The purpose of this dissertation is to demonstrate a new empirical and systemic geopolitical approach to the study of the ongoing territorial dispute in the Arctic resulting from the desire of two nation states, Denmark and Russia, to extend their own northernmost limits of the Exclusive Economic Zone to the central part of the Arctic Ocean. This approach combines geographic, legal and political analytical perspectives with quantitative research design to produce an inter-disciplinary study. Empirical evidence on the long-term socio-geographic development in the region (1993-2013) is provided together with information on particular territorial gains and losses for all decision-makers that arise in a number of potential scenarios (options). Variation in each decision-maker's aggregate national socio-geographic resource, as implied by particular territorial modifications in the central part of the Arctic Ocean, serves as a basis for derivation of nontrivial payoffs on each option in the dispute. These payoffs are introduced into a three-player graph model for conflict resolution (Denmark, Russia, and the World) and stable dispute solutions are suggested on the basis of different combinations of decision-makers' strategies, whose optimality is evaluated as well. Finally, alternative scenarios of...

Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) provides an opportunity for qualifying coastal signatory states to claim extended maritime estate. The opportunity to claim rests on the precept that in certain cases a continental shelf extends beyond the traditionally demarcated two hundred nautical mile (200M) Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) mark. In these cases a successful claim results in states having sovereign rights to the living and non-living resources of the seabed and subsoil, as well as the sedentary species, of the area claimed. Where the continental shelf extends beyond the 200M mark, the Foot of the Continental Slope (FoS) has to be determined as one of the qualifying criteria. Article 76 of UNCLOS de nes the FoS as ". . . the point of maximum change in the gradient at its base." Currently Caris Lots is the most widely used software which incorporates public domain data to determine the FoS as a step towards defining the offshore extent of an extended continental shelf. In this software, existing methods to compute the FoS are often subjective, typically involving an operator choosing the best perceived foot point during consideration of a two dimensional profile of the continental slope. These foot points are then joined by straight lines to form the foot line to be used in the desk top study (feasibility study). The purpose of this thesis is to establish a semi-automated and mathematically based three dimensional method for determination of the FoS using South African data as a case study. Firstly, a general background of UNCLOS is given (with emphasis on Article 76), including a brief discussion of the geological factors that influence the characteristics of a continental shelf and thus factors that could influence the determination of the FoS. Secondly, a mathematical method for determination of the surfaces of extremal curvature (on three dimensional data), originally proposed by Vanicek and Ou in 1994, is detailed and applied to two smooth, hypothetical sample surfaces. A discussion of the bathymetric data to be used for application introduces the factors to be taken into account when using extensive survey data as well as methods to process the raw data for use. The method is then applied to two sets of gridded bathymetric data of differing resolution for four separate regions around the South African coast. The ridges formed on the resulting surfaces of maximum curvature are then traced in order to obtain a foot line definition for each region and each resolution. The results obtained from application of the method are compared with example foot points provided by the subjective two dimensional method of computation within the Caris Lots software suite. A comparison of the results for the different resolutions of data is included to provide insight as to the effectiveness of the method with differing spatial coarseness of data. Finally, an indication of further work is provided in the conclusion to this thesis, in the form of a number of recommendations for possible adaptations of the mathematical and tracing methods, and improvements thereof. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Verenigde Nasies se Konvensie oor die Wet van die See (UNCLOS) bied 'n geleentheid aan kwalifiserende state wat ondertekenaars van die Konvensie is om aanspraak te maak op uitgebreide maritieme gebied. Die geleentheid om op uitgebreide gebied aanspraak te maak berus op die veronderstelling dat 'n kontinentale tafel in sekere gevalle tot buite die tradisioneel afgebakende 200 seemyl eksklusiewe ekonomiese zone (EEZ) strek. In sulke gevalle het 'n suksesvolle aanspraak die gevolg dat die staat soewereine reg oor die lewende en nie-lewende bronne van die seevloer en ondergrond verkry, sowel as die inwonende spesies van die gebied buite die EEZ waarop aanspraak gemaak word. Die voet van die kontinentale tafel (FoS) moet vasgestel word as een van die bepalende kriteria vir afbakening van die aanspraak waar die kontinentale tafel tot buite die EEZ strek. Artikel 76 van UNCLOS defineer die FoS as ". . . die punt van maksimale verandering in die helling by sy basis." Die mees algemeen gebruikte rekenaar sagteware wat openbare domein data aanwend om die voet van die helling te bepaal, is tans "Caris Lots." Die metodes wat in die program gebruik word om die voet van die helling te bepaal, is dikwels subjektief en berus tipies op 'n operateur se keuse van die beste afgeskatte punt van die voet van die helling uit 'n oorweging van 'n twee dimensionele profiel van die kontinentale tafel. Die berekende voet-punte word dan deur middel van reguit lyne verbind om 'n hellingsvoetlyn te vorm. Hierdie voetlyn kan dan in die Suid-Afrikaanse lessenaarstudie (doenlikheidstudie) oor die bepaling van die voet van die kontinentale tafel gebruik word. Die doel van hierdie verhandeling is om 'n semi-outomatiese en wiskundig gebaseerde drie-dimensionele metode te beskryf vir die vasstelling van die FoS, deur as 'n gevallestudie van Suid-Afrikaanse data gebruik te maak. 'n Algemene agtergrond van UNCLOS, met beklemtoning van Artikel 76, word eerstens gegee. 'n Kort bespreking van die geologiese faktore wat die kontinentale tafel beïnvloed en wat gevolglik 'n invloed kan hê op die vasstelling van die voet van die helling, is ingesluit. Tweedens word 'n wiskundige metode, wat oorspronklik in 1994 deur Vanicek en Ou voorgestel is, vir bepaling van die oppervlaktes van maksimale kromming (gebaseer op drie-dimensionele data) in detail bespreek en 'n voorbeeld van 'n toepassing op twee gladde, denkbeeldige oppervaktes word beskryf. Die faktore wat in ag geneem moet word wanneer omvattende dieptemeting data gebruik word, en die metodes wat gebruik word om die rou data te verwerk, word ingelei deur 'n bespreking van die aard van die dieptemeting data wat gebruik is. Die metode word dan toegepas op twee stelle geruite dieptemeting data van verskillende resolusies vir vier afsonderlike streke om die Suid-Afrikaanse kus. Die riwwe wat op die resulterende oppervlaktes van maksimale kromming gevorm word, word dan nagetrek ten einde 'n lyndefinisie van die voet van die kontinentale tafel vir elke streek teen elke resolusie te bepaal. Die resultate verkry uit toepassings van die metode word vergelyk met hellingsvoetpunte soos bepaal deur die subjektiewe twee dimensionele berekeningsmetode in die "Caris Lots" rekenaar-program. 'n Vergelyking van die resultate vir die verskillende data resolusies word ingesluit om die doeltreffendheid van die metode met betrekking tot die hantering van verskillende ruimtelike data resolusies te ondersoek. 'n Aanduiding van verdere werk, bestaande uit 'n aantal aanbevelings vir moontlike aanpassings en verbeterings van die wiskundige en natrek metodes, word ten slotte in die gevolgtrekking van die verhandeling verskaf.

日本的東海政策將對台灣的主權與主權權利造成明顯而立即的影響，因此，日本的東海政策值得深入研究，以維護國家海洋權益。 目前，日本與台灣、中國圍繞在東海的爭端，主要區分為以下三大部分。首先，海域爭端：日本與台灣、中國在東海出現了專屬經濟海域重疊狀況，引發海域劃界糾紛。其次，島嶼爭端：台灣、中國與日本皆主張擁有釣魚台列嶼的主權。第三、油氣爭端：台灣、中國、日本均面臨石油短缺問題，都很重視東海石油的開發與利用。所以，本文選定以日本對於東海的海域政策、釣魚台政策，以及油氣田政策三個息息相關且不可分割的海洋政策面向，來研究日本的東海政策。 本論文從歷史研究途徑的角度，輔以國際海洋法的觀點來探討日本的東海政策，共分為六章：第一章「緒論」說明研究背景、研究動機、研究目的、研究方法，與研究面向。第二章「東海的地緣環境」介紹東海的地緣範疇、經濟價值，與戰略地位。第三章「海域政策」探討日本在東海的海域政策，包括領海、專屬經濟海域、大陸礁層，並說明日本與中國的海域劃界主張。第四章「釣魚台政策」整理歷次釣魚台主權爭議的經緯，並論述爭端國各方主權主張的法理依據，然後指出日本對於釣魚台的政策實踐。第五章「油氣田政策」回顧周圍國家在東海的探採活動，其次討論春曉油氣田事件中，中國的探採經過與日本的因應對策，接著分析中日東海油氣田爭端造成的影響。第六章「結論」歸納主要論點，根據研究結果指出影響日本東海政策的國內外因素，以及日本的東海政策之特點，俾使台灣事先研擬相關對策，進而爭取最大之國家利益與海洋權益。 / Japan's East China Sea policy has a clear and present influence on Taiwan's sovereignty and sovereign rights. Therefore it is important for us to study Japan's East China Sea policy in order to protect our nation's sea rights and interests. At present, the main conflicts between Japan, China and Taiwan in the East China Sea are as follows: First, the maritime delimitation disputes between Japan, China and Taiwan in the East China Sea. Second, Japan, China and Taiwan all declared territorial sovereignty to Tiaoyutai Islands. Third, Japan, China and Taiwan all have oil shortage problems, so they pay much attention to the exploration and the use of petroleum in the East China Sea. Then this thesis selects Japan's sea policy, Tiaoyutai Islands policy, as well as oil and gas fields policy, three closely linked and inalienable sea policy dimensions, to study Japan's East China Sea policy. The thesis discusses Japan's East China Sea policy from the perspective of historical approach and international law of sea. There are six chapters in this thesis: Chapter One makes a description of the background of the study, the purpose of the study, the objective of study, the methodology of the study, and the dimensions of the study. Chapter Two gives an introduction to the East China Sea's surroundings, economic value and strategic position. Chapter Three probes Japan's sea policy, includes territorial sea, exclusive economic zone, continental shelf, and discusses the claims of the maritime delimitation made by Japan and China. Chapter four looks back on the sovereign dispute history of Tiaoyutai Islands, and exhausts the legal basis of the claims made by Japan, China and Taiwan, then points out the practices of Japan in Tiaoyutai Islands. Chapter Five reviews the exploration of the petroleum made by the countries situated around the East China Sea, then discusses China's exploration of Chunxiao oil and gas fields, and the countermeasures of Japan, then analyzes the impact of disputes between China and Japan in the East China Sea oil and gas fields. Chapter Six concludes the main issues, points out the domestic and foreign factors which affect Japan's East China Sea policy, and the characteristics of Japan's East China Sea policy. Thus Taiwan can plan the related countermeasures and strives for our national interests and the sea rights in the future.

每一個沿岸國皆多多少少擁有島嶼，不論是近岸島嶼或洋中島嶼。而全球島嶼面積共3,823,000平方英里，佔地表的百分之七(不包括內陸河流及湖泊中之島嶼)，有些國家甚至完全由島嶼構成。據統計，全球島嶼中，大於1,000平方英里者(相當於牙買加或賽浦路斯的大小)者至少有123個，其中共有61個面積達4,000平方英里(相當於盧森堡的大小)者。這些數據顯示了島嶼地位的重要性，因為在今日，島嶼的存在已不再只是一個單純的地理問題，在國際海洋法上，它不僅可以影響一國海域管轄權(領海、鄰接區、專屬經濟區和大陸礁層)的劃定，甚至足以引起海岸相鄰或相向國家海域管轄權的衝突。解決海域管轄權衝突的最基本辦法，即為針對重疊 區域的「平均分攤」。但此一「平均分配」有時反會因島嶼的存在而導致「不公平劃界」或「疆界線的扭曲」。由於上述結果易使當事國之一方劃得不成比例的海域，[甚至引發更複雜的海域糾紛，因此有必要在海疆劃界中適當控制島嶼的海域管轄權，即---藉賦與島嶼適當之效力，以達公平劃界之目的。本文之研究動機即在於此。而研究目的，則在於就公約規定、學者意見、國際司法判例及國家實踐四者，探討島嶼對海疆劃界的影響，找出解決島嶼造成劃界不公平之方，以及賦與島嶼適當效力之道。本文第一章為「島嶼」的概念性介紹，即何謂島嶼，其定義、種類、存在的形式及形成的過程為何?而一般所謂的島嶼與國際法上的島嶼又有何分別? 此皆為本章重點。第二章為島嶼與領海的關係，討論的焦點包括:(一)領海基線的劃定與島嶼的關係、(二)海灣島嶼的效力、(三)島嶼對領海劃界原則的影響以及(四)島嶼在海岸相鄰或相向國家領海劃界中可得之效力程度等等。三章重點在於介紹島嶼與大陸礁層、專屬經濟區劃界原則之關係，並從公約規定、學者意見、國際司法判例及國家實踐等方面探討島嶼存在時，大陸礁層與專屬經濟區的衡平劃界，以及島嶼在「衡平考量﹞U應得的效力。第四章除介紹「群島制度」的內涵，主要重點則為(一)關於劃定群島基線的國家實踐，以及(二)群島基線的劃定對劃界的影響。此外 南海問題亦是本章重點之一。

自從我方政府於1987年開放臺灣地區民眾赴大陸探親，並陸續放寬兩岸經貿交流的限制之後，海峽兩岸之間的經貿關係獲得了空前的突破與進展，不論是間接貿易或間接投資，均呈現大幅的成長。彼此之間的經貿往來已經形成緊密的經濟聯繫。 　　而在兩岸經貿往來日益密切之際，世界經濟也因「歐洲經濟區」與「北美自由貿易區」的實現而有朝向區域經濟整合的發展趨勢。面對這股世界經濟朝向區域化、集團化的發展趨勢，以及海峽兩岸經貿往來日益密切的事實，許多學者紛紛主張兩岸應該在現有的經貿交流基礎上，進一步實施經濟整合，希望能將同屬華人社會的台灣、大陸與香港等兩岸三地的經濟力量結合在一起，共同籌組一個屬於兩岸中國人的「大中華經濟圈」，藉以加強彼此間的經濟合作、促進此一地區的進步繁榮。基於以上所述，本論文之研究目的在於探討海峽兩岸是否有可能在現有的經貿交流基礎上，進一步實施經濟整合，建立一個以兩岸中國人為中心的區域性經濟組織。 　　本論文主要採用文獻分析法、比較研究法以及統計分析法等研究方法。在第二章探討海峽兩岸經貿關係之發展現況。第三章探討區域經濟整合之基本理論，包括經濟整合的定義、類型與效果，並以歐洲共同體為例，汲取其發展經驗。第四章則探討有關兩岸經濟整合之構想，分析大中華經濟圈的發展條件及限制並評析其可能產生之經濟效果。第五章探討兩岸經濟整合之展望，並對未來兩岸經濟合作的努力方向提出建言。 　　根據本論文的研究結果顯示：不論從地緣、血緣、親緣以及兩岸經濟資源秉賦互補等條件來看，海峽兩岸之間確實具有某些有利於兩岸三地進一步實施經濟整合的條件；但另一方面，兩岸之間也同時存在著(1)政治意識對立；(2)經濟制度迥異與(3)經濟發展程度懸殊等不利於兩岸進一步實施經濟整合的因素，尤其政治上的對立，更是兩岸實施經濟整合的最大障礙。現階段中共當局仍然堅持「一國兩制」的對臺政策，不承認中華民國為其對等之政治實體，致使任何形式之經濟整合均難以在兩岸之間實現。因此，現階段海峽兩岸之間仍未具備實施經濟整合之條件。

改革開放為中國大陸創造了令人驚艷的經濟成長，卻也帶來區域不平衡的嚴重問題。近年來，中國大陸區塊化的發展受到各界關注，包括珠三角、長三角、環渤海區等。而長期以來受到忽略的福建省，終於在海西區的規劃中得到了來自中共中央的政策支持。福建擁有對台先行先試，探索兩岸進行區域合作試點的權力，在海西區的架構下，平潭綜合實驗區被中共中央寄與厚望，以「五個共同」積極與台灣進行各種創新合作，其中，最為人所注目的即是「共同治理」。本文認為，從目前中共中央給予平潭的各項政策利多及兩岸在此議題上的角力來看，兩岸「共同治理」，仍有許多問題亟待克服。

Darbe nagrinėjamas Lietuvos Respublikos jūros erdvių delimitavimas po nepriklausomybės atkūrimo. Pirmiausia pateikiamos jūros erdvių sąvokos, jų delimitavimo principai, nustatyti atitinkamose konvencijose ir Tarptautinio Teisingumo Teismo praktikoje. Po to yra analizuojamos Lietuvos derybos dėl jūros erdvių delimitavimo su kaimyninėmis valstybėmis – aptariama derybų eiga, pateikiamos pozicijos atitinkamais klausimais, jų pagrindimas, derybų rezultatai. Derybų pozicijos bei rezultatai yra vertinami pagal konvencijas, nustatančias jūros erdvių delimitavimą, ir pagal teismų praktiką. / The object of this work is the analysis of maritime delimitation of the Republic of Lithuania after the independence reestablishment. Firstly it is presented maritime definitions, principles of the maritime delimitation established in the conventions and in the case of law. Latter in the work it is analyzed Lithuanian negotiations with the neighbourhood states on the maritime delimitation. It is discussed the processes of the negotiations, presented the positions on the respective questions, the substantiation of the mentioned positions, the results of the negotiations. The positions and outcomes of the negotiations are estimated according to the conventions on the maritime delimitations and according to the case of law.

В диссертации рассматриваются механизмы перепроектирования деятельности таможенного поста в условиях особой экономической зоны. Применение метода организационного моделирования и функционального анализа позволило автору разработать новую организационную архитектуру Верхнесалдинского таможенного поста в условиях особой экономической зоны «Титановая долина». Реализация проекта реорганизации Верхнесалдинского таможенного поста оптимизирует управленческие процессы таможенной деятельности и ставит управление самой особой эконмической зоны на более высокий уровень реализации региональных инвестиционных проектов. / The thesis deals with mechanisms of re-projecting a customs office within the special economic zone. The author develops new organizational architecture for Vyerkhnyaya Salda customs office within the Titan Valley special economic zone, applying the methods of organizational modelling and functional analysis. Realizing the reorganizational project for Vyerkhnyaya Salda customs office optimizes the administrative process in the customs activity and brings up the special economic zone administration to a higher level of realizing the regional investment projects.

中國共產黨建政8年後，就宣布完成全行業社會主義改造（1949-1956），實現了公有制與計畫經濟體制，取消了中國既有的混合經濟體制與私有財產制度。然而，自70年代末期開始，一連串試圖搞活經濟的措施開啟了中國經濟制度變化的序幕，30年來，中國已經由公有制計畫經濟體制，轉變到今日混合所有制市場經濟形態。 那些力量驅動了這場變化？那些變數與其交互作用影響，變化了經濟改革的方向？通過經濟制度變化的過程，那些成果帶來經濟制度走上不歸路的效用呢？這是筆者試圖解釋的課題。 事實上，中國經濟制度的變化，是一連串政權行動者「始料未及」的變化的結果，這場制度變遷─中國由公有制計畫經濟體制重新回到混合所有制市場經濟體制，一開始並未有指引變革行動的藍圖，變革的方向亦是在變化的過程上才漸次浮現的，它受到制度的限制，也受到偶發事件的影響，當然也就不意味是整體領導層的共識結果，它是在特定歷史結構與制度交錯相互影響下的產物。換句話說，是歷史（時間序列上的事件與變化）、制度與行動者組構了這場變遷。同時，這也是一場動態的變遷過程，變遷的路徑有來自制度遺產的影響，它也存在著路徑依賴的現象。 不過，路徑因行動者與制度安排的激勵而強化，從而實現變遷，但也在行動者基於觀念（意識形態）或利益下予以限制，從而轉折到不同的方向上。筆者認為，在中國獨特的政經體制下，路徑自我強化的現象不是內部自我激勵造成的結果，而是來自外部的因素；在路徑依賴的背後，制度結構與行動者的作用具有不容忽視的影響。 筆者認為，改變中國經濟制度最重要的取徑，就是「雙軌制」。「雙軌制」是一項行動者非意圖的創造，它始自陳雲倡議「摸著石頭過河」，獲得鄧小平的贊同，從而形成「試點」模式，並作為該模式的指導原則。 此外，觀念的引進與衝突是這場變化過程的重要部份，像是在推動「經濟特區試點政策過程中尤為明顯；當政權領導人受外部引入的觀念的影響，產生經濟特區政策，而領導人內部也因觀念的分歧，形成足以阻滯特區試點政策的衝突；他們之間的衝突（正統派vs改革派）貫穿整個變遷過程，這也正好說明了觀念因素在中國改變經濟制度過程上的重要影響。 / 8 years after the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, the Chinese Communist Party claimed that socialist reform has been successfully conducted. Public ownership and planned economy replaced mixed economy as well as private ownership. In the end of 1970s, however, a series of economic reform challenged public ownership with planned economy, which leads China enter into a mixed ownership economy. This thesis attempts to sort out the forces and consequences that drive economic reform. Through the transition of economic system, which leads China’s economy into a no return road. In fact, economic reform in China is an unexpected result by political regulators. Originally, it did not have a blueprint to lead the way. The direction from public ownership to mixed economy emerged throughout the reform, which is not a common consensus from the political leaders. Instead, it is dominated by history, political system as well as regulator in a dynamic way. This path dependency with institutional heritage character is the spot light of economic reform. The author claims the importance and direction of this reform is dominated by external factor. The most importance factor that change China’s economic is the launch of dual system. This system, with the slogan of “crossing the river by groping the stones along the way,” is proposed by CHEN Yun and approved by Deng Xiao-Ping. The introduction of concept is an important factor through the reform, which can be seemed from the process during the promotion of Special Economic Zones SEZs. When political regulators received outer concept and launched SEZs, internal diversity emerged that blocking the reform. Conflicts between orthodoxy and reformist can be seemed throughout reform period, influencing the forces and consequences of China’s economic system.

Energy security is an important phenomenon of the contemporary world. A significant number of oil and gas reserves are located on the seabed. Expansion of oil and gas drilling to deeper and from shore more remote locations can again raise the question of ownership of these deposits. On one hand, there are regions of the world where these disputes over borders of maritime territories escalate into a series of clashes and incidents. On the other hand, there are other areas where states can settle their disputes and cooperate on drilling. The goal of this study is to determine which factors lead to the fact that particularly in the South China Sea disagreement about the boundaries of maritime territories results in the escalation of disputes in comparison with the regions of the North Sea and the Caribbean Sea, where disputes are solved or minimized. These factors are represented by six variables, which are based on three theories: a realist, idealist and constructivist theory of international relations. The first part of this study describes the historical development of current international maritime law with regard to the territorial division of the world's oceans. It is followed by a description of three case areas. The second part deals with the theoretical foundations of the examined factors. In...