaluated. <br />Two possible test strategies and two possible test automation tools are evaluated in this thesis. A test strategy, where the scripts that are written by the users are used, is then selected for implementation. The two test automation tools are also implemented. The evaluation of the implemented test strategy shows that it is possible to find defects in the Scapy/LHC framework in a time efficient way with help of the implemented test strategy and any of the implemented test automation tools.

Ericsson has a very big and expensive test environment with a lot of GSM AXE equipment. In order to decrease the cost of testing Ericsson has developed a combination of simulated and real hardware, the Hybrid Test Environment (HTE). There is no formal supervision and testing of the HTE system today and this has left the HTE system unstable and the testers have been avoiding using HTE. It is important for Ericsson that the confidence for HTE will increase. The goal of this thesis is to produce a method for testing the HTE system. An automated test tool has been implemented in order to monitor and test the HTE system. During the two weeks that the test tool has been operational it has discovered 4 servers in 3 different HTE rigs that malfunctioned. These servers were fixed and were operational before the end-users could discover any problem.