Топливо-энергетический комплекс (ТЭК) – это сложноорганизованная система, включающая в себя добычу природных энергоресурсов, их переработку и преобразование в мобильные виды энергии с последующим распределением энергоресурсов между всеми отраслями экономики. ТЭК в настоящее время является одной из важнейших составляющей экономики Российской Федерации, поскольку вносит значительный вклад в национальную безопасность и социально-экономическое развитие страны. Целью данного исследования является развитие методики анализа эффективности деятельности предприятий топливно-энергетического комплекса. В результате исследования были получены следующие результаты: на основе обзора нормативной базы, регламентирующей деятельность ТЭК в РФ, и анализа международного опыта регламентирования деятельности энергетического комплекса сформулированы особенности экономических отношений субъектов электроэнергетики; в результате рассмотрения существующей финансовой стратегии предприятия ТЭК выявлены направления анализа его эффективности деятельности предложена методика анализа эффективности деятельности предприятия ТЭК на основе оценки отдельных его категорий, таких как финансовые результаты или трудовые ресурсы. / The fuel and energy complex (FEC) is a complex system that includes the extraction of natural energy resources, their processing and transformation into mobile types of energy, followed by the distribution of energy resources among all sectors of the economy. The fuel and energy complex is currently one of the most important components of the economy of the Russian Federation, since it makes a significant contribution to the national security and socio-economic development of the country. The aim of this study is to develop a methodology for analyzing the efficiency of the enterprises of the fuel and energy complex. As a result of the study, the following results were obtained: on the basis of a review of the regulatory framework governing the activities of the fuel and energy complex in the Russian Federation, and an analysis of international experience in regulating the activities of the energy complex, the features of economic relations of subjects of the electric power industry are formulated; as a result of consideration of the existing financial strategy of the fuel and energy complex, the directions of analysis of its effectiveness were identified a methodology for analyzing the efficiency of a fuel and energy enterprise based on an assessment of its individual categories, such as financial results or labor resources, is proposed.

Novige develops a wave energy converter (WEC) concept that utilizes wind-generated wave to create electricity. The system uses a float and a hydraulic cylinder to pump water up to a turbine, similar to an inverted hydro power plant. The penstock system that delivers the fluid to the turbine was optimized for efficiency and a theoretical efficiency of the penstock was calculated. The penstock and the surrounding components were updated to a commercial size. The longer cylinder resulted in a larger loss from the hydrostatic pressure. The optimal pipe diameter was calculated by comparing the friction loss and the additional weight resulting from a larger pipe. For the penstock the piping elements were compared and chosen for a higher efficiency. The penstock system can be optimized for efficiency by using pipe elements with lower coefficients of loss. It is more efficient to divert the flow as little as possible, while maintaining the same flow velocity throughout the system. Losses can be reduced by choosing the optimalpipe diameter size, therefore making the penstock as light as possible, while also reducing thepipe friction. The hydrostatic pressure from the height of the cylinder is the largest source of lossin the system. The efficiency of the redesigned penstock was found to be 93.7%. / Novige utvecklar ett vågkraftverks koncept som utnyttjar vindvågor för att generera elektricitet. Systemet använder sig av en flotte och en hydraulisk cylinder för att pumpa vatten upp till en turbin, det kan liknas vid ett inverterat vattenkraftverk. Tilloppstuben som leder vattnet till turbinen optimerades för effektivitet och den teoretiska effektiviteten av tilloppstuben beräknades. Tilloppstuben och de omgivande komponenterna uppdaterades för den kommersiella varianten. Den längre cylindern resulterade i större förluster på grund av det hydrostatiska trycket. Den optimala rör diametern beräknades genom att jämföra friktions förlusterna och de förluster som uppstår på grund av större rör vikt. Olika rörelementen i tilloppstuben jämfördes och valdes med avsikt på effektivitet. Effektiviteten i tilloppstuben kan optimeras genom att välja rörelement med lägre förlustfaktor. Det är mer effektivt att dela på flödet så lite som möjligt och behålla samma flödeshastighet genom hela systemet. Förlusterna kan minskas genom att välja den optimala rördiametern, vilket ger en så låg vikt som möjligt samtidigt som friktionsförlusterna i röret reduceras. Det hydrostatiska trycket från höjden av cylindern är den största orsaken till förlust i systemet. Effektiviteten av det nya tilloppstubs systemet är 93.7%.

Achieving efficiency, or maximizing the outputs achieved per unit of resource invested, is of great interest to governments, donors and other stakeholders in the health sector. Many studies consider efficiency in public health using Cost Effectiveness Analyses which estimate the health outcomes achieved per unit of cost. Others employ Technical Efficiency Analysis to understand which health system units, usually hospitals, provide the most health services per unit of resource. However, very little is known about demand-side efficiency or how efficiently individuals convert available health resources into health outcomes. To address this gap, I developed and piloted a two-stage methodology using Amartya Sen's Capability Approach as a theoretical framework mapping the process by which individuals convert resources into outcomes. The first stage estimates conversion efficiency using Order-m Efficiency Analysis then identifies the social groups most likely to be efficient using regression analysis. The second stage undertakes focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews to investigate how and why the social groups identified in the quantitative stage were more likely to be efficient. I conducted my analysis in Ba Vi district, northern Vietnam looking specifically at how efficiently pregnant women converted maternal health resources—including health facilities and human resources for health—into both appropriate care and healthy pregnancy and delivery. I found that ethnic minorities and women in non-mountainous areas were more likely to be efficient at achieving appropriate care while ethnic minorities and less educated women are more likely to be efficient at achieving healthy pregnancy and delivery outcomes. Through qualitative feedback, women who were ethnic majorities, better educated and generally more affluent expressed stronger technology preference, greater use of the private sector, less continuity of care, tendencies towards overnutrition, less focus on mental and emotional health and more varied sources of health information including advertising and the internet. Evidence links each of these themes to adverse care and/or health outcomes. Consequently, the more affluent populations, who also have a greater endowment of public health resources, may be less likely to achieve good outcomes—explaining at least in part why they are found to be less efficient. My findings highlight that the development process and attendant epidemiological and nutrition transitions give rise to a new set of challenges not solely for public health, but also for the efficiency with which it is achieved using existing health system resources.

O biodiesel é a mais provável alternativa ao petrodiesel. É constituído de uma mistura de ésteres metílicos ou etílicos de ácidos graxos, obtidos da reação de transesterificação entre qualquer triglicerídio e um álcool de cadeia curta, metanol ou etanol. Possui praticamente as mesmas propriedades do petrodiesel, mas comparado a este, pode eliminar as emissões de óxido de enxofre e reduzir as emissões de CO2. O Brasil vem sendo apontado como futuro líder na produção de biodiesel, devido às suas excelentes condições de clima, solo, e imensa extensão territorial, que são propícias para a plantação de diversas oleaginosas. Com tantas especulações, o governo federal brasileiro criou o Programa Nacional de Produção e Uso de Biodiesel (PNPB), visando a implementação da produção e uso do biodiesel de forma sustentável. Para tanto, uma lei federal foi promulgada em 2005, estabelecendo a adição de 5% de biodiesel ao petrodiesel vendido ao consumidor final. Esta lei deve ser implementada em um período de 5 anos, nos quais as empresas produtoras devem começar usando um mínimo de 2% em um período de 3 anos. Este trabalho apresenta uma avaliação econômica-ambiental comparativa entre biodiesel (de óleo de palma e etanol) e petrodiesel para as condições brasileiras, usando a Análise de Ecoeficiência desenvolvida pela BASF. Esta análise pertence a uma classe de técnicas da gestão ambiental que visa avaliar o desempenho ambiental de produtos, processos e serviços, de forma integrada a uma avaliação econômica. Esta classe de técnicas é usada, principalmente, para a comparação de produtos similares e de processos que executem uma mesma função, visando à geração de subsídios para a tomada de decisão em diversos níveis. Esta metodologia considera um indicador ambiental baseado em um inventário de ciclo de vida associado a uma avaliação simplificada de riscos de acidentes à saúde humana, os quais são classificados de acordo com a severidade das conseqüências e probabilidade de ocorrência e; um indicador econômico, calculado a partir dos custos do ciclo de vida do produto. No que diz respeito à avaliação do biodiesel, para os dados relativos ao óleo de dendê (ou palma), utilizaram-se dados de campo, obtidos junto ao Grupo Agropalma, maior produtor nacional do óleo e, no que diz respeito ao etanol foram utilizadas fontes secundárias, ou seja, dados disponíveis em literatura. Outros dados e informações relacionados mais especificamente com a produção do biodiesel foram adquiridos de literatura e levantados junto a especialistas e responsáveis pela tecnologia de produção do mesmo. Com relação ao petrodiesel, os dados foram obtidos de base de dados internacionais e, posteriormente, adaptados à realidade brasileira, por meio de informações obtidas junto à Petrobras e à literatura especializada. As informações relacionadas ao petrodiesel foram levantadas para 26 litros de combustível e, as referentes ao biodiesel para 30 litros. Estas quantidades foram determinadas considerando-se o quanto de produto faz-se necessário para a geração de 1.000 MJ de energia em motores de combustão interna. Os dados foram coletados para as etapas de extração dos recursos e transformação dos mesmos, não sendo consideradas as etapas de distribuição, uso e disposição final.Como resultado, tem-se o biodiesel como opção mais ecoeficiente. O grande diferencial entre as duas alternativas é o desempenho ambiental do biodiesel, fato esse, justificado principalmente, pelo reduzido consumo de recursos materiais e a baixa toxicidade do produto, pois as matérias-primas necessárias para sua formação (o etanol e o óleo de dendê) têm caráter renovável e, durante a produção do petrodiesel existe o contato com muitos hidrocarbonetos voláteis, algo que não ocorre com o biodiesel. Este estudo fornece informações que podem auxiliar na tomada de decisões sobre a consolidação do uso do biodiesel no Brasil, além disso, contribui com inventários do ciclo de vida, que podem auxiliar no desenvolvimento de um banco de dados de ACV (Avaliação do ciclo de vida) representativos da realidade brasileira. / Biodiesel is the most likely alternative to petrodiesel. It is composed of methyl or ethyl esters from fatty acids, obtained by a transesterification reaction between any triglycerides and an alcohol with short chain, methanol or ethanol. It has almost the same properties of petrodiesel, but comparing with this, it can eliminate the sulfur oxides emissions and significantly reduce the CO2 emissions. Brazil is being considered as a future leader in biodiesel production due to its excellent climate and soil condition and vast territorial extension conducive to a crop of varied oil plants. Around so many speculations, Brazilian federal government has created the National Biodiesel Production and Use Program (PNPB) aiming to the implementation of a sustainable biodiesel production and use. Focusing this issue, a federal law was promulgated in 2005 in order to establish the addition of 5% biodiesel to the petrodiesel sold to the ultimate consumer. This fact should be implemented within a 5 – year period in which companies should start using the minimum of 2% biodiesel within a 3 – year period. This paper presents an environmental and economic comparison between biodiesel (from palm oil and ethanol) and petrodiesel regarding Brazilian conditions, according to the Eco-Efficiency Analysis developed by BASF. This analysis belongs to a class of techniques of the environmental management, which aims to evaluate the environmental performance of products, processes and services integrated in an economic evaluation. This class of techniques is mainly used for the comparison of similar products and processes, which present the same function, and its aim is to subsidize the decision-making process in several levels. This methodology considers firstly the environmental indicator based in the life cycle inventory associated to a simplified risks of accidents to human health analysis which are classified according to the severity of consequences and the probability of occurrence and secondly an economical indicator calculated from the life cycle costs of the product. As to the information about the biodiesel evaluation, two sources have been considered. Regarding the palm oil, primary data have been used. Such data have been obtained from Grupo Agropalma the largest national oil producer; regarding ethanol, secondary sources have been used, that is, available data from literature. The literature and the experts responsible for biodiesel technology of production have provided other data and information regarding more particularly the biodiesel production. As to the petrodiesel, the data have been obtained from the international database and afterwards adapted to the Brazilian scenario, by means of information, provided by Petrobras. The petrodiesel information was determined to 26 liters of fuel and the one concerning the biodiesel to 30 liters. Such quantities have been calculated considering the amount of the necessary product in order to generate 1,000 MJ of energy in internal combustion engines. Data have been collected to the stages of source extraction and transformation; distribution, use and final disposition have not been considered. The final result of the analysis shows biodiesel as the most ecoefficent option. The large difference between the two alternatives is the best environmental performance of the biodiesel which is justified chiefly due to the reduced consumption of material resources and the low toxicity of the product since the necessary raw material for its formation (the anhydrous ethanol and the palm oil) has renewable nature and during the production of the petrodiesel there is contact with many volatile hydrocarbons unlikely the biodiesel. This paper provides information, which may help the decision-making process of the Brazilian biodiesel use, besides that, it contributes with life cycle inventories, which may help in the development of a Brazilian LCA (Life cycle assessment) database.

[pt] Esta dissertação teve como objetivo principal verificar a aplicabilidade da metodologia de análise de envoltória de dados - DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) - ao setor de saneamento, avaliando a eficiência das 71 maiores empresas prestadoras de serviços de água e esgoto no Brasil, segundo o número de ligações ativas de água. Adicionalmente, foi gerada uma ordenação das empresas segundo suas eficiências relativas e procurou-se indicar o aumento mínimo necessário, em cada tipo de produto, que as empresas consideradas ineficientes teriam que realizar para se tornarem eficientes. O trabalho apresenta um breve histórico do setor de saneamento no País, desde o início das primeiras empresas até o projeto atual de modernização. Descrevem-se também os conceitos e modelos básicos da DEA, necessários para entendimento do texto. A DEA foi aplicada aos dados do Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento. Os resultados são interpretados buscando-se ressaltar o potencial da metodologia para obtenção de indicadores de desempenho úteis para órgãos formuladores de políticas públicas e agências de financiamento. Análises adicionais foram feitas buscando testar a validade dos modelos, detectar a presença de economias de escala e avaliar a robustez dos resultados. Concluiu-se que a metodologia pode ser adequadamente empregada para análise do setor e auxiliar as políticas de concessão de financiamentos, oferecendo indicações iniciais para o estabelecimento de metas para melhorias. / [en] This thesis seeks to test the applicability of the DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) methodology for assessing the managerial efficiency of Brazilian water and sewage companies. This objective was pursued by evaluating the efficiency of the 71 largest companies of water services in Brazil, in terms of the number of properties served. Additionally, the companies were ranked according to their relative efficiency, and for each inefficient company it was estimated how much increase in each one of the outputs would be necessary for rendering it efficient. The text presents a brief history of the sanitation sector in Brazil, and reviews the basic DEA concepts and models necessary for understanding the analyses.The DEA was performed on the data collected by the Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento (Brazilian National Sanitation Information System). The results were interpreted stressing the potential of DEA for generating performance indicators useful for public policies and funding agencies. Further analyses were made in order to test the validity of the model, detect likely economies of scale and to assess the robustness of the results.The results suggest that DEA can be adequate for analyzing the target industry, and for contributing to public policy formation and funding decisions by offering relevant indicators for setting improvement goals.

O biodiesel é a mais provável alternativa ao petrodiesel. É constituído de uma mistura de ésteres metílicos ou etílicos de ácidos graxos, obtidos da reação de transesterificação entre qualquer triglicerídio e um álcool de cadeia curta, metanol ou etanol. Possui praticamente as mesmas propriedades do petrodiesel, mas comparado a este, pode eliminar as emissões de óxido de enxofre e reduzir as emissões de CO2. O Brasil vem sendo apontado como futuro líder na produção de biodiesel, devido às suas excelentes condições de clima, solo, e imensa extensão territorial, que são propícias para a plantação de diversas oleaginosas. Com tantas especulações, o governo federal brasileiro criou o Programa Nacional de Produção e Uso de Biodiesel (PNPB), visando a implementação da produção e uso do biodiesel de forma sustentável. Para tanto, uma lei federal foi promulgada em 2005, estabelecendo a adição de 5% de biodiesel ao petrodiesel vendido ao consumidor final. Esta lei deve ser implementada em um período de 5 anos, nos quais as empresas produtoras devem começar usando um mínimo de 2% em um período de 3 anos. Este trabalho apresenta uma avaliação econômica-ambiental comparativa entre biodiesel (de óleo de palma e etanol) e petrodiesel para as condições brasileiras, usando a Análise de Ecoeficiência desenvolvida pela BASF. Esta análise pertence a uma classe de técnicas da gestão ambiental que visa avaliar o desempenho ambiental de produtos, processos e serviços, de forma integrada a uma avaliação econômica. Esta classe de técnicas é usada, principalmente, para a comparação de produtos similares e de processos que executem uma mesma função, visando à geração de subsídios para a tomada de decisão em diversos níveis. Esta metodologia considera um indicador ambiental baseado em um inventário de ciclo de vida associado a uma avaliação simplificada de riscos de acidentes à saúde humana, os quais são classificados de acordo com a severidade das conseqüências e probabilidade de ocorrência e; um indicador econômico, calculado a partir dos custos do ciclo de vida do produto. No que diz respeito à avaliação do biodiesel, para os dados relativos ao óleo de dendê (ou palma), utilizaram-se dados de campo, obtidos junto ao Grupo Agropalma, maior produtor nacional do óleo e, no que diz respeito ao etanol foram utilizadas fontes secundárias, ou seja, dados disponíveis em literatura. Outros dados e informações relacionados mais especificamente com a produção do biodiesel foram adquiridos de literatura e levantados junto a especialistas e responsáveis pela tecnologia de produção do mesmo. Com relação ao petrodiesel, os dados foram obtidos de base de dados internacionais e, posteriormente, adaptados à realidade brasileira, por meio de informações obtidas junto à Petrobras e à literatura especializada. As informações relacionadas ao petrodiesel foram levantadas para 26 litros de combustível e, as referentes ao biodiesel para 30 litros. Estas quantidades foram determinadas considerando-se o quanto de produto faz-se necessário para a geração de 1.000 MJ de energia em motores de combustão interna. Os dados foram coletados para as etapas de extração dos recursos e transformação dos mesmos, não sendo consideradas as etapas de distribuição, uso e disposição final.Como resultado, tem-se o biodiesel como opção mais ecoeficiente. O grande diferencial entre as duas alternativas é o desempenho ambiental do biodiesel, fato esse, justificado principalmente, pelo reduzido consumo de recursos materiais e a baixa toxicidade do produto, pois as matérias-primas necessárias para sua formação (o etanol e o óleo de dendê) têm caráter renovável e, durante a produção do petrodiesel existe o contato com muitos hidrocarbonetos voláteis, algo que não ocorre com o biodiesel. Este estudo fornece informações que podem auxiliar na tomada de decisões sobre a consolidação do uso do biodiesel no Brasil, além disso, contribui com inventários do ciclo de vida, que podem auxiliar no desenvolvimento de um banco de dados de ACV (Avaliação do ciclo de vida) representativos da realidade brasileira. / Biodiesel is the most likely alternative to petrodiesel. It is composed of methyl or ethyl esters from fatty acids, obtained by a transesterification reaction between any triglycerides and an alcohol with short chain, methanol or ethanol. It has almost the same properties of petrodiesel, but comparing with this, it can eliminate the sulfur oxides emissions and significantly reduce the CO2 emissions. Brazil is being considered as a future leader in biodiesel production due to its excellent climate and soil condition and vast territorial extension conducive to a crop of varied oil plants. Around so many speculations, Brazilian federal government has created the National Biodiesel Production and Use Program (PNPB) aiming to the implementation of a sustainable biodiesel production and use. Focusing this issue, a federal law was promulgated in 2005 in order to establish the addition of 5% biodiesel to the petrodiesel sold to the ultimate consumer. This fact should be implemented within a 5 – year period in which companies should start using the minimum of 2% biodiesel within a 3 – year period. This paper presents an environmental and economic comparison between biodiesel (from palm oil and ethanol) and petrodiesel regarding Brazilian conditions, according to the Eco-Efficiency Analysis developed by BASF. This analysis belongs to a class of techniques of the environmental management, which aims to evaluate the environmental performance of products, processes and services integrated in an economic evaluation. This class of techniques is mainly used for the comparison of similar products and processes, which present the same function, and its aim is to subsidize the decision-making process in several levels. This methodology considers firstly the environmental indicator based in the life cycle inventory associated to a simplified risks of accidents to human health analysis which are classified according to the severity of consequences and the probability of occurrence and secondly an economical indicator calculated from the life cycle costs of the product. As to the information about the biodiesel evaluation, two sources have been considered. Regarding the palm oil, primary data have been used. Such data have been obtained from Grupo Agropalma the largest national oil producer; regarding ethanol, secondary sources have been used, that is, available data from literature. The literature and the experts responsible for biodiesel technology of production have provided other data and information regarding more particularly the biodiesel production. As to the petrodiesel, the data have been obtained from the international database and afterwards adapted to the Brazilian scenario, by means of information, provided by Petrobras. The petrodiesel information was determined to 26 liters of fuel and the one concerning the biodiesel to 30 liters. Such quantities have been calculated considering the amount of the necessary product in order to generate 1,000 MJ of energy in internal combustion engines. Data have been collected to the stages of source extraction and transformation; distribution, use and final disposition have not been considered. The final result of the analysis shows biodiesel as the most ecoefficent option. The large difference between the two alternatives is the best environmental performance of the biodiesel which is justified chiefly due to the reduced consumption of material resources and the low toxicity of the product since the necessary raw material for its formation (the anhydrous ethanol and the palm oil) has renewable nature and during the production of the petrodiesel there is contact with many volatile hydrocarbons unlikely the biodiesel. This paper provides information, which may help the decision-making process of the Brazilian biodiesel use, besides that, it contributes with life cycle inventories, which may help in the development of a Brazilian LCA (Life cycle assessment) database.

The main contribution of this thesis is a comprehensive analysis of the influence of changes in the population structure on local communities, in particular with respect to the provision of publicly provided goods. The focus is placed on the consequences of two of the major processes of demographic change, namely aging and shrinking. The three main chapters of this contribution consider the effects at the local level from both a theoretical and an empirical perspective. The first model focuses on the influence of population aging on the provision of local publicly provided goods, when the young population may relocate. When aging advances, gerontocracies and social planners substitute publicly provided goods aimed at the mobile young for publicly provided goods for the elderly. However, due to fiscal competition, gerontocracies will provide even more of the publicly provided good for the young than the social planner. The second model considers in a two-period setting, the interaction of a shrinking population when the investments made by the previous generation are long lived. The laissez-faire and welfare maximizing outcomes are computed for two cases; first with no costs of upkeep and second for the case when costs of upkeep accrue. A comparison of the solutions shows that public provision for the first generation is inefficiently low in laissez-faire when there are no costs of upkeep. However, if costs of upkeep accrue, the laissez-faire outcome for the intergenerational publicly provided good may be too high. Chapter four contains an empirical analysis. In a two-stage analysis the efficiency of the provision of child care services in municipalities is evaluated in the German State of Saxony. First, the results of the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) show substantial efficiency differences; the median municipality is up to 28% inefficient. In a second stage bootstrapped truncated regression, determinants of the inefficiency are identified. Explanatory variables such as an uncompensated mayor or a larger share of over 65-year-olds significantly increase inefficiency.

No description available.

This research employs a non-parametric, fractional, linear programming method, Data Envelopment Analysis to examine the Customer Service Representative resource allocation efficiency of a major Canadian bank’s model. Two DEA models are proposed, (1) to evaluate the Bank’s national branch network in the context of employment only, by minimizing Full Time Equivalent (FTE) while maximizing over-the-counter (OTC) transaction volume; and (2) to evaluate the efficacy of the Bank’s own model in meeting the desired customer satisfaction benchmarks by maximizing fraction of transactions completed under management’s target time. Non-controllable constant-returns-to-scale and variable-returns to-scale model results are presented and further broken down into branch size segments and geographical regions for analysis. A comparison is conducted between the DEA model results and the Bank’s performance ratios and benchmarks, validating the use of the proposed DEA models for resource allocation efficiency analysis in the banking industry.

This research employs a non-parametric, fractional, linear programming method, Data Envelopment Analysis to examine the Customer Service Representative resource allocation efficiency of a major Canadian bank’s model. Two DEA models are proposed, (1) to evaluate the Bank’s national branch network in the context of employment only, by minimizing Full Time Equivalent (FTE) while maximizing over-the-counter (OTC) transaction volume; and (2) to evaluate the efficacy of the Bank’s own model in meeting the desired customer satisfaction benchmarks by maximizing fraction of transactions completed under management’s target time. Non-controllable constant-returns-to-scale and variable-returns to-scale model results are presented and further broken down into branch size segments and geographical regions for analysis. A comparison is conducted between the DEA model results and the Bank’s performance ratios and benchmarks, validating the use of the proposed DEA models for resource allocation efficiency analysis in the banking industry.