<p>Bakgrund: Kaliningrad är den mest västliga ryska regionen som ligger mellan två EU-länder. I takt med den höjda levnadsstandarden och på grund av det gynnsamma geografiska läget ökar svenska företagens intresse för regionen. För att öppna upp regionens ekonomi för direkta investeringar från utlandet introducerades Special Economic Zone. Syftet med SEZ-Kaliningrad var att kompensera regionen för det isolerade läget genom tull- och skattelättnader för varor som tillverkas där. SEZ-insatsen i Kaliningrad har attraherat en del direkta investeringar, men resultaten har hittils inte varit speciellt imponerande.</p><p>Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att genomföra en studie av de skandinaviska företagens erfarenheter av SEZ-Kaliningrad. I samband med detta vill författaren även undersöka hur representanter från de lokala myndigheterna, som arbetar med SEZ-frågor, upplever SEZ.</p><p>Teori: Inom uppsatsens teoretiska ramverk diskuteras de viktiga anledningarna för företagens investeringsbeslut och samband mellan statlig politik, marknadens ofullständighet och direkta investeringar i utlandet. Vidare diskuteras begreppen enklav och Special Economic Zone. Avslutningsvis framställs några kriterier för en framgångsrik Special Economic Zone.</p><p>Metod: Uppsatsens undersökning genomfördes med hjälp av den kvantitativa metoden. Svaren på enkät från sex skandinaviska bolag, som är etablerade i Kaliningrad och använder sig av SEZ-villkor, analyserades. Även två representanter från lokala myndigheter, som jobbar med SEZ-frågor, deltog i undersökningen. Resultaten av undersökningen presenterades i löpande text och illustrerades med diagram.</p><p>Analys: Resultatet av den genomförda undersökningen visar att det finns skillnader mellan de lokala myndigheternas uppfattning om hur effektivt Special Economic Zone i Kaliningrad är och de skandinaviska företagens erfarenhet av den. För att öka SEZ-åtgärdernas effektivitet krävs det större intresset från de lokala myndigheternas sida i investerarnas problem. Det krävs även djupare förståelse och högre grad av samarbete mellan parterna för att förbättra den befintliga situationen.</p><p>Nyckelord: Direkta investeringar i utlandet, Special Economic Zone, Kaliningrad</p> / <p>Background: Kaliningrad is the western Russian city situated between two EU countries. Due to the higher living standard and the favourable geographical position the interest from the Swedish companies in the region is growing. In order to open the region’s economy to direct investments, the Special Economic Zone was introduced in the region. The purpose with the SEZ-Kaliningrad was to compensate the region for its isolation with customs and tax reductions on goods manufactured there. The SEZ in Kaliningrad has drawn a number of direct investments, but the results have not been very impressive so far.</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to study the Scandinavian companies’ experience of the SEZ-Kaliningrad. In connection with this the author also wants to study how the representatives from the local authorities, who work with the SEZ matters, experience the SEZ.</p><p>Theory: Within the thesis’ theoretical framework I discuss the important grounds for the companies’ investment decisions and the relation between state policy, the market’s deficiency and the direct investments abroad. Furthermore, enclave and Special Economic Zone concepts are discussed. In conclusion, a number of criteria for a successful Special Economic Zone are presented.</p><p>Method: The survey is carried out with the help of the quantitative methodology. The answers from six Scandinavian companies, which are established in Kaliningrad and implement SEZ conditions, were analyzed. Besides that, two representatives from the local authorities, who work with the SEZ matters, took part in the survey. The results of the survey were presented in the text and illustrated with diagrams.</p><p>Analysis: The results from the survey show that there are differences between the local authorities’ understanding of the efficiency of the Special Economic Zone in Kaliningrad and the Scandinavian companies’ experience of it. To make the SEZ measures more effective a greater interest is needed from the local authorities in the investment companies’ problems. There is even a need of a better understanding and a higher level of cooperation between the parties to improve the present situation.</p><p>Keywords: Foreign Direct Investments, Special Economic Zone, Kaliningrad.</p>

Bakgrund: Kaliningrad är den mest västliga ryska regionen som ligger mellan två EU-länder. I takt med den höjda levnadsstandarden och på grund av det gynnsamma geografiska läget ökar svenska företagens intresse för regionen. För att öppna upp regionens ekonomi för direkta investeringar från utlandet introducerades Special Economic Zone. Syftet med SEZ-Kaliningrad var att kompensera regionen för det isolerade läget genom tull- och skattelättnader för varor som tillverkas där. SEZ-insatsen i Kaliningrad har attraherat en del direkta investeringar, men resultaten har hittils inte varit speciellt imponerande. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att genomföra en studie av de skandinaviska företagens erfarenheter av SEZ-Kaliningrad. I samband med detta vill författaren även undersöka hur representanter från de lokala myndigheterna, som arbetar med SEZ-frågor, upplever SEZ. Teori: Inom uppsatsens teoretiska ramverk diskuteras de viktiga anledningarna för företagens investeringsbeslut och samband mellan statlig politik, marknadens ofullständighet och direkta investeringar i utlandet. Vidare diskuteras begreppen enklav och Special Economic Zone. Avslutningsvis framställs några kriterier för en framgångsrik Special Economic Zone. Metod: Uppsatsens undersökning genomfördes med hjälp av den kvantitativa metoden. Svaren på enkät från sex skandinaviska bolag, som är etablerade i Kaliningrad och använder sig av SEZ-villkor, analyserades. Även två representanter från lokala myndigheter, som jobbar med SEZ-frågor, deltog i undersökningen. Resultaten av undersökningen presenterades i löpande text och illustrerades med diagram. Analys: Resultatet av den genomförda undersökningen visar att det finns skillnader mellan de lokala myndigheternas uppfattning om hur effektivt Special Economic Zone i Kaliningrad är och de skandinaviska företagens erfarenhet av den. För att öka SEZ-åtgärdernas effektivitet krävs det större intresset från de lokala myndigheternas sida i investerarnas problem. Det krävs även djupare förståelse och högre grad av samarbete mellan parterna för att förbättra den befintliga situationen. Nyckelord: Direkta investeringar i utlandet, Special Economic Zone, Kaliningrad / Background: Kaliningrad is the western Russian city situated between two EU countries. Due to the higher living standard and the favourable geographical position the interest from the Swedish companies in the region is growing. In order to open the region’s economy to direct investments, the Special Economic Zone was introduced in the region. The purpose with the SEZ-Kaliningrad was to compensate the region for its isolation with customs and tax reductions on goods manufactured there. The SEZ in Kaliningrad has drawn a number of direct investments, but the results have not been very impressive so far. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to study the Scandinavian companies’ experience of the SEZ-Kaliningrad. In connection with this the author also wants to study how the representatives from the local authorities, who work with the SEZ matters, experience the SEZ. Theory: Within the thesis’ theoretical framework I discuss the important grounds for the companies’ investment decisions and the relation between state policy, the market’s deficiency and the direct investments abroad. Furthermore, enclave and Special Economic Zone concepts are discussed. In conclusion, a number of criteria for a successful Special Economic Zone are presented. Method: The survey is carried out with the help of the quantitative methodology. The answers from six Scandinavian companies, which are established in Kaliningrad and implement SEZ conditions, were analyzed. Besides that, two representatives from the local authorities, who work with the SEZ matters, took part in the survey. The results of the survey were presented in the text and illustrated with diagrams. Analysis: The results from the survey show that there are differences between the local authorities’ understanding of the efficiency of the Special Economic Zone in Kaliningrad and the Scandinavian companies’ experience of it. To make the SEZ measures more effective a greater interest is needed from the local authorities in the investment companies’ problems. There is even a need of a better understanding and a higher level of cooperation between the parties to improve the present situation. Keywords: Foreign Direct Investments, Special Economic Zone, Kaliningrad.

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Analysis of Regional Economic Cooperation Strategies between Penghu and Mainland Special Economic Zones on the West Coast of Taiwan Straits Abstract After the establishment of air and sea transportation links between Taiwan and China, Penghu, which is geographically situated in the center of the cross-strait links shall make good use of its transfer function, by taking advantage of its tax incentives (duty-free) stipulated in "Offshore Island Development Act" and "Cross-strait Mini Three Link Policy" to develop new industries that can satisfy the requirements of "import consumption" and "export promotion." Penghu may foster closer economic and trade ties between Taiwan and Fujian Province, promote cross-strait tourism, expand cultural exchange, and develop sustainable industries that are necessary for continuing the economic prosperity. This study was conducted by a team of three students using the interactive management approach to tackle the main theme of regional cooperative strategies between Penghu and the Mainland special economic zones on the west coast of Taiwan Straits. The researchers looked into the sub-title issues from the economical, social, and governmental aspects respectively. The theoretical framework of this study was based on the public affairs management and research method -- Interactive Management (IM). To make the research results more comprehensive, the interactive management approach was combined with two methods often used in framework analysis: nominal group technology (NGT) and interpretative structure model (ISM). Together with literature review, expert interviews and data collection methods, the researchers gathered all relevant information about Penghu so as to provide a more objective basis for exploring the strategic economic cooperation between Penghu and the Mainland special economic zone on the west coast of Taiwan Straits. To ensure good progress in the panel discussion and anticipate fruitful results from discussions of various sub-titles to turn into specific strategies, the interactive discussion seminar invited local representatives in order to incorporate the views of the people in Penghu. This information can provide reliable reference for the central government planning units in their policy formulation process. Using this approach can solve the problem of suspending issues whenever the interactive management (IM) is used. The seminar was joined by 27 representatives from all walks of life. The NGT process started from exposing the issues, clarifying the issues, voting for the issues, to making paired comparisons, supplemented by ISM software, and finally resulted in enhanced structural clearness and visually understandable connectivity. After panel discussions over the structural charts, appropriate revisions, and confirmation of a final version, 12 economic strategies were produced from discussions of regional cooperation between Penghu and the Mainland special economic zone on the west coast of the Taiwan Straits.These recommendations are given below: (1) requesting the Ministry of Communications to instruct the maritime and aviation companies to open scheduled transport lines within the shortest time for Makung-Kinmen, Penghu-Xiamen, and Penghu¡VShantou lines, and to extend the links gradually to other cities on the west coast of the straits; (2) directing Penghu to work with officials of mainland special economic zones on the west coast of the Straits for development of free trade zones ; it should be consulted through the Straits Exchange Foundation (SEF) and the Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits (ARATS) to establish a fair and transparent cooperative mechanism in order to protect the legitimate rights and interests of people on both VI sides of the Straits; (3) transforming Penghu into an international duty free zone; (4) requesting Penghu County Government units or related non-governmental organizations to communicate with relevant parties on the other side of the Straits to open forums for discussion of co-operative strategies between Penghu and mainland special economic zones on the west coast of the straits; (5) suggesting the Penghu County Government to ask for more funding for establishing marine life and culture zones, in order to promote green tourism and economic development; (6) requesting Penghu County Government to promote tourism and gaming industries, and also to give more thinking on other possibilities (for example ocean biotech industry); (7) requesting the central government to release the remote island transportation lines to outside operators using market competition to reduce the cost of air fares and enhance tourism competitiveness; (8) suggesting Penghu to proactively develop indoor and outdoor theme parks, on land and at sea, as well as opening of other shopping malls; (9) requesting the central government to lift the bans on the islands development so as to allow foreign and mainland investments to participate in Penghu's preferential land and housing projects, in turn to boost the prosperity of the Penghu area; (10) recommending the Penghu County Government to ask the Taiwan Power Company to strengthen the capacity of wind power, and asking the Taiwan water company to enhance the production of desalination water; (11) suggesting the government agencies to map out the development plans for Penghu and to find suitable areas that can draw the interests of outside contractors in order to strengthen the development and enhancement of their own standards, and to attract more mainland tourists to the island; and (12) suggesting the two sides of the Straits to sign reciprocal tax agreements to reduce the time and labor costs so as to enhance the marketing and promotion of special products with Penghu characteristics. The relationship between individual strategies needs to be further clarified for strengthening and production of enhanced structural connections, in order to determine the priority of strategies and their objective goals. The participants also felt that the most urgent task is to integrate the communication platform between the central and local government units in order to establish effective communication that will help the planning and implementation of cross-strait policies, and in turn conducive to smooth working with other strategies. More public forums shall be set up for open dialogue with various government units. This issue is to be delayed no further, and all strategies shall be given the best implementation, and shall ask local people to take part in public discussions that can facilitate the building of a citizen society. Keywords: Penghu County, Economic Zone on the West Coast of Taiwan Straits,Public Affairs Management¡]PAM¡^, interactive management, regional cooperation

No description available.

This study focuses specifically on the laws and regulations relating to commercial fishing within the Exclusive Economic Zone of South Africa and the impact of illegal fishing (IUU). The goal is to determine how overfishing can be stopped or minimised and ultimately for South Africa to harvest the illegally caught fish in such a way that it becomes part of the South African economy and generates revenue. The study will analyse the international legal instruments applicable and their impact on the development of the South African maritime laws. An in depth look at the relevant South African maritime laws will be vital as to determine if these laws are adequate to protect the fish resources from illegal exploitation and official mismanagement. To see if South Africa’s maritime laws are lacking with other countries a comparison must be done, particularly with a country like Australia that has one of the highest success rates when it comes to combating IUU fishing. It will be found that the international legal instruments and agreements on the use of the sea have afforded rights and powers to coastal states to protect their sea zones, but it will remains the responsibility of each coastal state to determine how it will use these rights and powers to protect its own sea zones. Further it will be shown that South Africa has the necessary legislative measures in place to protect its fish resources, but the problem lies with the implementation of those measures Australia does not only rely on its legislation to stop IUU fishing, but it also uses external methods, that South Africa will have to consider. / LLM (Import and export Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

This study focuses specifically on the laws and regulations relating to commercial fishing within the Exclusive Economic Zone of South Africa and the impact of illegal fishing (IUU). The goal is to determine how overfishing can be stopped or minimised and ultimately for South Africa to harvest the illegally caught fish in such a way that it becomes part of the South African economy and generates revenue. The study will analyse the international legal instruments applicable and their impact on the development of the South African maritime laws. An in depth look at the relevant South African maritime laws will be vital as to determine if these laws are adequate to protect the fish resources from illegal exploitation and official mismanagement. To see if South Africa’s maritime laws are lacking with other countries a comparison must be done, particularly with a country like Australia that has one of the highest success rates when it comes to combating IUU fishing. It will be found that the international legal instruments and agreements on the use of the sea have afforded rights and powers to coastal states to protect their sea zones, but it will remains the responsibility of each coastal state to determine how it will use these rights and powers to protect its own sea zones. Further it will be shown that South Africa has the necessary legislative measures in place to protect its fish resources, but the problem lies with the implementation of those measures Australia does not only rely on its legislation to stop IUU fishing, but it also uses external methods, that South Africa will have to consider. / LLM (Import and export Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Fujian is the closest province between Taiwan and China. Fujian is also the important area that Taiwan¡¦s businesses invested in China. The economical development and industrial structure in Taiwan and Fujian is very closely. Fujian is the key area that for the Taiwan ¡¥s businesses entering to China. It is necessary to understand the trade relation and history between Taiwan and Fujian, the economical position in Fujian, the plan of the west side of the Straits and the compare with other economical area. The study researched and analysed the history of Fujian, Xizmen economical zone, the Quanzhou pattern and the plan of the west side of the Straits to know the regional economical development between Fujian and Taiwan.

Analysis of the Social Aspect of the Strategy for Cooperation between Penghu and China's Economic Zone on the Western Side of the Taiwan Strait Abstract In this study, we (Wen-Chang Hsu, Chen-yu Wu and myself) analyzed possible strategies for cooperation between Penghu and China¡¦s Economic Zone on the Western Side of the Taiwan Strait (SWZ) within the aspects of economy, government and society. The study is based on the public affairs management (PAM) framework. Applying the interactive management (IM) method used from PAM policy analysis, as well as the nominal group technique (NGT) method and the interpretive structural modeling (ISM) method used for project analysis, interactive management seminars were held with participants from industries, government, academic fields, people¡¦s representatives and media representatives. The participants were engaged in sessions for idea generation, opinion writing and recording onto panel papers on the wall. The sessions also included in-sequence description and discussion to clear up problems, categorization of problems according to fields, key problem voting, problem sorting by votes and fields, and problem selection according to scores. The ISM method was then used to build and interpret problematic structure, overlap problem areas, and generate an enforcement structural diagram, which was reviewed and revised to come up with the strategic analysis in the social aspect of ¡§cooperation between Penghu and China¡¦s Economic Zone on the Western Side of the Taiwan Strait¡¨. Through clearing up the enforcement relationship between each item, an enforced structural relationship diagram was created to identify the priority and enhancement sequence of each policy in its implementation, as well as the objectives and directions. Twelve strategies have been identified as follows in our strategic analysis in the social aspect of ¡§cooperation between Penghu and China¡¦s Economic Zone on the Western Side of the Taiwan Strait¡¨. They are: 1.Establishment of communication between the two sides and a mechanism for handling disputes over civil and commercial matters, as well as fishing disputes, arising after intensive cross-strait exchanges, in order to achieve the purpose of rapid processing; a civil communication mechanism and civil or arbitration system can be relied on to rapidly deal with the issues in a professional manner before a general-purpose processing mechanism is established; 2.With consensual support of the majority of county people, effort should be spent in getting the central government¡¦s consent for setting Penghu as the sole gaming district and in formulating a concrete plan for improving the competitiveness of Penghu; 3.The local government should extensively accept the views of non-governmental organizations to develop viable and effective business strategy, and to proactively win the central government¡¦s recognition in placing emphasis upon further development of infrastructure to enhance the people's livelihood and to improve on the competitive business environment in Penghu; 4.Combine local characteristics with related industries such as the featured villas, aragonites, and seafood and cultural landscapes, in order to leverage favorable resources through an established certification mechanism; also strengthen promotion and advocation in the quality of the tourism environment provided; 5.Both sides should set up reasonable, equally treated and mutually trusted counterparts in interaction units to resolve any uncertain issues such as inspection of animals, plants and goods, as well as health care and education, that may occur at any time during cross-strait cooperation. 6.The media and channel of both sides should be leveraged to devise a theme-based marketing plan in order to address the unique history of cultural assets, as well as the unique natural landscape of local resources and humanistic care, environmental protection and green buildings; 7. Investments and exchanges should be planned for the cooperation of cross-strait agricultural and fishery businesses, as well as the tourism industry, on a complementary ground to boost interaction among cross-strait fishing groups and academic communities in order to enhance competitive advantage, technology, management and marketing capacity; 8.Marketing programs should be developed to leverage favorable factors of Penghu in terms of hardware (e.g., natural resources and historic buildings) and software (e.g., human resources, service quality and tourism image), and be effectively managed; 9.Severe punishment on fishing with electricity, toxics and banned gears should be implemented for the protection of cross-strait fishery assets and marine ecology; incentives should be provided for reporting on such misconducts; 10. Passenger cruises and regular chartered flights should be provided within the limit of allowed airway and seaway transportation, in order to enhance the competitive advantage of Penghu; 11.Urge the Government to set up a supervision unit in support of renewable marine resources, for sustainable development of such renewable natural resources; 12.To address cross-strait exchange issues, the government agencies should build a strong planning and leading team for devising comprehensive supportive packages and set-up a unified window for advising on planning matters,. The well-established community forum and neighborhood general assembly have long been a channel for the public sector to voice opinions on governmental order or to seek people¡¦s support on specific policy or construction, despite the participation of some people who merely express their opinions without much interactive discussion and mutual communication, and therefore are not very effective in the implementation of public affairs. By examining the results of this interactive management seminar, it is recognized that the public would be enthusiastic to participate in public affairs, to help in getting the public policies implemented and to boost the administration quality, if the public sector can adopt the approach of a public forum for participants to fully express their views, discuss objectively, study and analyze the issues mutually, and formulate feasible solutions. Keywords: Penghu County, Economic Zone on the West Coast of Taiwan Straits ,interactive management (IM), nominal group technique (NGT), interpretive structural modeling (ISM)

Thesis (M. Hous. M.)--University of Hong Kong, 1995. / "December 1994." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 148-150).