Les accumulateurs graphite/LiNi0,5Mn1,5O4 (LNMO) permettent d’atteindre des densités d’énergie élevées grâce à leur tension de 5V. Toutefois, une dégradation des électrodes et des électrolytes à base d’alkylcarbonates et de LiPF6 a lieu à haut potentiel reste un problème qu’il est nécessaire de résoudre. L’ajout d’additifs fonctionnels à l’électrolyte comme l’AS, l’AM, le FEC ou le LiBOB forme des films de passivation aux interfaces électrode/électrolyte. Ces films réduisent la dégradation des matériaux et de l’électrolyte de l’accumulateur Gr/LNMO. Pour étudier le mécanisme d’action de ces additifs, les interfaces graphite/électrolyte et LNMO/électrolyte ont été caractérisées au moyen de cellules symétriques Gr/Gr et LNMO/LNMO et de cellules complètes. Les interfaces ont été étudié par spectroscopie d’impédance électrochimique (EIS) et photoélectronique à rayons X (XPS). De plus, l’électrolyte a été analysé par chromatographie en phase gazeuse liée à la spectrométrie de masse (GC-MS). / Gr/LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) accumulators achieve higher energy densities than current commercial batteries. However, degradation of electrodes and electrolytes based on alkylcarbonates and LiPF6 takes place at high potential remains a problem which it needs to be resolved. The addition of functional additives to the electrolyte such as AS, AM, FEC or LiBOB which form passivation films at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces is a possible solution to these issues. These films reduce the degradation of materials and the oxidation of electrolyte in the Gr/LNMO accumulator. In order to study action mechanism of these additives, graphite/electrolyte and LNMO/electrolyte interfaces were characterized by symmetric Gr/Gr and LNMO/LNMO cells and full cells. Interfaces were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscpoy (EIS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) while the electrolyte was analyzed by mass spectrometric gas chromatography (GC-MS).

Neste estudo foi avaliada a resistência à corrosão da liga 2024-T3 clad, anodizada em solução de ácido tartárico-sulfúrico (TSA) e pós-tratada em banhos contendo íons de cério (Ce(NO3)3) sem e com H2O2. O pós-tratamento visa aumentar a resistência à corrosão e conferir propriedades de auto regeneração à camada anodizada, sem, no entanto, causar o fechamento dos poros, mantendo assim as propriedades de adesão. Foram avaliados os efeitos da temperatura, do tempo de imersão e da porcentagem de H2O2 no banho de pós-tratamento sobre a microestrutura e resistência à corrosão. As observações por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) mostraram que não houve fechamento dos poros e que ocorre precipitação preferencial de oxihidróxidos de Ce nas proximidades dos defeitos da camada. A avaliação da resistência à corrosão em solução de NaCl 0,1 e 0,5 mol/L por espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIS) mostrou que a etapa de pós-tratamento em solução contendo 50 mM de Ce(NO3)3.6H2O e 10% vol. de H2O2 melhora o desempenho da camada, com o melhor resultado tendo sido obtido para a temperatura intermediária (50°C) de pós-tratamento. Os resultados dos ensaios de EIS mostraram também efeito negativo de altas temperaturas no pós-tratamento nas propriedades protetoras da camada anodizada. Esses resultados foram confirmados por fotos digitais e observação SEM das amostras após a conclusão dos experimentos de EIS. Já a caracterização composicional por meio de GDOES mostrou a incorporação de espécies de Ce dentro dos poros da camada anodizada após pós-tratamentos em solução contendo 50 mM de Ce(NO3)3.6H2O e 10% vol. H2O2 a 50°C para tempos de imersão de 2 e 5 minutos, resultados confirmados com a técnica RBS, que mostrou ainda a presença de Ce na superfície da camada e no interior dos poros mesmo após 15 dias de imersão em NaCl 0,1M. Medições de XPS mostraram que o Ce está presente na superfície das amostras nos estados de oxidação 3+ e 4+, e uma maior relação Ce3+/Ce4+ para as amostras pós-tratadas por 2 minutos. O ajuste dos diagramas de EIS com circuitos equivalentes mostrou que a selagem parcial dos poros tem papel importante na resistência à corrosão, e evidenciaram que os pós-tratamentos mais eficientes não afetam as propriedades protetoras da camada barreira. / This study evaluated the corrosion resistance of a 2024-T3 clad alloy anodized in tartaric-sulfuric acid solution (TSA) and post-treated in baths containing cerium ions, without or with H2O2. The post-treatment aims to increase the corrosion resistance and afford self-healing properties to the anodized layer, without, however, closing its porous structure, thus maintaining its adhesion properties. The effects of the temperature, immersion time and concentration of H2O2 in the post-treatment bath in the microstructure and in the corrosion resistance of the samples were evaluated. SEM observations showed that pores are not blocked and that preferential precipitation of Ce occurs in the vicinity of defective sites of the anodized layer. The evaluation of the corrosion resistance in 0.1 and 0.5 mol/L NaCl solution by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed that the post-treatment in solutions containing 50 mM of Ce(NO3)3.6H2O and 10% vol. of H2O2 improves the corrosion resistance of the anodized samples, with the best result being obtained for the intermediary temperature (50°C) of the post-treatment bath. The results of the EIS tests also showed a negative effect of higher temperatures on the protective properties of the anodized layer. Digital photos and SEM observation of the samples after the completion of the EIS experiments confirmed these results. The compositional characterization by GDOES showed the incorporation of Ce species within the pores of the anodized layer after post-treatments in solution containing 50 mM Ce (NO3)3.6H2O and 10% vol. H2O2 at 50°C for 2 and 5 minutes, confirmed by the RBS technique, which also showed the presence of Ce both at the surface and within the pores of the layer, even after 15 days of immersion in 0.1M NaCl. XPS measurements showed the presence of Ce3+ and Ce4+ species at the post-treated samples surface and showed higher Ce3+ / Ce4+ ratio for the sample post-treated for 2 minutes. Fitting of the EIS diagrams with equivalent circuits showed that partial pore sealing plays an important role in corrosion resistance and evidenced that the most efficient post-treatments do not affect the protective properties of the barrier layer.

Polypyrrol (PPy) ist ein typischer Vertreter der intrinsisch leitfähigen Polymere und wird auf zahlreichen Gebieten, wie Analytik, Korrosionsschutz oder Elektrotechnik angewendet. Dabei nutzt man die elektronische Schaltbarkeit, die Stabilität und die gute Oxidierbarkeit sowie die Wasserlöslichkeit der Monomere aus. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde der Einfluss verschiedener Parameter, wie Temperatur, Monomerkonzentration und Leitsalz, auf die elektrochemische Polymerisation von Pyrrol untersucht. Des Weiteren sollte die Wirkung eines statischen Magnetfeldes auf die Synthese und das Ionenaustauschverhalten überprüft werden. Als Messverfahren kamen die elektrochemische Quarzmikrowaage (EQCM) und die elektrochemische Impedanzspektroskopie (EIS) zum Einsatz. Bei der Auswertung der EQCM-Daten wurde ein von Efimov entwickeltes mathematisches Modell zur Bestimmung des komplexen Schermoduls angewendet. Dadurch war eine in situ Verfolgung der viskoelastischen Eigenschaften während der Abscheidung und des Ionenaustausches möglich. Um den hydrodynamischen Einfluss auf die Synthese von PPy zu untersuchen, wurden Messungen an einer rotierenden Scheibenelektrode durchgeführt. Die daraus gewonnenen Erkenntnisse vermittelten eine Vorstellung, wie sich eine durch den magnetohydrodynamischen Effekt hervorgerufene Rührung auf die Grenzströme der potentiostatischen Abscheidung verschiedener PPy|Leitsalz Systeme auswirkt. Ferner ist die Abscheidung von PPy aus Phosphorsäure betrachtet worden, da diese Schichten eine Relevanz für den Korrosionsschutz besitzen.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:01:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCMM.pdf: 1152867 bytes, checksum: 285bcaac4403e13affd7a9ae146f523c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-10-26 / This work intented to realize a study about the situation of process of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in São Paulo State, with emphasis in the monitoring pos-EIS (Environmental Impact Statment) phase, that it is essencial for the efficiency and efficacy of EIA. The purpose was to evaluate the frequency that the monitoring is realized, which are the methods used, what the efficiency, the negative points and the difficults to execution of this system. For that, it was realized a bibliography revision about national and internacional practices of EIA, with research at libraries of Secretaria de Meio Ambiente do Estado de São Paulo (SMA), Companhia Estadual de Saneamento Ambiental (CETESB), Departamento de Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental (DAIA) and USP, and researches on data base. It were made interviews with technicals directors of DAIA/SMA and was also elaborated a questioner, that approach some points of EIA practices in São Paulo State. This questioner was sent to professionals of area. The results evidenced that despite of monitoring pos-EIS is very impotant in the context of EIA, it is not executed in the most of the cases. Many failures are pointed out in the process, which results in the non aplication of monitoring pos-EIS. The lack of engagement with the environmental quality and the sustainability, the lack of structure in the environmental agencies, the bureaucratic and consequent slowness of the process, the little participation of community, the difficulty in getting material about the topic, and others are some of factors mentioned. If the procedure were not improved, for assure the accomplishment of terms and commitments defined, as well as the learning with mistakes and the rights of each case, a powerfull instrument of Environmental Policy would be discredited and turn on in one of numerous bureaucratic obstacles that difficult the access on natural resourses of the country, but are not efficient to assure that the improvement happens in benefit of society. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um estudo da situação do processo de Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental (AIA) no estado de São Paulo, enfatizando a fase de monitoramento pós-Estudo de Impacto Ambiental (EIA), que é essencial para a eficiência e eficácia da AIA. Pretendeu-se avaliar com que freqüência o monitoramento é realizado, quais os métodos utilizados para sua realização, qual sua eficiência, seus pontos falhos e quais as dificuldades de operacionalização deste sistema. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica sobre práticas nacionais e internacionais de AIA, com consultas às bibliotecas da Secretaria de Meio Ambiente (SMA), Companhia Estadual de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental (CETESB), Departamento de Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental (DAIA) e da USP e pesquisas em banco de dados. Foram feitas entrevistas com diretores técnicos do DAIA/SMA e também foi elaborado um questionário, que aborda alguns pontos de práticas de AIA no Estado de São Paulo. Este questionário foi enviado para profissionais da área. Como resultado, foi constatado que, apesar de muito importante no contexto da AIA, o monitoramento pós-EIA não é praticado na maioria dos casos. Muitas são as falhas apontadas no processo, que acabam culminando na não aplicação do monitoramento pós-EIA. A falta de comprometimento com a qualidade ambiental e a sustentabilidade, a falta de estrutura dos órgãos ambientais, a burocratização e conseqüente lentidão do processo, a baixa participação da sociedade, a dificuldade em se conseguir material sobre o assunto, entre outros, são alguns dos fatores mencionados. Se os procedimentos não forem aperfeiçoados, de modo a garantir o cumprimento dos termos e compromissos definidos, bem como o aprendizado com os erros e acertos de cada caso, um poderoso instrumento de política ambiental poderá ficar desacreditado e converter-se em apenas mais um dos já numerosos entraves burocráticos que dificultam o acesso aos recursos naturais do país, mas não são eficazes para assegurar que seu aproveitamento se dê em benefício da sociedade.

Biossensores que empregam dispositivos de efeitos de campo podem ser obtidos em diversas arquiteturas, incluindo dispositivos Eletrólito-Isolante-Semicondutor (EIS), que são capacitores em que o eletrodo metálico é substituído por um filme e uma solução. Medindo-se a capacitância em função do potencial aplicado, é possível detectar variações de pH oriundas de reações ou interações entre o filme e o analito. Nesta dissertação, sensores foram produzidos com a adsorção de filmes automontados de dendrímero (PAMAM) e nanotubos de carbono (SWNT) num chip. Medidas de espectroscopia de impedância foram realizadas para investigar o crescimento de cada bicamada do filme automontado, e os dados foram analisados com circuitos equivalentes que continham uma capacitância de dupla camada, um elemento de fase constante e uma capacitância para a região de depleção. Para o chip, os melhores ajustes foram obtidos na frequência de 2 kHz, em que a concentração de dopantes foi 6,6x1020 m-3 para o chip com isolante de SiO2 e de 1,1x1021 m-3 para o chip com isolante de SiO2/Ta2O5. O potencial de banda plana foi -0,2 V e -0,06V, respectivamente. Para os chips recobertos com os filmes de PAMAM/SWNT, observamos que a região de depleção é causada pelas cargas positivas do PAMAM. Com relação às implicações para biossensores, verificamos que o desempenho ótimo deve ser obtido com 3 bicamadas de PAMAM/SWNT. Isso pode explicar a observação empírica na literatura de que existe uma espessura ideal dos filmes para um desempenho otimizado. / Biosensors based on field effect devices can be produced with several architectures, including Electrolyte-Insulator-Semiconductor (EIS) devices, which are capacitors where conventional metal electrodes are replaced by a sensing layer and an electrolyte solution. By measuring the capacitance as a function of the bias voltage, it is possible to detect pH changes that may originate from reactions or interactions between the film in the sensing unit and the analyte. In this study sensors were obtained by adsorbing layer-by-layer (LbL) films made with dendrimers (PAMAM) and carbon nanotubes (SWNT) on a semiconductor chip. Impedance spectroscopy measurements were performed to monitor the growth of each bilayer in the LbL film, whose data were analyzed with equivalent circuits containing a double-layer capacitance, a constant phase element and a capacitance for the depletion region. The results for the semiconductor chip could be best fitted for a frequency of 2 kHz, where the doping concentration was 6.6 x1020 m-3 for the insulating SiO2 layer and 1.1 x1021 m-3 for the SiO2/Ta2O5 layer. The flat band voltage was -0.2 V and -0.06 V, respectively. In the analysis of the chip coated with different numbers of PAMAM/SWNT bilayers, we found that the depletion region appears as a contribution from the positive charges in the PAMAM layer. With regard to implications for biosensors, we found that optimized performance should be reached with three PAMAM/SWNT bilayers, which may explain the empirical finding in the literature that an ideal thickness exists for enhanced performance.

Lead-acid accumulators are the oldest and most common type of secondary cells. There are still some problems to solve. Grid corrosion in sulphuric acid is one of them, which reduced lifetime of lead-acid accumulators. The first part of work is focusing on a general theoretic description of lead – acid accumulators. Following is a description of the workstation and method of measuring. The final part of the text is measuring on an experimental cell.

The aim of this master’s thesis is electrochemical characteristics evaluation of magnesium alloys. The theoretical part describes the properties of magnesium and its alloys and their corrosion characteristics. In the experimental part are presented results of corrosion resistance measurement of two types of wrought magnesium alloys. It was AZ31 and AZ61 magnesium alloys, which were measured in Hank’s solutions with addition of ions Ca2+ and Mg2+ (SBF+) and without addition of the ions (SBF). The solution temperature during the measurement was 37 ± 1 °C. The experiments were used electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic tests using linear polarization (LP). EIS measurements were done in times of 5 minutes, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 168 hours. Potentiodynamic tests were only short-term and they started after 5 minutes of stabilization. Both methods were used for measuring the electrochemical characteristics of polished and ground surface of the samples. The most important measurement results were polarization resistance, corrosion potential and corrosion current density. The electrochemical measurements are used to estimate the chemical composition influence and alloy’s structure of the corrosion resistance.

Pour répondre aux besoins de la miniaturisation des systèmes électroniques nomades, le monde du stockage de l’énergie a dû se réinventer et proposer des solutions innovantes permettant de répondre à ces problématiques. Parmi ces solutions, les microbatteries tout-solide « lithium-free » offrent de nombreux avantages (intégration facilité, aspect sécuritaire), malgré une cyclabilité encore limitée. L’objectif de cette thèse consiste à étudier ces microbatteries LiCoO2/LiPON/Cu, notamment par caractérisation électrochimique, pour en comprendre les mécanismes et proposer des solutions permettant d’en améliorer les performances. L’étude des couches unitaires de ce système a permis d’identifier les propriétés principales de chaque film mince et de connaitre la composition chimique et structurale de ces couches. Puis, la mise en place d’un protocole de charge servant à améliorer considérablement la tenue en cyclage a été décryptée à l’aide de la spectroscopie d’impédance électrochimique et de l’XPS. Ce travail a permis la compréhension fine des mécanismes physico-chimiques présent à chaque étape et de décrire un scénario quant au fonctionnement de ce protocole. Par ailleurs, la compréhension de ces phénomènes a été utile pour proposer des solutions permettant d’augmenter encore la tenue en cyclage des microbatteries Li-Free, pour que celle-ci puisse atteindre une capacité initiale et une cyclabilité équivalente aux microbatteries au lithium métallique, utilisé conventionnellement en microélectronique. / To meet the needs of the miniaturization of mobile electronic systems, the world of energy storage has had to reinvent itself and propose innovative solutions to meet these problems. Among these solutions, all-solid "lithium-free" microbatteries offer many advantages (easy integration, safety aspect), despite their still limited cyclability. The objective of this thesis is to study these LiCoO2/LiPON/Cu microbatteries, in particular by electrochemical characterization, in order to understand their mechanisms and propose solutions to improve their performances. The study of the unit layers of this system made it possible to identify the main properties of each thin film and to know the chemical and structural composition of these layers. Then, the implementation of a charging protocol to significantly improve cycling performance was decoded using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and XPS. This work allowed the detailed understanding of the physico-chemical mechanisms present at each stage and to describe a scenario as for the operation of this protocol. In addition, understanding these phenomena has been useful in proposing solutions to further increase the cycling resistance of Li-Free microbatteries, so that it can reach an initial capacity and cyclability equivalent to lithium metal microbatteries, used conventionally in microelectronics

Polypyrrol (PPy) ist ein typischer Vertreter der intrinsisch leitfähigen Polymere und wird auf zahlreichen Gebieten, wie Analytik, Korrosionsschutz oder Elektrotechnik angewendet. Dabei nutzt man die elektronische Schaltbarkeit, die Stabilität und die gute Oxidierbarkeit sowie die Wasserlöslichkeit der Monomere aus. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde der Einfluss verschiedener Parameter, wie Temperatur, Monomerkonzentration und Leitsalz, auf die elektrochemische Polymerisation von Pyrrol untersucht. Des Weiteren sollte die Wirkung eines statischen Magnetfeldes auf die Synthese und das Ionenaustauschverhalten überprüft werden. Als Messverfahren kamen die elektrochemische Quarzmikrowaage (EQCM) und die elektrochemische Impedanzspektroskopie (EIS) zum Einsatz. Bei der Auswertung der EQCM-Daten wurde ein von Efimov entwickeltes mathematisches Modell zur Bestimmung des komplexen Schermoduls angewendet. Dadurch war eine in situ Verfolgung der viskoelastischen Eigenschaften während der Abscheidung und des Ionenaustausches möglich. Um den hydrodynamischen Einfluss auf die Synthese von PPy zu untersuchen, wurden Messungen an einer rotierenden Scheibenelektrode durchgeführt. Die daraus gewonnenen Erkenntnisse vermittelten eine Vorstellung, wie sich eine durch den magnetohydrodynamischen Effekt hervorgerufene Rührung auf die Grenzströme der potentiostatischen Abscheidung verschiedener PPy|Leitsalz Systeme auswirkt. Ferner ist die Abscheidung von PPy aus Phosphorsäure betrachtet worden, da diese Schichten eine Relevanz für den Korrosionsschutz besitzen.

A nickel alloy with high chrome and molybdenum content was found to form a highly resistive and passive oxide layer. The donor density and mobility of ions in the oxide layer has been determined as a function of the electrical potential when alkaline water layers are on the alloy surface in order to account for the relative inertness of the nickel alloy in corrosive environments.