abstract: This research presents potential and electric field calculations on medium voltage (MV) epoxy insulated outdoor current transformers (CTs) using a numeri-cal calculation approach. Two designs of MV dry-type epoxy insulated CTs were modeled using 3D field simulation software COULOMB® 9.0. Potential and elec-tric fields were calculated based on boundary element method. Different condi-tions such as dry exterior surface, wet exterior surface and internal voids were considered. The research demonstrates that the presence of internal conductors in CTs results in a less severe surface electric field distribution when compared to outdoor insulators of the same voltage range and type. The high electric field near the exited end triple-point of the CT reduces. This remained true even under wet conditions establishing better outdoor performance of CTs than outdoor insulators which have no internal conductors. The effect of internal conductors on voids within the insulation structure was also established. As a down side, internal voids in CTs experience higher electric field stress than in conductor-less insulators. The work recognizes that internal conducting parts in dry type CTs improves their outdoor performance when compared to electrical equipment without internal conductors. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Electrical Engineering 2012

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-16T17:40:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIANA RODRIGUES DE MEDEIROS – TESE (PPGEQ) 2018.pdf: 3274227 bytes, checksum: 32fe55d706b3471787e10976b906a72f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T17:40:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIANA RODRIGUES DE MEDEIROS – TESE (PPGEQ) 2018.pdf: 3274227 bytes, checksum: 32fe55d706b3471787e10976b906a72f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-10 / Capes / A inativação de bactérias patogênicas é um requisito fundamental no tratamento de água potável. Os avanços na pesquisa de tratamento de água têm sido direcionados para a aplicação de tecnologias que usam menos reagentes químicos, reduzindo assim a formação de subprodutos tóxicos e reduzindo o tempo de operação. Para tanto, objetivou-se projetar e avaliar a eficiência de um reator eletrolítico de bancada, composto pelo par de eletrodos: esponja de níquel (ânodo) e fibra de carbono (cátodo), operando de forma contínua, na desinfecção da bactéria indicadora Escherichia coli (E. coli). Inicialmente, os ensaios foram realizados com água de abastecimento público do LABDES/UFCG, contaminada em laboratório com uma concentração constante, avaliando os efeitos da aplicação das diferenças de potenciais (ddp) de 3,0 V, 5,0 V, 7,0 V e 9,0 V nos respectivos tempos médios de residência (tm): 46,8 s, 65,4 s, 82,2 s e 121,8 s, estimados experimentalmente através do método de injeção de uma solução traçadora (NaCl), nas vazões de 0,5, 1,0, 1,5 e 2,0 L.min-1, respectivamente, nos parâmetros físico-químicos e na desinfecção de E. coli dessa água. Posteriormente, foi proposto o estudo do desempenho do reator em relação aos mesmos parâmetros (condutividade elétrica, pH, turbidez e cor), acrescentando a análise de concentração de cloreto (Cl-). Nessa etapa, foram consideradas maiores faixas de ddp e um tempo médio de residência constante (121,8s), e avaliando diferentes tipos de águas (deionizada, solução de NaCl, água de abastecimento público de Campina Grande) sem e com contaminação de E. coli. Os resultados obtidos, em termos de percentuais de desinfecção de E. coli na água do LABDES, mostraram que sob as ddp de 5,0 e 7,0 V, esses percentuais foram de 99,84 e 99,40%, respectivamente para o maior tempo de residência (121,8 s). Nos experimentos realizados com as outras águas, chegou-se a 100% de desinfecção de E. coli na solução de NaCl contaminada com 103UFC.mL-1, nas densidades de corrente de 9,4 e 11,89 mA.cm-2, respectivamente, e na água de abastecimento público de Campina Grande nessa mesma ordem de concentração de bactéria, a desinfecção se mostrou 100% eficaz nas densidades de corrente de 9,92, 11,1 e 11,7 mA.cm-2. Os resultados mostram que a proposta do trabalho em remover grande parte ou 100% de E. coli de águas, principalmente as águas de consumo humano, foi alcançada. / Inactivation of pathogenic bacteria is a fundamental requirement in the treatment of drinking water. Advances in water treatment research have been directed toward the application of technologies that use fewer chemical reagents, thereby reducing the formation of toxic byproducts and reducing the time of operation. The objective of this study was to design and evaluate the efficiency of an electrolytic bench reactor composed of the electrode pair: nickel sponge (anode) and carbon fiber (cathode), continuously operating in the disinfection of the indicator bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli). Initially, the tests were carried out with LABDES / UFCG public contaminated water in a laboratory with a constant concentration, evaluating the effects of applying the potential differences (ddp) of 3.0 V, 5.0 V, 7.0 V and 9,0 V in the respective average residence times (tm): 46.8 s, 65.4 s, 82.2 s and 121.8 s, estimated experimentally by the method of injection of a tracer solution (NaCl) at the flow rates of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 L.min-1, respectively, in the physico-chemical parameters and in the disinfection of E. coli from this water. Subsequently, it was proposed to study the performance of the reactor in relation to the same parameters (electrical conductivity, pH, turbidity and color), adding the analysis of chloride concentration (Cl-). In this step, we considered greater ranges of ddp and a mean constant residence time (121.8s), and evaluating different types of water (deionized, NaCl solution, public supply water of Campina Grande) without and with E. contamination. coli. The results obtained, in terms of percentages of disinfection of E. coli in LABDES water, showed that under the ddp of 5.0 and 7.0 V, these percentages were 99.84 and 99.40%, respectively, for the highest time of residence (121.8 s). In the experiments performed with the other waters, 100% disinfection of E. coli was achieved in NaCl solution contaminated with 103 CFU.mL -1, at current densities of 9.4 and 11.89 mA.cm-2, respectively, and in the public supply water of Campina Grande in the same order of concentration of bacteria, disinfection was 100% efficient at current densities of 9.92, 11.1 and 11.7 mA.cm-2. The results show that the proposal of the work to remove much or 100% of E. coli from waters, mainly waters of human consumption, was reached.

Electrohydrodynamics (EHD) is a promising research field with several trending applications. Even though the phenomenon was first observed centuries ago, there is very little research until the middle 20th century, as the mechanisms behind it were very poorly understood. To this date, the majority of research is based on the development of empirical models and the presentation of laboratory experiments. This work begins with an extensive literature review on the phenomenon, clarifying conflicts between researchers throughout the history and listing the findings of the latest research. The literature review reveals that there are very few mathematical models describing even the most important parameters of the EHD fluid flow and most are either empirical or greatly simplified. As such, practical mathematical models for the assessment of all primary performance characteristics describing EHD fluid accelerators (Voltage Potential, Electric Field Intensity, Corona Discharge Current and Fluid Velocity) were developed and are begin presented in this work. These cover all configurations where the emitter faces a plane or another identical electrode and has a cylindrical surface. For configurations where the emitter faces a plane or another identical electrode and has a spherical surface, Corona Discharge Current and Fluid Velocity models have been presented as well. Laboratory experiments and computer simulations were performed and are being thoroughly presented in Chapter 4, verifying the accuracy and usability of the developed mathematical models. The laboratory experiments were performed using two of the most popular EHD electrode configurations - wire-plane and needle-grid. Finally, the findings of this research are being summarized in the conclusion, alongside with suggestions for future research. The step-by-step development of the equipotential lines mathematical model is presented in Appendix A. Appendix B covers the mathematical proof that the proposed field lines model is accurate and that the arcs are perpendicular to the surface of the electrodes and to all of the equipotential lines.

abstract: The work presented in this manuscript has the overarching theme of radiation. The two forms of radiation of interest are neutrons, i.e. nuclear, and electric fields. The ability to detect such forms of radiation have significant security implications that could also be extended to very practical industrial applications. The goal is therefore to detect, and even image, such radiation sources. The method to do so revolved around the concept of building large-area sensor arrays. By covering a large area, we can increase the probability of detection and gather more data to build a more complete and clearer view of the environment. Large-area circuitry can be achieved cost-effectively by leveraging the thin-film transistor process of the display industry. With production of displays increasing with the explosion of mobile devices and continued growth in sales of flat panel monitors and television, the cost to build a unit continues to decrease. Using a thin-film process also allows for flexible electronics, which could be taken advantage of in-house at the Flexible Electronics and Display Center. Flexible electronics implies new form factors and applications that would not otherwise be possible with their single crystal counterparts. To be able to effectively use thin-film technology, novel ways of overcoming the drawbacks of the thin-film process, namely the lower performance scale. The two deliverable devices that underwent development are a preamplifier used in an active pixel sensor for neutron detection and a passive electric field imaging array. This thesis will cover the theory and process behind realizing these devices. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2015

abstract: In sub transmission systems, many more raptor deaths have been recorded near metal poles rather than wood poles. The metal pole, which is reliable in structure but also grounded, may increase the risk of electrocution when raptors perch on the insulator. This thesis focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of the raptor guard to prevent both debilitating and lethal electrocutions to local wildlife in 69 kV sub transmission systems. First, the two-dimensional (2D) finite difference methods (FDM) were proposed to solve the Poisson and Laplace equations, which describe the electric field. Second, the verification of the FDM algorithm was made based on a parallel-plate capacitor model. Then, the potential and the electric field were simulated by the raptor-insulator model to evaluate the possibility of flashover and leakage current under various conceivable scenarios. Third, several dielectric performance experiments were implemented to gain insight into the physical property of the raptor guard developed by the Salt River Project (SRP) as an example. The proposed initial-tracking-voltage and time-to-track experiments tested the ability of the guard, which is designed to prevent the tracking phenomenon under a contaminated situation such as rain, fog, and snow. A data acquisition also collected the leakage current data for the comparison of maximum raptor tolerance. Furthermore, the puncture voltage of this guard material was performed by the dielectric breakdown voltage experiment in an oil-covered container. With the combination of the model simulation and the experiments in this research, the raptor guard was proven to be practical and beneficial in sub transmission system. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2016

abstract: Electric field imaging allows for a low cost, compact, non-invasive, non-ionizing alternative to other methods of imaging. It has many promising industrial applications including security, safely imaging power lines at construction sites, finding sources of electromagnetic interference, geo-prospecting, and medical imaging. The work presented in this dissertation concerns low frequency electric field imaging: the physics, hardware, and various methods of achieving it. Electric fields have historically been notoriously difficult to work with due to how intrinsically noisy the data is in electric field sensors. As a first contribution, an in-depth study demonstrates just how prevalent electric field noise is. In field tests, various cables were placed underneath power lines. Despite being shielded, the 60 Hz power line signal readily penetrated several types of cables. The challenges of high noise levels were largely addressed by connecting the output of an electric field sensor to a lock-in amplifier. Using the more accurate means of collecting electric field data, D-dot sensors were arrayed in a compact grid to resolve electric field images as a second contribution. This imager has successfully captured electric field images of live concealed wires and electromagnetic interference. An active method was developed as a third contribution. In this method, distortions created by objects when placed in a known electric field are read. This expands the domain of what can be imaged because the object does not need to be a time-varying electric field source. Images of dielectrics (e.g. bodies of water) and DC wires were captured using this new method. The final contribution uses a collection of one-dimensional electric field images, i.e. projections, to reconstruct a two-dimensional image. This was achieved using algorithms based in computed tomography such as filtered backprojection. An algebraic approach was also used to enforce sparsity regularization with the L1 norm, further improving the quality of some images. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2017

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this work we present a computational study of the electroporation process of lipid membranes in the presence of water. First, we developed an investigation of the formation of pores through simulations based on classical molecular dynamics using NAMD code. Subsequently we developed ab initio study using density functional theory, as implemented in the SIESTA code. This analysis showed the formation of pores within the lipid bilayer 1ns after the application of external electric field, 300 K. We found that set temperatures above 300 K may reduce the simulation time. We also observed a rearrangement of water molecules of a Okuno Tanioka cone due to the action of the electric field. Interestingly, this induced an increase of the number of hydrogen bonds, which was not observed using apolar molecules such as chloroform. After, we performed the analysis of structural and electronic properties of the structures of phospholipids,which were extracted from the molecular dynamics calculations. It is noteworthy that the action of the electric field changed the energy gap of both the structures of isolated phospholipid as for the lipid bilayer configuration. Through maps of electrostatic potential, we showed that the electric field leads to a polarization of phospholipid, which induced a torque in the electric dipole moments of the water molecule. The rotation of the electric dipole moments gave rise to stress in the lipid bilayer, which by itself was not enough to break it. In summary, the presence of water was critical since under the action of an electric field the molecules rearranged to form a cone. This fact, associated with the weakening of the lipid membrane due the stress from the realignment electric dipole, was the responsible for the poration process. / Neste trabalho, apresentamos um estudo computacional do processo de eletroporação de membranas lipídicas na presença de água. Na primeira etapa, realizamos a dinâmica da formação de poros através de simulações baseadas na dinâmica molecular clássica, utilizando o código NAMD. Posteriormente, desenvolvemos um estudo ab initio, empregando a teoria do funcional da densidade, conforme implementada no programa SIESTA. Os resultados da primeira análise mostraram a formação de poros no interior da bicamada após 1ns de aplicação de um campo elétrico externo, a uma temperatura de 300 K. Também verificamos que, para temperaturas acima de 300 K, esse tempo se reduz. Observamos um rearranjo das moléculas de água na forma de um cone de Okuno Tanioka devido à ação do campo elétrico. Isso ocasiona um aumento no número de ligações de hidrogênio das mesmas, o que não foi observado com o uso de moléculas apolares como o clorofórmio. Na segunda etapa, realizamos a análise das propriedades eletrônicas e estruturais, utilizando as estruturas dos fosfolipídios provindas dos cálculos de dinâmica molecular. Mostramos que a ação do campo elétrico modifica o gap de energia tanto da estrutura do fosfolipídio isolado quanto para a configuração de bicamada lipídica. Através dos mapas do potencial eletrostático, mostramos que a ação do campo elétrico leva a uma polarização do fosfolipídio ocasionando um torque no momentos de dipolo elétrico da molécula. A rotação dos momentos de dipolo elétrico causa um estresse na bicamada, que por si só não é capaz de rompe-la. Dessa forma, a presença da água é fundamental, pois diante a ação do campo elétrico as moléculas se reordenam arranjando-se de maneira a formar um cone. Este fato, associado ao enfraquecimento da membrana lipídica, devido ao estresse causado pelo realinhamento nos momentos de dipolo elétrico, são a origem do processo de poração.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by FERNANDA TELES GOMES ROSA null (fernandatgr1@gmail.com) on 2017-08-15T18:41:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ROSA-FERNANDA TELES.pdf: 6621510 bytes, checksum: 612dfbb5998d42a64bbd5c39628a8da0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-22T17:52:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rosa_ftg_me_rcla.pdf: 6621510 bytes, checksum: 612dfbb5998d42a64bbd5c39628a8da0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-22T17:52:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rosa_ftg_me_rcla.pdf: 6621510 bytes, checksum: 612dfbb5998d42a64bbd5c39628a8da0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A água subterrânea quando objeto de consumo humano obedece a parâmetros de qualidade, determinados por órgãos responsáveis em cada região. Poços do tipo cacimba, de escavação manual, e por vezes não regulamentados, podem sofrer da alteração dos parâmetros geoquímicos e como consequência a diminuição da qualidade da água. Sob a problemática de alta salinidade evidenciada por parte dos moradores nos municípios de Corumbataí e Rio Claro no interior do estado de São Paulo, foram realizadas aquisições de dados geofísicos por meio do método eletrorresistivo e coletados dados físico-químicos das águas dos poços. A captação de água subterrânea nestes poços é sob a unidade geológica da Formação Corumbataí marcada pela presença de siltitos e argilitos. A quantificação de parâmetros como os sólidos totais dissolvidos, condutividade elétrica, pH e Eh e vazão, são determinantes para caracterização do ambiente hidrogeológico. Para este trabalho, foram coletados dados geoquímicos de 18 poços e realizadas aquisições geofísicas com a técnica de tomografia elétrica concomitantes, com o intuito de possível correlação entre os parâmetros. Em uma análise geral nos dados físico-químicos é possível notar que os dados referentes aos parâmetros de sólidos totais dissolvidos e condutividade elétrica medidos nos poços, são correlacionados diretamente, devido a facilidade ao trânsito de corrente elétrica em soluções salinas. O resultado do processamento das aquisições geofísicas foi divido em quatro grupos distintos, que variam de acordo com as características quanto ao parâmetro físico de resistividade. Com a realização de três arranjos de campo distintos, Schlumberger, Wenner e Dipolo-dipolo, a resposta geofísica é diferente para cada arranjo. Em determinadas linhas ocorrem diferenças entre as três seções para mesmo ambiente geológico, este efeito é devido à disposição dos eletrodos na superfície para a injeção de corrente e obtenção da diferença de potencial. Cada disposição diferente de eletrodos gera uma distorção do campo elétrico devido à forma de propagação de corrente em cada arranjo aplicado em campo, como é evidenciado em determinadas linhas, das quais os valores de resistividade obtidos na área de influencia do poço são amplamente discrepantes de um arranjo em comparação com os outros. / Groundwater when subject to human consumption obeys quality parameters, determined by responsible bodies in each region. cacimba wells, manually excavated, and sometimes unregulated, can suffer from the alteration of the geochemical parameters and as a consequence the decrease of water quality. Under the problem of high salinity evidenced by the residents in the municipalities of Corumbataí and Rio Claro in the interior of the state of São Paulo, geophysical data were acquired through the eletrorresistivo method and physicochemical data were collected from well water. The abstraction of groundwater in these wells is under the geological unit of the Corumbataí Formation marked by the presence of siltstones and argillites. The quantification of parameters such as total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, pH and Eh and flow rate are determinant for characterization of the hydrogeological environment. For this work, geochemical data were collected from 18 wells and geophysical acquisitions were carried out using the concomitant electrical tomography technique, with the aim of possible correlation between the parameters. In a general analysis of the physicochemical data it is possible to observe that the data concerning the parameters of total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity measured in the wells are directly correlated due to the ease of electric current transit in salt solutions. The result of the processing of the geophysical acquisitions was divided into four distinct groups, which vary according to the characteristics of the physical parameter of resistivity. With the realization of three distinct field arrangements, Schlumberger, Wenner and Dipole-dipole, the geophysical response is different for each arrangement. In certain lines there are differences between the three sections for the same geological environment, this effect is due to the arrangement of the electrodes on the surface for the current injection and obtaining the potential difference. Each different arrangement of electrodes generates a distortion of the electric field due to the form of current propagation in each array applied in the field, as evidenced in certain lines, of which the resistivity values obtained in the area of influence of the well are widely divergent from one arrangement compared to others.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Em geral, o efeito magnetocalórico (EMC) é caracterizado pela variação adiabática da temperatura (ΔTad) e a variação isotérmica da entropia (ΔST) sob variações do campo magnético. Devido as aplicações tecnológicas do EMC na refrigeração magnética, que não apresentam efeitos perigosos para o meio ambiente e tem o potencial para reduzir o consumo de energia, os estudos sobre o EMC tem crescido ao longo dos anos . Neste trabalho, estudamos as propriedades magnéticas e magnetocalóricos da série Gd (1-Y) Pr (Y) Ni2 com Y = 0; 0,25; 0,5; 0,75 e 1 A série dos compostos RNi2 compostos cristalizam na fase de Laves cúbico C15, o que torna o Campo Elétrico Cristalino cúbico um quadro adequado para descrever a anisotropia magnética sobre estes compostos . Além do modelo hamiltoniano inclui contribuições do efeito Zeeman e as interações de troca indireta entre Gd-Gd, Gd-Pr e íons Pr-Pr. Vale a pena notar que o GdNi2 apresenta um arranjo ferromagnético com temperatura de transição de cerca de 78 K e o composto PrNi2 é paramagnético. Os potenciais magnetocalóricos foram calculados e comparados com os dados experimentais. Além disso, investigamos a influência da direção do campo magnético sobre as quantidades magnéticas e no EMC investigada. / In general, the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) is characterized by the adiabatic temperature change, (ΔTad) , and the isothermal entropy change, (ΔST) , under changes of the magnetic field intensity. Due to technological applications of the MCE on magnetic refrigeration, which do not present hazardous effects to the environmental and has the potential to lower energy consumption, the interest on the MCE had grown over the years . In this work, we have studied the magnetic and magnetocaloric properties in the series Gd(1-Y)Pr(Y)Ni2 with Y = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1. The RNi2 (R = Rare-earth) compounds crystallize in the cubic laves phase, which makes the cubic CEF an appropriate framework to describe the magnetism on these compounds . Besides CEF, the model Hamiltonian includes contributions of the Zeeman effect, and the indirect exchange interactions among Gd-Gd, Gd-Pr and Pr-Pr ions. It is worth noticing that the GdNi2 presents a ferromagnetic arrangement with transition temperature around 78 K and the PrNi2 compound is paramagnetic. The temperature dependences of the magnetocaloric potentials were simulated and compared with the experimental data. Furthermore, the influence of the magnetic field direction on the magnetocaloric quantities was theoretically investigated.