Klasslärare bör också ha kunskap om hur de ska möta andraspråkselever och utveckla deras språkfärdigheter i olika ämnena i klassrummet, menar Holmegaard och Wikström (2004:539). Syftet med min uppsats var att ta reda på om två lärare i årskurs tre, på två grundskolor, arbetar språkfrämjande med andraspråkselever i klassrummet. Uppsatsen syftar till att belysa eventuella likheter och skillnader mellan lärarnas arbetssätt och jämföra detta med aktuell forskning. Jag intervjuade två lärare på olika skolor och utförde därefter observationer i deras klassrum. I resultatet framgår det att ingen av lärarna arbetar med etablerade metoder för att gynna andraspråkselevernas språkutveckling. Båda lärarna arbetar väldigt lika, de fokuserar på att förklara ord och begrepp i helklass. En av lärarna anser att hennes elever inte har större språkbrister, vilket hon menar är anledningen till att hon inte behöver anpassa undervisningen efter deras behov. Den andra läraren lägger emellertid mer uppmärksamhet på en andraspråkselev, detta på grund av att denne elev har betydligt större svårigheter med språket. Slutsatsen är att lärarna inte har mycket erfarenheter av arbetet med andraspråkselever vars språkliga brister är stora, vilket båda menar är orsaken till att de inte använder sig av specifika metoder i sitt arbete.

No description available.

No description available.

This study uses a spatial model to visualize LWD mobility areas in an approximate 1km reach of Cummins Creek, a fourth-order stream flowing through an old-growth Sitka spruce-western hemlock forest in the Oregon Coast Range. The model solves a LWD incipient motion equation for nine wood size combinations (0.1m, 0.4m, 1.7m diameters by 1.0m, 6.87m, 47.2m lengths) during the 2-year, 10-year, and 100-year discharge events. Model input variables were derived from a combination of field survey, remotely sensed, and modeled data collected or derived between June 2010 and July 2011. LWD mobility map results indicate the 2-year discharge mobilizes all modeled diameters, but mobile piece lengths are shorter than the bankfull channel boundary. Mobility areas for each wood size combination increases with discharge; 10-year and 100-year discharge events mobilize wood longer than average bankfull width within a confined section of the main stem channel, and mobilize LWD shorter than bankfull width within the main stem channel, side channels, and floodplain. No discharge event mobilizes the largest LWD size combination (1.7m / 47.2). Recruitment process was recorded for all LWD during June 2010, revealing that all mobile wood in the study reach was shorter than bankfull width. Based on these conflicting results, I hypothesize the distribution of wood in Cummins Creek can be described in terms of discharge frequency and magnitude, instead of as a binary mobile/stable classification. Mobility maps could be a useful tool for land managers using LWD as part of a stream restoration or conservation plan, but will require additional calibration.

Visual estimation techniques were used to quantify habitat characteristics, habitat type (pool, riffle) use and longitudinal distribution of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss), cutthroat trout (0. clarki), and coho salmon (0. kisutch) in spring, summer and fall in 8.8 km of Cummins Creek, a basin in the central coast of Oregon. Fish were distributed significantly different than habitat type availability in most samples. Pool habitats contained a disproportionate percent of the salmonid assemblage and 1+ fish in each sample, and the percentage of fish in pools increased as flow decreased. In spring, coho salmon fry were concentrated in side channels and valley floor tributary habitats. Large woody debris formed 57- 68% of pool habitats and was significantly correlated with pool volume, maximum pool depth, slow surface velocity in pools, and pieces of small woody debris. Longitudinal distribution of the salmonid assemblage did not differ from habitat distribution seasonally or between years, even though certain species differed Coho salmon and cutthroat trout were distributed in proportion to longitudinal habitat availability only when fish abundance was relatively high and streamflow was low. In most samples, both 0+ and 1+ steelhead were distributed in proportion to longitudinal habitat availability. Differences in coho salmon abundance between years appeared to influence longitudinal distribution of each species and age class. Certain reaches had consistent numbers of fish between years while the number of fish in other reaches varied widely. In most samples, reaches with highest abundance for steelhead were in the lower basin, cutthroat trout in the upper basin and coho salmon between the two other species. Timing of reduction in number of fish varied among species. Fifty-five percent of 0+ steelhead and 73% of 1+ steelhead lost between August 1988 and April 1989 were lost between August and October during low flow conditions. However, only 18% of the losses, for 0+ coho salmon, occurred between August and October with the remaining losses occurring after October. This study illustrates that habitat availability is not a good index of fish distribution when fish abundance is low, and it highlights the importance of habitat in the lower portions of basins when fish abundance is high. It also demonstrates that the basin wide distribution of salmonids varies among species, age classes, seasons, and years and suggests that our understanding of salmonid distribution and abundance could be greatly enhanced by adopting a basin-wide, community, and seasonal perspective. In addition, the methods used in this study offer one way to assess the seasonal distribution and abundance of salmonids in a relatively quick, inexpensive, and non-destructive manner. / Graduation date: 1994

Relations between the diversity of juvenile anadromous salmonids and pool features were examined in a managed and a pristine watershed in Oregon during the summer of 1990. There were no differences (p>0.05) in pool depth, velocity or pool wood volumes between streams. However, the pristine system had twice the number of pools within similar lineal distances. Pools in the pristine system also had larger substrates (percent dominant within pools) and smaller pool area (p=0.01). Fish diversity was found to be greater in pools in the pristine system than in the managed system using the Simpson's Diversity and Shannon Evenness indicies (p=0.01). The Shannon-Wiener Diversity index did not show any differences between streams. The difference in assemblage diversity was due to differences in relative abundance and not species richness. Relative abundance of juvenile steelhead and cutthroat trout and coho salmon was more even in Cummins Creek, the pristine system, than in Cape Creek, the managed system. Relative abundance of coho increased in the managed system possibly due to a change in pool habitat characteristics, whose conditions favored coho salmon, but this relationship was not clear. This study emphasizes the importance of assessing communities of juvenile anadromous salmonids as opposed to studies involving a single species. Past land management activities have focused upon single species' with regards to a particular habitat component, which has decreased biodiversity and changed stream habitat characteristics through cumulative effects. Resource managers should examine interactions between habitat characteristics and salmonid communities in order to maintain biological diversity or risk creating favored habitat for a single species within stream systems. / Graduation date: 1997

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur ett antal lärare undervisar nyanlända elever i de praktiskt- estetiska ämnena hem- och konsumentkunskap och textilslöjd samt i det teoretiska ämnet svenska som andraspråk. Detta till en bakgrund av att de praktiskt- estetiska ämnena ses som lämpliga att använda som sluss då nyanlända elever ska övergå till reguljära klasser.  Studiens frågeställningar ämnar undersöka huruvida och i vilken grad lärarna i de olika ämnena anpassar och kontextualiserar undervisningen för nyanlända elever.   Studien tar avstamp i en tro om att språkutveckling sker i socialinteraktion i kombination med praktiskt undervisning med kognitivt utmanande lärosituationer. Frågeställningar belyses ur ett sociokulturellt perspektiv där Jim Cummins modell för andraspråkselever används som analysverktyg. Modellen utgörs av två nivåer, kognitiv nivå och graden av situationsberoende/kontextualisering och syftar till att hjälpa lärare att lägga undervisningen på en nivå där eleven får stöd av kontexten samtidigt som hen blir kognitivt utmanad.   För att besvara studiens syfte och frågeställningar utfördes fem semistrukturerade intervjuer och fem högstrukturerade observationer med fem lärare på två skolor i olika kommuner i Mellansverige, där samtliga lärare undervisade nyanlända elever i ett eller flera ämnen.   Resultatet visar att lärarna oberoende av ämne anpassar undervisningen på ett likartat sätt genom förenklingar. Lärarna i svenska som andraspråk anpassar dock undervisningen i större omfattning än lärarna i de praktiskt- estetiska ämnena. Ytterligare resultat som kan utläsas ur empirin är att ämnet hem- och konsumentkunskap utmärker sig då ämnet ofta håller sig på en nivå där eleverna får kontextuell hjälp samtidigt som de blir kognitivt utmanade.   Slutsatsen är att de praktiskt- estetiska ämnena kopplar samman teori och praktik vilket gör att undervisningen kontextualiseras på ett naturligt sätt.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1989. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [211]-218).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1958. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 558-567).

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2014-09-09T12:52:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Nei Freitas Nunes Neto.pdf: 1548297 bytes, checksum: d2a73a187d3959051872d9f5a0509926 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Fatima Cleômenis Botelho Maria (botelho@ufba.br) on 2014-09-09T13:08:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Nei Freitas Nunes Neto.pdf: 1548297 bytes, checksum: d2a73a187d3959051872d9f5a0509926 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-09T13:08:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nei Freitas Nunes Neto.pdf: 1548297 bytes, checksum: d2a73a187d3959051872d9f5a0509926 (MD5) / Gaia é um programa de pesquisa científico, que foi proposto pelo químico inglês James Lovelock, no final da década de 1960, a partir de estudos desenvolvidos por ele para a NASA, com o objetivo de formular métodos para a detecção de vida em outros planetas. O programa de pesquisa foi fortemente rejeitado pela comunidade científica nos primeiros anos de sua história, ao passo que foi recebido com entusiasmo por grupos espiritualistas e ambientalistas. Entretanto, a rejeição da comunidade científica tem sido significativamente reduzida, sobretudo a partir de meados dos anos 1980 e anos 1990. Neste trabalho, temos como objetivo oferecer uma abordagem consistente para as atribuições e explicações funcionais no pograma de pesquisa. Assim, para alcançar o objetivo, realizamos nosso trabalho em duas vertentes. Na primeira, apresentamos uma discussão sobre o surgimento e o desenvolvimento de Gaia enquanto um programa de pesquisa, as questões epistemológicas suscitadas por ele e suas implicações para a compreensão do sistema Terra. Na segunda vertente, discutimos as atribuições e explicações funcionais na filosofia da biologia, com ênfase para duas teorias: a abordagem etiológica selecionista de Larry Wright e a análise funcional de Robert Cummins. Defendemos que as duas teorias são empreitadas distintas e que não devem ser unificadas numa única abordagem sobre as funções. Isto levanos a apoiar a tese do consenso dualista de Godfrey-Smith. Apresentamos também a crítica de Cummins às abordagens etiológicas selecionistas, as quais ele rotulou de neo-teleologia. Apesar de algumas das críticas de Cummins localizarem corretamente falhas naquela abordagem, outras críticas perdem de vista pontos importantes das abordagens etiológicas de função, que não podem ser deixadas de lado. A partir das críticas de ambos os lados do debate filosófico, a compreensão sobre função na biologia, é sobremaneira enriquecida. Em seguida, a partir das discussões anteriores, nos voltamos especificamente para as atribuições e explicações funcionais em Gaia, construindo uma síntese dos argumentos apresentados nas duas vertentes do trabalho. Buscamos uma solução para a questão teórica investigada a partir da perspectiva sobre as funções de Cummins. Para este filósofo, função é uma capacidade de um ítem à qual recorremos para compreender a realização de uma capacidade do sistema que o contém. Após discutir questões como decomposição e localização em sistemas complexos e em Gaia, aplicamos a teoria de Cummins sobre as funções a um subsistema de Gaia, o sistema proposto pela hipótese CLAW, que interliga algas oceânicas, compostos voláteis de enxofre, nuvens sobre os oceanos e o clima global. O resultado de tal aplicação é um modelo funcional do sistema, onde as capacidades dos componentes são tratadas como as funções destes e explicam, juntamente com a organização do sistema, a realização da capacidade sistêmica em questão, a saber, a produção de nuvens sobre os oceanos. O modelo proposto permite concluir que a análise funcional de Cummins fornece um quadro teórico consistente para a construção de explicações funcionais consistentes em Gaia e pode contribuir também para a superação do problema das explicações teleológicas no programa de pesquisa. Por fim, consideramos as implicações de Gaia para o ensino de ciências, especialmente o de biologia, na medida em que ela já está presente nos livros didáticos de biologia do ensino médio. Além disso, Gaia pode ser uma interessante via de inserção de história e filosofia da ciência no ensino de ciências, assim como pode contribuir para a abordagem de temas ambientais.